Objectifs : Les cancers de la thyroïde représentent environ 2% de l‘ensemble des cancers dans les pays développés mais sont les cancers les plus fréquents des glandes endocrines. L’incidence des cancers de la thyroïde se caractérise par de fortes variations géographiques dans le monde, les taux les plus élevés étant observés en Nouvelle-Calédonie, et par une augmentation régulière au cours des dernières décennies dans les pays occidentaux. Cette augmentation d’incidence est en grande partie attribuée à l’évolution des pratiques médicales mais pourrait aussi être en partie liée à une évolution des modes de vie et/ou à des expositions environnementales. En dehors de l’exposition aux radiations ionisantes dans l’enfance, les facteurs de risque de cancer de la thyroïde restent très mal connus. L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier le rôle des antécédents familiaux de pathologie de la thyroïde, des caractéristiques de la vie hormonale et reproductive, des caractéristiques anthropométriques et des expositions environnementales et professionnelles dans l’étiologie des cancers de la thyroïde. Méthode : Les analyses reposent principalement sur une étude cas-témoins en population menée en France métropolitaine (étude CATHY). Nous avons également utilisé les données d’une étude cas-témoins menée en Nouvelle-Calédonie pour étudier le rôle des antécédents familiaux dans cette zone géographique de forte incidence. L’étude CATHY repose sur 621 cas diagnostiqués dans trois départements français (Calvados, Marne, Ardennes) entre 2002 et 2007 et sur 706 témoins, appariés par fréquence aux cas sur l’âge, le sexe et le département de résidence. L’étude cas-témoins en Nouvelle-Calédonie repose sur 332 cas diagnostiqués entre 1985 et 1999, et sur 412 témoins appariés par fréquence aux cas sur l’âge et le sexe. Résultats : Les résultats montrent une augmentation du risque de cancer de la thyroïde chez les individus ayant des apparentés de premier degré atteints de cancer de la thyroïde ou de goitre multinodulaire, en France métropolitaine comme en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Parmi les facteurs hormonaux et reproductifs, un âge tardif aux premières règles, une ménopause précoce et une parité élevée étaient associés à une augmentation du risque de cancer de la thyroïde. Une relation dose-effet inverse était observée entre la durée cumulée des cycles menstruels au cours de la vie et le risque de cancer de la thyroïde. La prise d’une contraception orale était associée à une diminution du risque de cancer de la thyroïde, avec une relation dose-effet inverse entre la durée de la contraception orale et le risque de cancer de la thyroïde. La taille, l’indice de masse corporelle et la surface corporelle étaient positivement associés au risque de cancer de la thyroïde. Une augmentation du risque de cancer de la thyroïde était observée dans certains secteurs d’activité professionnelle comme l’industrie du papier, l’industrie du caoutchouc et des plastiques, le travail du bois, la réparation automobile et la métallurgie. / Objectives: Thyroid cancer accounts for 2% of all cancers in industrialized countries but is the most common endocrine cancer. There is a marked worldwide geographic variation in thyroid cancer incidence, the highest incidence rates being observed in New Caledonia, and a constant increase of thyroid cancer incidence has been observed during the past several decades. Although the evolution in medical practice probably accounts for some of the increase, other factors such as environmental and/or lifestyle factors may also play a role. However, there are few established risk factors of thyroid cancer apart from ionizing radiation exposure in childhood. We aimed to investigate the etiologic role of a family history of thyroid cancer, of hormonal and reproductive factors, anthropometric factors and environmental and occupational exposures in thyroid cancer. Methods: Analyses mainly rely on a population-based case-control study conducted in metropolitan France (“CATHY study”). Data of a case-control study conducted in New-Caledonia were also used to investigate the role of a family history of thyroid cancer as a risk factor for thyroid cancer in this area where thyroid cancer incidence is very high. The CATHY study is based on 621 cases diagnosed from 2002 to 2007 in three administrative areas: the Calvados, the Marne and the Ardennes, and 705 controls matched to cases by age, sex and residence area. The New Caledonian case-control study is based on 332 cases diagnosed form 1985 to 1999 and 412 controls matched to cases by age and sex. Results: A family history of thyroid cancer or multinodular goiter in first degree relatives was associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer in France as well as in New Caledonia. Among hormonal and reproductive factors, a later age at menarche, a younger age at menopause and a elevated number of full-term pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. An inverse relationship was observed between the cumulative number of menstrual cycles and risk of thyroid cancer. Oral contraceptive use was associated with a lower risk of thyroid cancer, and an inverse relationship was observed between oral contraceptive use duration and risk of thyroid cancer. Height, body mass index and body surface area were positively associated with thyroid cancer risk. Analyses by occupation showed a higher risk of thyroid cancer for workers in leather industry, in plastics and rubber industry, in papermaking, in wood manufacturing, in automotive repair and in metallurgy.

