Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T15:56:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paulo Sérgio Reis de Abreu - 2008.pdf: 19212729 bytes, checksum: cc4d286cde719e37f438ab185b4ae4e3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T15:57:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paulo Sérgio Reis de Abreu - 2008.pdf: 19212729 bytes, checksum: cc4d286cde719e37f438ab185b4ae4e3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-07T15:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paulo Sérgio Reis de Abreu - 2008.pdf: 19212729 bytes, checksum: cc4d286cde719e37f438ab185b4ae4e3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / This work focuses on Brazilian linguistic diversity and, within it, the Páno family, from which was pointed out, under the grammatical point of view, the operation of the case systems. The study consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, bibliography and three appendices. Chapter 1 brings historical information on the linguistic diversity in Brazil at the time of the Portuguese incursion, the present situation of our languages, the methods for linguistic classification and its application on the Brazilian indigenous languages, and also aims at pointing out the importance of the descriptive linguistic studies of our autochthonous languages. Chapter 2 deals specifically with the Páno family, with the history of how the region where it is situated in South-West Amazonia was populated, with the various Páno people situated in Brazil, with classificatory efforts, with studies already carried out by Brazilian researchers, and also searches for establishing a vision of the genetic relationships between those different languages. The chapter 3 brings theoretical information on the study of ergativity, based on Dixon (1994), as well as an analysis of this grammatical phenomenon carried out by Lyons (1968). Afterwards, still in the chapter 3, the case systems from ten Páno languages are summarily observed, as well as the split in the case marking system in some of these languages. The appendices contain: 1) maps of the Amazon region and of the State of Acre, Brazil; 2) symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet; 3) a updated survey, based on Rodrigues (1986/1994), (1997) and (2005), of all indigenous languages still spoken in Brazil (organized into linguistic families and stocks), number of speakers, location and index of languages. / Este trabalho enfoca a questão da diversidade linguística brasileira e, dentro dela, a família Páno, da qual se destacou, do ponto vista gramatical, o funcionamento do sistema de casos. O estudo é composto de uma introdução, três capítulos, conclusão, bibliografia e três apêndices. O capítulo 1 traz subsídios históricos sobre a diversidade linguística à época da chegada dos portugueses, a situação atual de nossas línguas, os métodos de classificação linguística e sua aplicação nas línguas indígenas brasileiras, e ainda procura ressaltar a importância dos estudos linguísticos descritivos de nossas línguas autóctones. O capítulo 2 cuida especificamente da família Páno, da história do povoamento da região que ela ocupa na Amazônia Sul-Ocidental, dos diversos povos Páno situados no Brasil, dos esforços classificatórios, dos estudos já realizados por pesquisadores brasileiros, e também procura estabelecer uma visão das relações genéticas entre essas diversas línguas. O capítulo 3 traz subsídios teóricos para o estudo da ergatividade, com base em Dixon (1994), além de uma análise desse fenômeno gramatical empreendida por Lyons (1968). Em seguida, no mesmo capítulo 3, os sistemas de casos de uma dezena de línguas Páno são sumariamente observados, bem como a cisão no sistema de casos em algumas dessas línguas. Os apêndices compreendem: 1) mapas da região amazônica e do Acre; 2) símbolos do Alfabeto Fonético Internacional; 3) um levantamento atualizado, com base em Rodrigues (1986/1994), (1997) e (2005), de todas as línguas indígenas ainda faladas no Brasil (organizadas em troncos e famílias), número de falantes, localização e índice de línguas.

This Master's Thesis studies the question of the presentation of the declenation and grammatical cases in Czech targeting Arab native speakers. This represents the most difficult as well as the most important area in Czech grammar. This work mainly focuses on the similarities and differences in typology between Czech and Arabic. The aim is to analyse the methods used in Czech grammar books meant for Arab students and raise their strong points and at the same time find their imperfections to use them as a potential for further improvement of the teaching process. A questionnaire helps us find difficulties linked with learning declension paradigms and Czech grammatical cases in the process of teaching and learning Czech as a target language. The conclusion then offers a number of lingvodidactic recommendations for teachers and authors publishing teaching material for Arab students.

