Anti-tumor therapeutic strategies based on combinations of chemotherapeutic agents with a death inducing ligand such as TNF-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), are directed towards selective and effective cancer cell apoptosis and enhanced therapeutic response. We previously demonstrated that proteasome inhibition sensitizes TRAIL resistant prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via stabilization of the active p18 subunit of initiator caspase-8. The present study investigated the functional link between caspase-8 and the proteasome, by analyzing the impact of caspase-8 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation on the outcomes of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. Caspase-8 ubiquitination status was assessed by polyubiquitin immunoprecipitation (IP) and fluorescent microscopy. Apoptosis induction in response to death receptor stimuli or proteasome inhibitor was evaluated using the Annexin V/Propidium iodide staining (PI). To determine the consequences of proteasome inhibition on caspase-8 stability, trafficking, and activity following death receptor activation, we used the TRAIL-resistant human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, and the caspase-8 deficient Neuroblastoma 7 (NB7) cells, as cellular models for reconstituting the non-cleavable mutant forms of caspase-8. Our findings demonstrate that the non-cleavable forms of caspase-8 are capable of inducing apoptosis comparably to wild-type caspase-8 upon treatment with proteasome inhibitor and GST-TRAIL. Furthermore, caspase-8 processing into its active subunits preceded caspase-8 polyubiquitination, implicating caspase-8 processing as a potential regulatory mechanism, rather than a requirement for caspase-8 activation in apoptosis induction. The mechanistic control of caspase-8 by ubiquitination in cancer cells may have significant significance in bypassing mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in human tumors and optimization of anti-cancer treatment strategies in human tumors and optimization of anti-cancer treatment strategies.

La mort cellulaire programmée ou apoptose est un mécanisme conservé chez les eucaryotes multicellulaires qui contribue au développement embryonnaire et à l'homéostasie cellulaire des organismes. Dans les cellules vivantes, l'activité des protéases qui exécutent le programme de mort cellulaire, les caspases, est contrôlée par des signaux de survie provenant de l'environnement cellulaire. Les caspases initiatrices de l'apoptose régulée par l'environnement, la caspase 9 et la caspase 8 sont activées respectivement par l'apoptosome et par les récepteurs de mort. Les signaux environnementaux, parmi lesquels le contact avec la matrice extracellulaire ou la présence de facteurs de croissance, activent des voies de signalisation contrôlant la machinerie de mort cellulaire. La voie des MAPK1/3 est une voie de signalisation contrôlée par le proto-oncogènes Ras et comportant les kinases Raf, MEK1/2 et MAPK1/3 (ERK2/1 ou p42/p44). La voie des MAPK1/3, qui est impliquée dans la prolifération et la différentiation cellulaire, joue un rôle essentiel dans la survie cellulaire. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le contrôle de la mort cellulaire par la voie des MAPK1/3. Ce travail est basé sur l'utilisation d'une forme active et inductible de la kinase Raf-1 (DRaf-1:ER) dont l'activation forte et prolongée correspond à une induction pathologique de la voie des MAPK1/3. Nous avons montré que, selon le type cellulaire, l'activation de deltaRaf-1:ER favorise la survie ou la mort cellulaire. Dans les cellules fibroblastiques CCL39, l'activation de deltaRaf-1:ER protège de la mort cellulaire mitochondriale induite par la privation en sérum du milieu de culture. Dans ces conditions, nous avons montré que la stimulation de Raf-1 :ER bloque l'activation de la caspase-9 mais n'empêche pas la délocalisation du cytochrome c, la multimérisation d'APAF1 ni le recrutement de la procaspase 9 dans l'apoptosome. Ce mécanisme post mitochondrial de protection contre la mort cellulaire dépend de la néo-synthèse des protéines et nécessite une activité continue de la kinase MEK. A l'inverse, dans les cellules HEK 293 issues de rein embryonnaire et présentant des caractéristiques neuronales, nous avons montré que l'activation soutenue de la voie des MAPK1/3 par DRaf1-ER induit une mort cellulaire massive. Celle-ci est caractérisée par l'activation des caspases et la fragmentation de l'ADN. La mort cellulaire est détectée plus de 24 heures après l'activation de Raf1-ER, elle est maximale à 48h. L'induction de la mort cellulaire ne requière la synthèse protéique que durant la phase précoce d'activation mais nécessite l'activité continue du module MEK/MAPK. La mort cellulaire résulte de l'activation de la caspase 8 et n'implique pas la voie mitochondriale, elle est caractérisée par une vacuolisation importante du cytoplasme des cellules qui l'apparente à une forme particulière d'apoptose. L'inactivation des fonctions du récepteur fas et de son adaptateur FADD indique que le processus d'activation de la caspase 8 est indépendant de la voie des récepteurs de mort. L'ensemble de ces travaux apporte des connaissances nouvelles sur le contrôle de la mort cellulaire par la voie Raf/MAPK1/3. Nous avons montré que la voie de signalisation peut, selon le contexte cellulaire, favoriser la survie cellulaire ou induire la mort. Dans les deux cas, le contrôle de la mort cellulaire dépend à la fois de la synthèse protéique et de mécanismes post-traductionnels. Les mécanismes moléculaires affectés par l'activation prolongée des MAPK1/3 seraient impliqués aussi bien dans la résistance des cellules tumorales aux traitements proapoptotiques que dans le développement des maladies neurodégénératives.