The purpose of this thesis was to assess the possible risk of myocardial infarction in work entailing exposure to vibration, and to study whether there is any relation between short-term exposure to vibration and cardiac regulation. Epidemiological methods were applied to investigate a possible association between occupational exposure to vibration and myocardial infarction. Two study populations were used; one case-control study (n=475) and one cohort of iron-ore miners in Kiruna and Malmberget, Sweden (n=13621). In the former, the cases were first-time myocardial infarction patients and the controls were selected to match for sex, age and hospital catchment area. Job-exposure matrixes for vibration were established for both the case-control study and the cohort study. In order to study acute effects on cardiac regulation, an experimental study was conducted on healthy subjects (n=20) who were exposed to hand-arm vibration exclusively and in combination with exposure to noise. The effect on the autonomic balance was measured by heart rate-variability. In the case-control study, an increased risk of contracting myocardial infarction was found among occupations entailing vibration exposure. The results from the cohort show an increased risk of myocardial infarction mortality compared to a reference population. The increment was higher for those younger than 60 years. Relative risks for myocardial infarction mortality increased with increasing exposure to vibration in the group at working-age and the increased risk remained after adjusting for exposure to dust. In the experimental study, exposure to hand-arm vibration was found to acutely affect the autonomic nervous system as the total heart-rate variability decreased during exposure to hand-arm vibration. To conclude: work entailing exposure to vibration is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, increased myocardial infarction mortality attributed to exposure to vibration seems to be mainly observed at working-age, and exposure to hand-arm vibration acutely decreases heart-rate variability and thus affects heart-rate regulation.

Accessibility of high-throughput genotyping technology makes possible genome-wide association studies for common complex diseases. When dealing with common diseases, it is necessary to search and analyze multiple independent causes resulted from interactions of multiple genes scattered over the entire genome. The optimization formulations for searching disease-associated risk/resistant factors and predicting disease susceptibility for given case-control study have been introduced. Several discrete methods for disease association search exploiting greedy strategy and topological properties of case-control studies have been developed. New disease susceptibility prediction methods based on the developed search methods have been validated on datasets from case-control studies for several common diseases. Our experiments compare favorably the proposed algorithms with the existing association search and susceptibility prediction methods.

