Partout dans le monde, l’identification des personnes ou ménages bénéficiaires d’interventions sociales demeure un défi. Dans les pays où la majorité de la population travaille dans le secteur informel, vit d’une agriculture de subsistance et/ou vit sous le seuil de la pauvreté, le ciblage des personnes devant bénéficier d’une intervention fait appel à des méthodes différentes dont la vérification du revenu et la classification de la pauvreté sur base monétaire. En 2014, un projet-pilote intitulé Cadre commun des filets sociaux au Nord Mali (CCFS) a été mis en place au Mali. L’objectif de ce projet est d’identifier les populations en insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle et leur fournir une assistance (transferts monétaires, assistance alimentaire et prévention de la malnutrition pour les femmes enceintes et les enfants), particulièrement en périodes de soudure pastorale et agricole. La méthode de ciblage Household Economy Approach (HEA) est une des méthodes utilisées pour sélectionner les ménages bénéficiaires des transferts monétaires au Nord Mali. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier les facteurs et le contexte qui influencent la mise en œuvre de la méthode HEA. Deux villages dans une commune agricole et deux sites de fraction dans une commune pastorale ont été choisis comme sites. Des entretiens (48 entretiens (12 effectués par l’étudiante et 36 par l’ONG de recherche)) et une collecte de 15 documents ont été réalisés. À l’aide des 23 facteurs du cadre d’analyse de la mise en œuvre de Durlak et Dupré (2008), une analyse thématique a été effectuée à l’aide du logiciel © QDA Miner. Les résultats démontrent que l’identification des ménages bénéficiaires des transferts monétaires au Nord Mali repose essentiellement sur le ciblage géographique et communautaire. Les facteurs qui influencent le processus de ciblage sont liés à la faible connaissance de la méthode HEA, à la lassitude et la faible motivation des personnes impliquées, à la gestion top down et au manque de transparence dans les processus décisionnels au niveau des structures organisationnelles, aux logiques de domination et relations de pouvoir au sein des communautés ainsi qu’aux enjeux liés au financement et aux rapports hégémoniques existants dans le monde de l’aide humanitaire et de l’aide publique au développement. La difficile coordination multisectorielle des acteurs de la protection sociale vient appuyer le besoin en recherches nouvelles sur la mise en place du régime social unifié (RSU) au Mali. / Around the world, the identification of people or households benefiting from social interventions remains a challenge. In countries where the majority of the population works in the informal sector, lives on subsistence agriculture and/or lives below the poverty line, targeting people who have to benefit from an intervention requires methods that are different from income verification and from the classification of poverty on a monetary basis. In 2014, an experimental project entitled Cadre commun des filets sociaux au Nord Mali (CCFS) was implemented in Mali. The objective of this project is to identify the populations who suffer from food and nutritional insecurity and provide them with assistance (cash transfers, food assistance and prevention of malnutrition for pregnant women and children), particularly during pastoral and agricultural lean periods. The Household Economy Approach (HEA) targeting method is one of the methods used to select beneficiary households for cash transfers in Northern Mali. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors and the context that influence the implementation of the HEA method. Two villages in an agricultural commune and two fractional sites in a pastoral commune were chosen as sites. Interviews (48 interviews (12 carried out by the student and 36 by research NGOs)) and a collection of 15 documents were conducted. Using the 23 factors in the Durlak and Dupré Implementation Analysis Framework (2008), a thematic analysis was conducted using the software © QDA Miner. The results show that the identification of households receiving cash transfers in Northern Mali is mainly based on geographical and community targeting. The factors that influence the targeting process are related to the low knowledge of the HEA method, to the weariness and low motivation of the people involved, to top down management and lack of transparency in the decision-making processes at the level of organizational structures, to the logic of domination and power relations within communities, and finally to the issues of funding and hegemonic relationships in the world of humanitarian aid and development cooperation. The difficult multisectoral coordination of social protection actors comes to support the need for new research on the establishment of a household registration system in Mali.

[pt] Este artigo analisa o uso de crédito durante a pandemia Covid-19 no contexto de um programa de transferência de renda. Sob uma abordagem Diferença em Diferenças, eu mostro evidências causais de como a implementação de um programa de transferência de renda impactou os padrões de uso de crédito da população, usando um conjunto combinado de microdados: SISFOH (um sistema de focalização familiar), a pesquisa domiciliar nacional e o registro de crédito para o Perú. Explorando uma descontinuidade na regra de concessão de renda emergencial à população mais pobre, mostro que os indivíduos que receberam um subsídio monetário aumentaram seu total de empréstimos no sistema financeiro, ao contrário daqueles que não o fizeram. Isso é preocupante, pois também se apresenta um aumento nas taxas de juros e dias de atraso. Além disso, também exploro algumas dimensões da heterogeneidade populacional (educação, idade, gênero, informalidade, entre outras), encontrando um impacto diferenciado de acordo com certas características dos indivíduos. Fiz um esforço especial na análise da informalidade, pois, mesmo na ausência de uma identificação exógena, essa variável apresenta resultados significativos e passa em certos testes de identificação. / [en] This paper analyzes the use of credit during the Covid-19 pandemic in the context of a cash transfer program. Under a Difference-in-Differences approach, I show causal evidence of how the implementation of a cash transfer program impacted the population s credit use patterns, using a combined set of microdata: SISFOH (a household targeting system), the national household survey, and the credit register for Peru. Exploring a discontinuity in the rule for granting emergency income to the poorest population, I show that individuals who received a monetary subsidy increased their total lending in the financial system, in contrast to those individuals who did not. This is worrisome as it is also presented an increase in the interest rates and days of arrears. Furthermore, I also explore some dimensions of population heterogeneity (education, age, gender, informality, among others), finding a differentiated impact according to certain characteristics of individuals. I put a special effort into the informality analysis since, even in the absence of an exogenous identification, this variable presents significant results and passes certain tests of identification.