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 173 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are genetic disorders characterized by increased susceptibility to infections and various degrees of immune dysregulation. With the expansion of massive parallel sequencing, an increasing number of defects in immune-related genes is being identified in PID. However, the biological impact of the found mutations is often unknown. It is necessary to devise methods to clarify their causality for disease development, which may also aid therapeutic decisions. One of the novel discoveries are gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 gene, resulting in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Candidiasis may be ameliorated with antimycotics or with targeted JAK-STAT inhibitor, ruxolitinib. For our patient with a novel mutation in STAT1, we developed a simple test for the detection of phospho-STAT molecules in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The test confirmed the gain-of-function character of the identified mutation and was used to monitor ruxolitinib treatment efficacy. In the second patient, who presented with lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency, the as yet undescribed mutation in CASP8 was found. We proved its loss-of-function property expressed as reduced caspase-8 and caspase-3 cleavage, impaired cellular apoptosis, and decreased NFB-related signaling. The third patient who...

β-arrestins, a family of regulatory and scaffold proteins, are well-known negative regulators of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRS) including opioid receptors. Recent studies have shown that β-arrestin2 plays a potential role in inhibiting cell death. It has been reported that opioids such as morphine induce cell death at high concentrations (>500 μM for 24 hours), which is similar to morphine plasma concentrations in cancer patients receiving chronic morphine treatment for pain relievers. However, the role of β-arrestin2 in opioid-induced cell death remains to be elucidated. We report here that β-arrestin2 significantly blocks morphine-induced number of cell death in human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cells. Suppression of endogenous β-arrestin2 by specific RNA interfering (RNAi) and morphine treatment significantly attenuates the levels of phosphorylated Akt compared with inhibition of β-arrestin2 or morphine treatment alone. However, blockade of morphine-induced cell death by β-arrestin2 seems to be dependent on the inhibition of caspase-8, as inhibition of β-arrestin2 and morphine treatment significantly enhanced the levels of cleaved caspase-8. These studies show for the first time that β-arrestin2 blocks morphine-induced cell death through anti-apoptotic Akt and pro-apoptotic caspase-8 pathways. Therefore, targeting β-arrestin2 may be useful for treating side effects of opioids as pain relievers for cancer patients.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are genetic disorders characterized by increased susceptibility to infections and various degrees of immune dysregulation. With the expansion of massive parallel sequencing, an increasing number of defects in immune-related genes is being identified in PID. However, the biological impact of the found mutations is often unknown. It is necessary to devise methods to clarify their causality for disease development, which may also aid therapeutic decisions. One of the novel discoveries are gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 gene, resulting in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Candidiasis may be ameliorated with antimycotics or with targeted JAK-STAT inhibitor, ruxolitinib. For our patient with a novel mutation in STAT1, we developed a simple test for the detection of phospho-STAT molecules in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The test confirmed the gain-of-function character of the identified mutation and was used to monitor ruxolitinib treatment efficacy. In the second patient, who presented with lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency, the as yet undescribed mutation in CASP8 was found. We proved its loss-of-function property expressed as reduced caspase-8 and caspase-3 cleavage, impaired cellular apoptosis, and decreased NFB-related signaling. The third patient who...