In 2004, lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer death in Taiwan. Many studies demonstrate that vitamin A plays a crucial role in the prevention of lung cancer. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined the association of dietary vitamin A/precursors and lung cancer in Taiwan. Therefore, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the consumption of local common foods that are rich in vitamin A/precursors and the risk of lung cancer. The cases were 301 newly diagnosed patients with histopathologically confirmed primary lung cancer. Two control groups were recruited: 602 hospital controls and 602 neighborhood controls. The consumption of 13 food items and vitamin supplements was estimated with the use of a structured food-frequency questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were evaluated with controlling for potential confounders, using the conditional logistic regression model. It was found that reduced risk for lung cancer was associated with increased intakes of vitamin A, a-carotene, or b-carotene from various food groups except fruits. However, inverse associations were not observed for vitamin A, a-carotene, or b-carotene intake from various food items, except garland chrysanthemum and sweet potato leaves. On the other hand, retinol intake from food groups or items was not correlated with lung cancer development. Additionally, more servings of vegetables (AOR for the highest versus the lowest quartile = 0.67-0.70, 95% CI = 0.42-1.08, plinear trend = 0.04), garland chrysanthemum (AOR for the highest versus the lowest tertile = 0.58-0.74, 95% CI = 0.37-1.14, plinear trend = 0.01-0.04) and sweet potato leaves (AOR for the highest versus the lowest tertile = 0.43-0.65, 95% CI = 0.28-0.96, plinear trend £ 0.03) were associated with the reduced risk for lung cancer. In conclusion, there were protective effects of dietary intake of vitamin A, a-carotene and b-carotene. The vegetables provided higher potential protection against development of lung cancer than the fruits, especially for garland chrysanthemum and sweet potato leaves. Therefore, our findings suggest that more consumption of garland chrysanthemum and sweet potato leaves might reduce the risk of lung cancer in Taiwan.

Tyrimo tikslas. Aprašyti salmoneliozės epidemiologinius dėsningumus Vilniaus mieste ir apskrityje 1998–2007 metais ir įvertinti rizikos veiksnius Vilniaus mieste. Metodai. Salmoneliozės epidemiologinių dėsningumų įvertinimui naudotas aprašomasis epidemiologinis tyrimas. Aprašyta sergamumo daugiametė dinamika, sergamumas atskirose amžiaus grupėse, pagal kontingentą, lytį, sergamumo sezoniškumas, etiologinė struktūra, vyraujantys serotipai, plitimo būdai, užsikrėtimo vieta, protrūkiai. Salmoneliozės rizikos veiksnių nustatymui tarp Vilniaus miesto gyventojų naudotas atvejo – kontrolės tyrimas. Duomenų suvedimui ir analizei panaudotos Microsoft Exel 2007, WINPEPI moduliai Describe (v. 2.08) ir Compare (v. 2.11), EpiInfo 2008 (v.3.5.1) programos. Skaičiuoti rodikliai bei naudoti testai: regresijos koeficientas, 95 proc. pasikliautinieji intervalai (95% PI), šansų santykis (OR), Pearson'o chi-kvadrato kriterijus, Fisher'io tikslusis metodas, Mantel – Haenszel, Edwards‘o, Ratchet‘o ir Hewett‘o testai. Duomenys laikyti statistiškai reikšmingi, kai p<0,05. Rezultatai. Sergamumas salmonelioze visais metais Vilniaus mieste ir apskrityje buvo didesnis nei šalyje. Iš visų Vilniaus apskrities regionų, Vilniaus rajone nustatyta statistiškai reikšminga sergamumo didėjimo tendencija. Sergamumas įvairaus amžiaus grupėse ir tiriamuoju periodu labai svyravo. Vaikų tarpe salmonelioze dažniausiai serga lopšelinio amžiaus vaikai. Lopšelinių ir darželinių vaikų, nelankančių ikimokyklinių įstaigų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to describe epidemiology of salmonellosis in Vilnius and in Vilnius County in 1998–2007, also to assess salmonellosis risk factors in Vilnius. Methods. Descriptive epidemiological research was used to explore epidemiology of salmonellosis. Long-term dynamics of the incidence, incidence in different age groups, incidence according to the continent, gender, seasonality, etiological structure, predominant serotypes, manners of agent circulation, place of getting infection were assessed. Risk factors