Considérés comme variétés marginales, les parlers basques orientaux —notamment la branche roncalo-souletine— dénotent une forte tendance archaïsante qui rend nécessaire la recherche diachronique sur ces dialectes. Le souletin est, sans aucun doute, le principal dialecte parmi les parlers orientaux disposant de témoignages écrits dans le passé. Grâce au caractère relativement précoce des témoignages et à leur continuité temporelle, le caractère prioritaire du souletin dans l’étude diachronique du basque oriental est incontestable. Cette thèse aborde donc l’histoire du dialecte souletin à travers ses textes. En d’autres termes, notre approche concerne l’histoire interne de la langue, et ne vise pas à établir son évolution en fonction des locuteurs ou des événements politiques et socio-économiques qui l’auraient influencée (histoire externe). En quête d’hypothèses solides, notre travail de description diachronique se base sur un corpus composé de plus de quarante textes qui embrasse la plupart des ouvrages imprimés entre 1657 et 1873, en plus d’une sélection représentative des témoignages de la tradition populaire. Notre recherche s’est déroulée en deux phases : 1) la constitution du corpus, qui a exigé un travail philologique profond ; et 2) le travail d’analyse d’un ensemble étendu d’éléments linguistiques concernant tous les niveaux de la langue, à l’exception du lexique. Quant à l’explication des données, nous avons eu recours aux outils habituels de la linguistique historique, et plus précisément ceux qui peuvent nous aider à dévoiler le passé d’une langue sans parent connu : a) la comparaison interne ; b) la théorie de la grammaticalisation ; et c) la typologie linguistique. A ces trois instruments d’analyse nous en avons ajouté deux autres : la connaissance des phénomènes de contact linguistique, d’une part, et la sociolinguistique historique d’autre part. L’examen des plus de cinquante traits linguistiques sélectionnés nous permet d’offrir une vision générale de l’évolution du basque souletin. Nous avons conclu que ce dialecte est dans l’essentiel une variété conservatrice qui a maintenu nombre d’archaïsmes datant du Basque Unifié Ancien (circa VIIe siècle ; cf. Mitxelena 1981), ainsi que des innovations et des choix de date ancienne partagés avec d’autres parlers orientaux. Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré que les innovations développées par le basque souletin au cours des derniers siècles s’expliquent en raison du contact intensif avec le gascon, voir, béarnais. / Regarded as marginal varieties, Eastern Basque dialects —in particular the Roncalo Souletin branch— show a strong tendency to archaism, which makes diachronic research on these dialects most necessary. Souletin is undoubtedly the main dialect among the Eastern varieties of Basque with old written documents; due to their relatively early nature and temporal continuity, the centrality of Souletin in the diachronic study of the Eastern Basque is uncontroversial. This dissertation focuses on the evolution of Souletin on the basis of the diachronic analysis of a wide array of linguistic features, mostly —but not only— morphosyntactic ones. In other words, it targets the internal history of the language, and so does not aim to establish its evolution according to its speakers or the political and socio-economic events which could have influenced it (external history). In the search for solid basis/foundations, this dissertation is based on a corpus composed of more than forty texts (1616-1899), which covers the majority of the printed production, in addition to a representative sample of documents from popular tradition. We have carried out this research in two phases: 1) the definition and constitution of the corpus, which has implied exhaustive philological work; and 2) the analysis of more than fifty linguistic features. Regarding the explanation of the data, we have used the main tools of historical linguistics, and more specifically those which help us understand the past of an isolated language: a) internal comparison; b) grammaticalisation; and c) typology. Moreover, we have taken into consideration language contact phenomena and the approach of historical sociolinguistics. After having analysed the historical development of every linguistic feature under consideration, we are able to offer a complete picture of the evolution of Souletin Basque, as well as the direction of the changes that it underwent. We have shown that Souletin Basque is essentially conservative: in fact, it has maintained a number of archaisms dating from the Old Common Basque (c. 7th century; cf. Mitxelena 1981), as well as ancient innovations shared with other eastern varieties. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the main Souletine innovations of the last centuries are due to intensive contact with Gascon Occitan.