No description available.

L’élimination des cellules infectées par apoptose constitue un mécanisme de défense antivirale. Les virus de l’herpès simplex (HSV) de type 1 et 2 encodent des facteurs qui inhibent l’apoptose induite par la réponse antivirale. La sous-unité R1 de la ribonucléotide réductase d’HSV-2 (ICP10) possède une fonction anti-apoptotique qui protège les cellules épithéliales de l’apoptose induite par les récepteurs de mort en agissant en amont ou au niveau de l’activation de la procaspase-8. Puisqu’une infection avec un mutant HSV-1 déficient pour la R1 diminue la résistance des cellules infectées vis à vis du TNFα, il a été suggéré que la R1 d’HSV-1 (ICP6) pourrait posséder une fonction anti-apoptotique. Le but principal de cette thèse est d’étudier le mécanisme et le potentiel de la fonction anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV-1 et de la R1 d'HSV-2. Dans une première étude, nous avons investigué le mécanisme de la fonction anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV en utilisant le TNFα et le FasL, deux inducteurs des récepteurs de mort impliqués dans la réponse immune anti-HSV. Cette étude a permis d’obtenir trois principaux résultats concernant la fonction anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV. Premièrement, la R1 d’HSV-1 inhibe l’apoptose induite par le TNFα et par le FasL aussi efficacement que la R1 d’HSV-2. Deuxièmement, la R1 d’HSV-1 est essentielle à l’inhibition de l’apoptose induite par le FasL. Troisièmement, la R1 d’HSV interagit constitutivement avec la procaspase-8 d’une manière qui inhibe la dimérisation et donc l’activation de la caspase-8. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en plus d’inhiber l’apoptose induite par les récepteurs de mort la R1 d’HSV peut prévenir l’activation de la caspase-8 induite par d’autres stimuli pro-apoptotiques. Les ARN double-brins (ARNdb) constituant un intermédiaire de la transcription du génome des HSV et activant l’apoptose par une voie dépendante de la caspase-8, nous avons testé dans une seconde étude l’impact de la R1 d’HSV sur l’apoptose induite par l’acide polyriboinosinique : polyribocytidylique (poly(I:C)), un analogue synthétique des ARNdb. Ces travaux ont montré qu’une infection avec les HSV protège les cellules épithéliales de l’apoptose induite par le poly(I:C). La R1 d’HSV-1 joue un rôle majeur dans l’inhibition de l’activation de la caspase-8 induite par le poly(I:C). La R1 d’HSV interagit non seulement avec la procaspase-8 mais aussi avec RIP1 (receptor interacting protein 1). En interagissant avec RIP1, la R1 d’HSV-2 inhibe l’interaction entre RIP1 et TRIF (Toll/interleukine-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β), l’adaptateur du Toll-like receptor 3 qui est un détecteur d’ARNdb , laquelle est essentielle pour signaler l’apoptose induite par le poly(I:C) extracellulaire et la surexpression de TRIF. Ces travaux démontrent la capacité de la R1 d’HSV à inhiber l’apoptose induite par divers stimuli et ils ont permis de déterminer le mécanisme de l’activité anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV. Très tôt durant l’infection, cFLIP, un inhibiteur cellulaire de la caspase-8, est dégradé alors que la R1 d’HSV s’accumule de manière concomitante. En interagissant avec la procapsase-8 et RIP1, la R1 d’HSV se comporte comme un inhibiteur viral de l’activation de la procaspase-8 inhibant l’apoptose induite par les récepteurs de mort et les détecteurs aux ARNdb. / Elimination of infected cells by apoptosis constitutes an ancestral mechanism of host defense against viral infection. Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) encode several viral factors to counteract the apoptotic antiviral response. Among them, the R1 subunit of HSV type-2 ribonucleotide reductase (HSV-2 R1, also named ICP10), protects cells by interrupting death receptor-mediated signaling at, or upstream of, caspase-8 activation. Since protection against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced apoptosis is decreased un cells infected with an HSV type-1 R1 null mutant, it has been proposed that HSV-1 R1 (ICP6) could also possess an antiapoptotic activity. The fundamental goal of this thesis is to better understand the mechanism and the potential of the HSV R1s antiapoptotic activity. In a first study, we investigated the mechanism of the antiapoptotic activity of HSV R1s by using TNFα and Fas ligand (FasL), two death-receptor inducers involved in anti-HSVs immune response. From this work, we report three main findings on the antiapoptotic activity of HSV R1s. First, HSV-1 R1 like HSV-2 R1 has the ability to protect cells against TNFα- and FasL-induced apoptosis. Second, HSV-1 R1 contributes in protecting infected cells against FasL. Third, HSV R1s and procaspase-8 interact in a way that inhibits the dimerization/activation of caspase-8. These results suggest that in addition to counteracting death receptor-induced apoptosis, HSV R1s could inhibit apoptosis induced by other signals that trigger caspase-8 activation during HSV infection. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are viral intermediates notably produced by HSVs and have been shown to induce apoptosis via caspase-8 activation. We tested in a second study whether HSV R1s have the ability to counteract apoptosis triggered by polyriboinosinic : polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of dsRNA that triggers caspase-8 activation. We showed that HSVs infection protect epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by poly(I:C). We established that HSV-1 R1 is essential for the protection of HSV-1-infected cells against poly(I:C)-induced caspase-8 activation. HSV R1s interact not only with procaspase-8 but also with the receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1). The interaction between RIP1 and HSV-2 R1 inhibits the binding of RIP1 to the Toll/interleukine-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β (TRIF), the adaptor of Toll-like receptor 3 that is an extracellular dsRNA sensor, which is required to activate caspase-8 following extracellular poly(I:C) stimulation and TRIF overexpression. Thus, HSV R1s have the ability to inhibit poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis at several levels by preventing caspase-8 dimerization/activation and TRIF RIP1 interaction. This work sheds light on the ability of HSV R1s to manipulate apoptosis. Early during the lytic cycle, protein levels of the cellular inhibitors of caspase-8 as cFLIP drop but HSV R1s accumulate concomitantly and act as a viral inhibitor of apoptosis by binding to procaspase-8 and RIP1 in a way that impairs caspase-8 activation by death-receptors and dsRNA detectors stimulation.

A hiporreatividade das células T observada na resposta imune a antígenos de P. brasiliensis de pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose ativa deve contribuir para o não controle da doença, levando à disseminação do fungo. É, na maioria das vezes, reversível com tratamento antifúngico. Os mecanismos que levam a esta hiporreatividade não são bem conhecidos. No entanto, foram demonstrados em resultados prévios em nosso laboratório que células mononucleares de pacientes frente a gp43 apresentam níveis elevados de apoptose. Para tentarmos explicar esse mecanismo, nossa primeira hipótese foi de avaliar se a ativação celular desses pacientes estavam sendo prejudicada por uma ativação inadequada induzida pela expressão alterada de moléculas co-estimulatórias como CD80, CD86, CD28, CD152, ICOS e PD-1. A expressão dessas moléculas foi avaliada em células T e monócitos de pacientes com doença ativa (n = 7...) e controles curados (n = 2...) de um episódio prévio de PCM, mantidas em cultura com antígeno metabólico de Candida albicans (CMA), gp43 ou sem estímulo após 4 dias em cultura. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a expressão do CD28 foi comparável entre doentes e controles, e que a expressão de CD152, PD-1 e ICOS, que preferencialmente exercem um papel negativo na sinalização celular, foi maior em células T de pacientes, estimuladas ou não, quando comparadas com células de indivíduos controles. Em paralelo, foram realizados experimentos com a adição dos respectivos anticorpos bloqueadores, que, no entanto, não restabeleceu a proliferação celular dos pacientes. A expressão das moléculas CD80 e CD86 na superfície dos monócitos foi similar em pacientes e controles. Já a expressão dessas moléculas na superfície de linfócitos foi maior nos pacientes tanto em células estimuladas como não estimuladas. O bloqueio com os respectivos anticorpos no dia 0 inibiu a resposta tanto com gp43 como com CMA, porém de forma diferenciada. Nos pacientes e controles a inibição da molécula CD86 diminuiu a resposta tanto para gp43 como para CMA e a inibição da molécula CD80 diminuiu a resposta proliferativa apenas para gp43, e somente no grupo controle, sugerindo