were evaluated using matched case –control study. Microsoft Excel 2007, Winpepi modules Describe (v. 2.08) and Compare (v. 2.11), EpiInfo 2008 (v. 3.5.1) statistical packages and programmes were used for data processing and analysis. The following indices were calculated and tests used: regression coefficients, 95% confidence intervals (CI), odds ratio (OR), Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mantel – Haenszel, Edward’s, Ratchet’s and Hewett’s. Data considered significant, when p<0,05. Results. Incidence of salmonellosis over the period of analysis was higher in Vilnius city and County if compared to the country’s rates. Significantly increasing trend of incidence was detected in Vilnius rural district. Incidence varied a lot in different age groups, and in different years of analysis. Among children, salmonellosis was more often detected in 1-3 years age group. Higher rates of disease were found among those children, who were not attending preschools... [to full text]

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In a case-control study comprising 589 cases of male lung cancer in northern Sweden longitudinal data concerning occupations, employments and smoking habits were collected by questionnaires. Pipe smoking was as common as cigarette smoking and gave very similar relative risk. The pipe smoking cases, however, had significantly higher mean age and mean smoking years at the time of diagnosis than the cigarette smoking cases. In ex- smokers, the relative risk gradually decreased from 5 years after smoking cessation but this decrease was much less pronounced in ex-pipe smokers than in ex-cigarette smokers. High relative risks were obtained for small cell and squamous cell carcinomas. For adenocarcinoma the relative risk was considerably lower but still significantly increased. The population etiologic fraction attributable to smoking was about 80% in this series. Some occupational groups (underground miners, copper smelter workers, electricians and plumbers) exposed to previously known lung carcinogenic agents had considerably increased odds ratios, which persisted after adjustment for smoking. A slightly elevated odds ratio was observed in a group of blue collar workers potentially exposed to lung carcinogenic agents but this elevation generally disappeared after adjustment for smoking. For two specific subgroups, asphalt and concrete workers and pulp workers, the overrisk persisted after adjustment for smoking. Farmers and foresters had strikingly low odds ratios, which could only partly be explained by their more moderate smoking habits. The population etiologic fraction attributable to occupation was in the reported material assessed to 9 per cent. Professional drivers had higher average tobacco consumption than non-drivers, which explained the slightly increased crude odds ratio found for the occupational group as a whole. Smoking drivers in an upper age group (70 and over), however, had a high relative risk of lung cancer, while in a lower age group (under 70) no significant increase was found. The results in the older age group suggested a multiplicative effect between smoking and the occupational exposure. The study clearly verified the increased lung cancer risk in underground miners. An obvious dose-response relation was found with high risk after long time exposure. All analyses concerning underground miners suggested an interaction of a multiplicative type between underground mining and smoking in the causation of lung cancer. The cases of small cell carcinoma among the underground miners had shorter average latency time and in contrast to the other part of the material, shorter average age than the cases with epidermoid cancer. / <p>S. 1-40: sammanfattning, s. 41-136: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Introdução: O Estado de Mato Grosso situa-se como região hiperendêmica em hanseníase. O surgimento de casos de recidiva e, consequentemente, as possíveis resistências medicamentosas aos quimioterápicos específicos são vistos como uma das causas para ineficácia do tratamento. Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência de casos de recidiva diagnosticados em unidades especializadas do Estado de Mato Grosso quanto às características individuais, clínico-laboratoriais, epidemiológicas, terapêuticas e de organização de serviços. Método: trata-se de estudo epidemiológico desenvolvido em duas etapas, que incluem: análise de 323 registros de casos de recidiva em hanseníase no Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN/MT) diagnosticada em unidades básicas de saúde (UBs) e em unidades especializadas (UE), quanto aos aspectos clínico-laboratoriais e distribuição geográfica nos municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso no período de 2004-2006 e de um estudo caso-controle para identificar os fatores associados para a ocorrência de recidiva em hanseníase dos diagnósticos em UE nos municípios de Cáceres, Cuiabá, Diamantino, Rondonópolis e Várzea Grande do Estado, assim como, comparar as proporções das características clínico-laboratoriais durante o tratamento inicial e tratamento de recidiva. As variáveis foram classificadas quanto às características relacionadas ao indivíduo, à doença e ao serviço de saúde. Resultados: Dos casos registrados de hanseníase, no período de estudo, 20% foram registrados nas UE e 80% em UBs; dos casos de recidiva multibacilares, 37% foram diagnosticados com resultado de baciloscopia negativa [χ2 = 12,34 (ρ = 0,002]; 14% dos municípios apresentaram mais de cinco casos de recidiva com percentual entre 6 e 20% de todas as entradas. Verificou-se que os fatores associados à ocorrência de recidiva em hanseníase estão relacionados às condições de moradia: indivíduos com residência alugada (OR ajust = 4,1; IC 95%:1,43-12,04; p = 0,009), residentes em moradia de madeira/taipa (OR ajust = 3,2; IC 95%: 1,16-8,76; p = 0,025) e indivíduos residentes com cinco ou mais pessoas no domicílio (OR ajust = 2,1; IC 95%: 1,03-4,36; p = 0,043); transtorno de uso de álcool (OR ajust = 2,8; IC 95%: 1,17-6,79; p = 0,021); uso de tratamento irregular (ORajust = 3,8; IC 95%: 1,44-10,02; p = 0,007); não orientação sobre doença/tratamento (OR ajust = 2,6; IC 95%: 1,09-6,13; p = 0,032), dificuldade de acesso à unidade de saúde, ocasionada pelo uso de transporte coletivo (OR ajust = 5,5; IC 95%: 2,36-12,63; p = < 0,000), forma clínica (ORajust = 7,1; IC 95%: 2,48-20,52; p = < 0,000) e esquema terapêutico utilizado para o tratamento (ORajust = 3,7; IC 95%: 1,49-9,11; p = 0,005). Conclusão: As entradas de registros de recidiva em Mato Grosso no período de estudo são influenciadas pelo diagnóstico realizado em UBs. Os fatores associados à ocorrência de recidiva ultrapassam as questões relacionadas aos aspectos clínicos representados pela doença. Decorre, também, dos hábitos de vida, das condições socioeconômicas e dos aspectos ligados à organização de serviços de saúde. / Introduction: The State of Mato Grosso is classified as a hyperendemic region in leprosy. The emergence of cases of relapse and, consequently, potential resistance to specific chemotherapeutic medication is seen as one of the causes of ineffective treatment. Objective: To analyze the occurrence of relapse cases diagnosed in specialized units in the State of Mato Grosso in light of individual, clinicallaboratorial, epidemiological, and therapeutic characteristics, as well as aspects of the organization of the respective health services. Method: An epidemiological study developed in two stages, which included / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Introdução: A prevalência de nascimento pré-termo vem aumentando nos últimos anos e é atualmente um problema de saúde pública mundial, sendo responsável por significante mortalidade neonatal e morbidades infantil e na vida adulta. As causas são multifatoriais e estão relacionadas às dimensões socioeconômica, psicossocial e biológica que se interrelacionam e se sobrepõem. Os fatores de risco diferem entre as populações e grupos étnicos, no entanto, ainda não estão claros quais e como os determinantes etiológicos estão envolvidos. As estratégias de cuidado pré-natal desenvolvidas tem sido insuficientes para a prevenção. Objetivo: estudar os fatores de risco para o nascimento pré-termo em crianças nascidas de partos hospitalares de mães residentes no município de Campina Grande/PB, Brasil. Métodos: O desenho foi um caso-controle de base populacional, que foi realizado no período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009. Os casos foram nascidos com menos de 37 semanas