Denna kvalitativa studie om internationellt utvecklingsbistånd undersöker effekterna av gender mainstreaming i sociala trygghetssystem i Afrika, söder om Sahara, med särskilt fokus på jämställdhet, kvinnors empowerment och biståndets effekter på familjeförhållanden. Studien lyfter fram en historisk bakgrund av gender mainstreaming i politiken, men även dagens internationella engagemang för att bekämpa den extrema fattigdomen. Studien belyser det svenska internationella biståndets initiativ för att minska fattigdomen i Afrika, söder om Sahara.  Totalt genomfördes fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med högkvalificerade tjänstemän som representerar det internationella biståndet, med bakgrund från Utrikesdepartementet, Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete (Sida), Latinamerikainstitutet på Stockholms universitet och UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Resultatet visade att ett genderintegrerat bistånd i form av sociala kontantöverföringar som främjar jämställdhet i samhällen som biståndet verkar i, bidrar till att minska den extrema fattigdomen. Men resultaten visade även att det krävs ytterligare forskning för att kunna se direkta kausala effekter av biståndet som riktas till kvinnor jämfört med bistånd som riktas till män, samt den effekt som biståndet har på kvinnors empowerment och på biståndsmottagarnas familjeförhållanden. Slutsatsen av undersökningen är att uppbyggnaden av genderintegrerade sociala trygghetssystem i Afrika, söder om Sahara, är av särskild betydelse då man genom ökad jämställdhet och ett övergripande socialt skyddsnät minskar den extrema fattigdomen och främjar regionens välmående i sin helhet. / This qualitative study on international development aid explores the effects of gender mainstreaming in social protection systems in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on gender equality, women's empowerment and family structures. The study features a historical background of gender mainstreaming in politics, but also today's international commitment to combat extreme poverty. The study highlights the initiative of the Swedish international aid to reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of four semi-structured interviews were conducted with highly qualified public servants representing the international foreign aid, representing The Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), The Institute of Latin American Studies at Stockholm University and UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. The results showed that a gender-based foreign aid in the form of social cash transfers that aims to promote gender equality, helps to reduce extreme poverty. In addition, the results showed that further research is required to see the direct effects of aid directed at women as compared with aid directed at men, as well as the impact of aid on women's empowerment and the family structures of aid recipients. The conclusion of this study is that the development of gender-based social protection systems in sub-Saharan Africa is of particular importance as, through increased gender equality and overall social protection systems, the region's prosperity increases, and levels of extreme poverty reduces.

Power, and how it is exercised within social relations is pivotal in explaining policy change. Hence, this dissertation explores policy change in Kenya by examining the transfer and subsequent adoption of social protection policies in the form of cash transfer schemes. Instead of the current analytical frameworks drawing from political settlements, political institutions, and ideational approaches in explaining policy uptake, the research studies policy making from a policy transfer and power nexus. The study examines power relations among multiple actors in the national context to explain the adoption of social protection policies. Hence this dissertation articulates power dynamics and asymmetries inherent in policy-making involving national and transnational actors as underpinning policy transfer processes. The thesis is premised on the following interrelated arguments; firstly, I show how transnational actors created and manipulated interests and incentives based on their resource base in three significant ways: controlling the policy agenda, constraining the agency of other actors and influencing the preferences of actors in the policy space. The interaction of interests and resources – financial, and ideas and knowledge – converged to bring about policy change. Secondly, I focus on the role of ideas and knowledge within policy space to show how the creation of a discursive hegemony and a structure of knowledge, social construction and policy narratives played a significant role in shaping learning and influencing national actors. Thirdly, I argue that transnational actors used structural mechanisms based on financing and coerced government to adopt social protection policies through a catalysing mechanism and imposition of conditionalities. The study depicts how transnational actors conditioned and manipulated national context and institutions to align with the idea of cash transfers. This thesis employs a qualitative approach to study policy transfer and subsequent adoption of two cases of transfer schemes in Kenya, the Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) and the Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP). / Sociology / D. Phil. (Sociology)