que os diferentes antígenos exigem diferentes moléculas durante o processo de apresentação antigênica. A adição desses anticorpos no 4o dia da cultura não modificou a resposta linfoproliferantiva dos pacientes e controles. Nossos dados favorecem a hipótese, derivada de outros modelos de exposição crônica a antígenos exógenos, de que a exposição repetida a antígenos de P. brasiliensis por um longo período in vivo, verificada nos pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose, levam as células T a um estado de tolerância adaptativa, que dificilmente é revertida in vitro. A partir desses resultados analisamos a participação da apoptose de células T nesse provável estado de tolerância nas células dos pacientes. Observamos que a expressão da molécula anti-apoptótica Bcl-2 está diminuída nas células T de pacientes previamente estimuladas comparadas com as células dos controles, e mesmo após o reestímulo in vitro a diminuição da expressão dessa molécula persiste. Desta forma, a diminuição da expressão da molécula Bcl-2 ex vivo nas células T de pacientes sugere fortemente que essas células estão vulneráveis a apoptose. Para corroborar esta hipótese, analisamos a expressão das caspases 8 e 9 na forma ativa. Inicialmente, analisamos a expressão destas moléculas em células mononucleares de pacientes e controles mantidas em cultura por 4 dias com e sem estímulo de CMA e gp43 e observamos que as células dos controles expressam maiores níveis de ambas moléculas em relação as células dos pacientes. Esses resultados foram surpreendentes uma vez que o aumento da expressão de moléculas que estariam direcionando as células para apoptose era esperado em células de pacientes e não de controles. Para explicar este resultado sugerimos a possibilidade (hipótese já apareceu várias vezes) de que as células dos pacientes poderiam estar entrando em apoptose num estágio mais inicial, antes do quarto dia. Por isso realizamos experimentos adicionais em que analisamos a expressão dessas caspases ex vivo. Com essa análise observamos que células TCD3+ de pacientes expressam altos níveis tanto de caspase 8 como caspase 9 comparadas às células de controles. Esses resultados podem ajudar a explicar porque nos ensaios para a análise da resposta proliferativa de pacientes com acréscimo de anticorpos bloqueadores de moléculas coestimulatórias, não houve reconstituição da resposta especifica a gp43: essas células estariam pré-ativadas e pré-programadas para entrarem apoptose, e, portanto, refratárias a tratamentos in vitro, como já descrito em células em estado de tolerância adaptativa. / The T-cell hypoproliferative reactivity observed in the immune response to P. brasiliensis antigens of patients with active paracoccidioidomycosis probably contributes to the failure of the host in controlling the infection, leading to a disseminated disease. It is, however, largely reversible with treatment in most patients. The mechanisms leading to this hyporresponsiveness are not well known. We have previously demonstrated that patients\' mononuclear cells in presence of gp43 exhibit enhanced apoptotic levels. I an attempt to explain such findings, we hypothethized that these cells were inadequately activated due to altered costimulatory molecules expression, such as CD80, CD86, CD28, CD152, ICOS e PD-1. Expression of these molecules were evaluated on T-cells and monocytes of the peripheral blood of patients with active, disseminated PCM (n = 7...), and healthy individuals with a past history of treated and cured PCM (n = 2...). These cells were cultured in presence of a Candida albicans metabolic antigen (CMA), gp43, or kept without exogenous stimuli for 4 days. Our results show tgat the expression of CD28 was comparable between patients an controls\' cells, and that CD152, PD-1 e ICOS, all of which known to deliver negative costimulatory signaling and to arrest cell cycle entry, were overexpressed in patients\' T-cells. In parallel, we performed additional experiments where the respective costimulatory signalings were blocked by addition of blocking antibodies specific to each of these molecules. Whatever the blocking antibody used, there was no reversal of the hypoproliferative state of patients\' T-cells. However, while the expression of the CD80 and CD86 molecules on monocytes was similar between controls and patients, their expression on T-cells was significantly higher in patients. Adding the respective blocking antibodies at day zero