gestacionais e os controles os nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. A idade gestacional foi definida em semanas utilizando-se critérios de seleção baseados na acurácia da estimativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas com as mães e coleta de registros hospitalares. Foram selecionados 341 casos e 424 controles. A análise foi baseada em modelo de regressão múltipla hierarquizada. Resultados: os fatores de risco para nascimento pré-termo foram: filho anterior pré-termo (OR=2,32; IC 95%: 1,25-4,29), assistência pré-natal inadequada (categoria II três ou mais prérequisitos negativos) (OR=2,15; IC 95%: 1,40-3,27), ganho ponderal materno insuficiente (OR=2,33; IC 95%: 1,45-3,75), dano físico materno durante a gestação (OR=2,10; IC 95%: 1,22-3,60), hipertensão arterial na gestação com eclâmpsia (OR=17,08; IC 95%: 3,67-79,43) e sem eclâmpsia (OR=6,42; IC 95%: 3,50-11,76), internação durante a gestação (OR=5,64; IC 95%: 3,47-9,15), alteração do volume amniótico (OR=2,28; IC 95%: 1,32-3,95); sangramento vaginal (OR=1,54; IC 95%: 1,01-2,34) e gestação múltipla (OR=22,65; IC 95%: 6,22-82,46). Segundo o mesmo modelo, a renda familiar per capita menor que um salário mínimo foi fator protetor (OR=0,63; IC 95%: 0,39-0,99). Conclusão: Os fatores de risco foram semelhantes ao observado em outros estudos nacionais e internacionais, a não ser para o resultado da variável do nível socioeconômico. A elevada prevalência da pobreza e baixa escolaridade, maior que em estudos realizados na Região Sul, tanto nos casos como nos controles, pode ter contribuído para esse resultado. Estudos adicionais são necessários para o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre a complexidade das cadeias causais no parto pré-termo, em diferentes contextos e a diferenciação pelos subtipos, espontâneo e indicado / Introduction: The prevalence of preterm birth has increased in recent years and it is currently a worldwide public health problem, being responsible for significant neonatal mortality and morbidity in childhood and adulthood. The causes are multifactorial and related to socioeconomic, psychosocial and biological factors that interrelate and overlap. Risk factors differ between ethnic groups and populations, however, it is not yet clear which are and how the etiological determinants are involved. Strategies for prenatal care have been developed enough for prevention. Objective: To study the risk factors for preterm birth in newborn of hospital deliveries by mothers, residents in the city of Campina Grande/PB, Brazil. Methods: The study design was a case-control population-based, which was conducted from June 2008 to May 2009. Cases were born at less than 37 weeks of gestation and controls, at 37 weeks or more. Gestational age in weeks was defined using selection criteria based on the accuracy of the estimate. Interviews were conducted with mothers and collection of hospital records. It was selected 341 cases and 424 controls. The analysis was based a logistic multiple regression model, based on a hierarchized conceptual modelling approach. Results: The risk factors for preterm birth were: previous preterm birth (OR=2,32; 95%CI: 1,25-4,29), inadequate prenatal care (category II three or more negative prerequisites) (OR=2,15; 95%CI: 1,40- 3,27), inadequate maternal weight gain (OR=2,33; 95%CI: 1,45-3,75), physical damage to the mother during pregnancy (OR=2,10; 95%CI: 1,22-3,60), hypertension pressure (OR=17,08; 95%CI: 3,67-79,43), hospitalization during pregnancy (OR=5,64; 95%CI: 3,47-9,15), amniotic fluid volume changes (OR=2,28; 95%CI: 1,32-3,95), vaginal bleeding (OR=1,54; 95%CI: 1,01-2,34) and multiple gestation (OR=22,65; 95%CI: 6,22-82,46). According to the model, the per capita income less than the minimum wage was a protective factor (OR=0,63; 95%CI: 0,39-0,99). Conclusion: The risk factors were similar to those observed in other national and international studies, except for the result of varying socioeconomic level. The high prevalence of poverty and low educational level, higher than in studies in the South in both outcomes, may have contributed to this result. Further studies are needed on the complexity of causal chains in preterm delivery in different contexts and differentiation by subtypes, spontaneous and indicated