of the culture, we could observe that both the gp43 and the CMA responses were inhibited, but differentially according to the antibody employed. In both patients and controls the blocking CD86 signaling decreased the response to gp43 and CMA of patients and controls, while blocking of CD80 signaling decreased only the response to gp43, and only in the control group. These data suggest that different antigens may have different costimulatory requirements for antigen presentation. Addition of the antibodies at the ay 4 of culture did not restore the lymphoproliferative response or modified the response of the controls. Our results suggest that the hypothesis, raised from other models of prolonged foreign antigen exposure, that repetitive and persistent in vivo exposure to fungal antigens, which is described in patients with PCM, lead the T-cells to a adaptive tolerant state, which is hardly reverted in vitro. We then investigated the fate of such putatively tolerized patients\' cells, by analyzing the role that apoptosis may have in this tolerant state. We observed that expression of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2 was lower in patients\' cells, even when the cells were in vitro reestimulated with CMA and gp43, suggesting that the cells are more susceptible to undergo apoptosis. When then analyzed the expression of the active form of the caspase 8 and 9 molecules. We first analyzed their expression on cells kept in cultures for 4 days with or without stimuli. Unexpectedly, we observed that controls\' cells, and not patients\' cells, exhibited higher levels of expression of both molecules. To explore further these data, we tested the hypothesis that the patients\' cells were already undergoing apoptosis at an earlier than 4 days stage. Caspases expression were therefore analyzed ex vivo. In fact, we observed that TCD3+ cells exhibited markedly enhanced caspase 8 and expression as compared to controls\' cells. These findings may help to explain why we failed to redress the proliferative responses to gp43 in the experiments where blocking antibodies were added: these cells would be committed to apoptotic death, thus refractory to in vitro manipulations, as described for adaptively tolerant T-cells.

L’élimination des cellules infectées par apoptose constitue un mécanisme de défense antivirale. Les virus de l’herpès simplex (HSV) de type 1 et 2 encodent des facteurs qui inhibent l’apoptose induite par la réponse antivirale. La sous-unité R1 de la ribonucléotide réductase d’HSV-2 (ICP10) possède une fonction anti-apoptotique qui protège les cellules épithéliales de l’apoptose induite par les récepteurs de mort en agissant en amont ou au niveau de l’activation de la procaspase-8. Puisqu’une infection avec un mutant HSV-1 déficient pour la R1 diminue la résistance des cellules infectées vis à vis du TNFα, il a été suggéré que la R1 d’HSV-1 (ICP6) pourrait posséder une fonction anti-apoptotique. Le but principal de cette thèse est d’étudier le mécanisme et le potentiel de la fonction anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV-1 et de la R1 d'HSV-2. Dans une première étude, nous avons investigué le mécanisme de la fonction anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV en utilisant le TNFα et le FasL, deux inducteurs des récepteurs de mort impliqués dans la réponse immune anti-HSV. Cette étude a permis d’obtenir trois principaux résultats concernant la fonction anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV. Premièrement, la R1 d’HSV-1 inhibe l’apoptose induite par le TNFα et par le FasL aussi efficacement que la R1 d’HSV-2. Deuxièmement, la R1 d’HSV-1 est essentielle à l’inhibition de l’apoptose induite par le FasL. Troisièmement, la R1 d’HSV interagit constitutivement avec la procaspase-8 d’une manière qui inhibe la dimérisation et donc l’activation de la caspase-8. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en plus d’inhiber l’apoptose induite par les récepteurs de mort la R1 d’HSV peut prévenir l’activation de la caspase-8 induite par d’autres stimuli pro-apoptotiques. Les ARN double-brins (ARNdb) constituant un intermédiaire de la transcription du génome des HSV et activant l’apoptose par une voie dépendante de la caspase-8, nous avons testé dans une seconde étude l’impact de la R1 d’HSV sur l’apoptose induite par l’acide polyriboinosinique : polyribocytidylique (poly(I:C)), un analogue synthétique des ARNdb. Ces travaux ont montré qu’une infection avec les HSV protège les cellules épithéliales de l’apoptose induite par le poly(I:C). La R1 d’HSV-1 joue un rôle majeur dans l’inhibition de l’activation de la caspase-8 induite par le poly(I:C). La R1 d’HSV interagit non seulement avec la procaspase-8 mais aussi avec RIP1 (receptor interacting protein 1). En interagissant avec RIP1, la R1 d’HSV-2 inhibe l’interaction entre RIP1 et TRIF (Toll/interleukine-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β), l’adaptateur du Toll-like receptor 3 qui est un détecteur d’ARNdb , laquelle est essentielle pour signaler l’apoptose induite par le poly(I:C) extracellulaire et la surexpression de TRIF. Ces travaux démontrent la capacité de la R1 d’HSV à inhiber l’apoptose induite par divers stimuli et ils ont permis de déterminer le mécanisme de l’activité anti-apoptotique de la R1 d’HSV. Très tôt durant l’infection, cFLIP, un inhibiteur cellulaire de la caspase-8, est dégradé alors que la R1 d’HSV s’accumule de manière concomitante. En interagissant avec la procapsase-8 et RIP1, la R1 d’HSV se comporte comme un inhibiteur viral de l’activation de la procaspase-8 inhibant l’apoptose induite par les récepteurs de mort et les détecteurs aux ARNdb. / Elimination of infected cells by apoptosis constitutes an ancestral mechanism of host defense against viral infection. Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) encode several viral factors to counteract the apoptotic antiviral response. Among them, the R1 subunit of HSV type-2 ribonucleotide reductase (HSV-2 R1, also named ICP10), protects cells by interrupting death receptor-mediated signaling at, or upstream of, caspase-8 activation. Since protection against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced apoptosis is decreased un cells infected with an HSV type-1 R1 null mutant, it has been proposed that HSV-1 R1 (ICP6) could also possess an antiapoptotic activity. The fundamental goal of this thesis is to better understand the mechanism and the potential of the HSV R1s antiapoptotic activity. In a first study, we investigated the mechanism of the antiapoptotic activity of HSV R1s by using TNFα and Fas ligand (FasL), two death-receptor inducers involved in anti-HSVs immune response. From this work, we report three main findings on the antiapoptotic activity of HSV R1s. First, HSV-1 R1 like HSV-2 R1 has the ability to protect cells against TNFα- and FasL-induced apoptosis. Second, HSV-1 R1 contributes in protecting infected cells against FasL. Third, HSV R1s and procaspase-8 interact in a way that inhibits the dimerization/activation of caspase-8. These results suggest that in addition to counteracting death receptor-induced apoptosis, HSV R1s could inhibit apoptosis induced by other signals that trigger caspase-8 activation during HSV infection. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are viral intermediates notably produced by HSVs and have been shown to induce apoptosis via caspase-8 activation. We tested in a second study whether HSV R1s have the ability to counteract apoptosis triggered by polyriboinosinic : polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of dsRNA that triggers caspase-8 activation. We showed that HSVs infection protect epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by poly(I:C). We established that HSV-1 R1 is essential for the protection of HSV-1-infected cells against poly(I:C)-induced caspase-8 activation. HSV R1s interact not only with procaspase-8 but also with the receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1). The interaction between RIP1 and HSV-2 R1 inhibits the binding of RIP1 to the Toll/interleukine-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β (TRIF), the adaptor of Toll-like receptor 3 that is an extracellular dsRNA sensor, which is required to activate caspase-8 following extracellular poly(I:C) stimulation and TRIF overexpression. Thus, HSV R1s have the ability to inhibit poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis at several levels by preventing caspase-8 dimerization/activation and TRIF RIP1 interaction. This work sheds light on the ability of HSV R1s to manipulate apoptosis. Early during the lytic cycle, protein levels of the cellular inhibitors of caspase-8 as cFLIP drop but HSV R1s accumulate concomitantly and act as a viral inhibitor of apoptosis by binding to procaspase-8 and RIP1 in a way that impairs caspase-8 activation by death-receptors and dsRNA detectors stimulation.