Scytalidium thermophilum produces a novel phenol oxidase, which has turned out to be a bifunctional catalase-phenol oxidase (CATPO) during the course of this work, by other researchers of our group. Therefore, in the beginning of the studies, substrate specificity and inhibitor assays were conducted on the crude enzyme, followed by production, purification, cloning, expression, and mutagenesis and crystallography studies for further functional and structural analysis of CATPO. Accordingly, substrate specificity and inhibitory tests applied for crude enzyme characterisation presented the similarity of the phenol oxidase nature of CATPO essentially to catechol oxidase. Production studies were performed to investigate the effects of different factors including induction time, growth temperature, exogenous iron and hydrogen peroxide addition. In view of that, CATPO is constitutively produced in a growth associated manner. However, some phenolic compounds enhance its production. In this study, 15 phenolic compounds were tested for their ability to affect CATPO production. Of the phenolic compounds tested, catechol, resorcinol and vanillic acid caused repression of CATPO production. On the other hand, caffeic acid, myricetin and resveratrol enhanced CATPO production. As a biocatalyst, the efficiency of CATPO was examined and found to be a good candidate for getting pharmaceutically important drug intermediates. Its dual mechanism was analysed through side-directed mutagenesis. Two conserved residues (His101 and Val142) were mutated to discriminate catalase and phenol oxidase activities. Spectroscopic and mutagenesis studies exhibited the presence of heme d centre. Lastly, its structure was analysed by X-ray crystallography and found to have a tetrameric structure.

According to our previous results, ethephon-induced sweet potato leaf senescence and senescence-associated gene SPCP1 expression was affected by reduced glutathione, EGTA, and cycloheximide (Chen et al., 2009). These data suggest that calcium influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and de novo synthesized proteins can affect ethephon-mediated effects. Therefore, PCR-selective substractive hybridization and RACE-PCR methods were used to clone 5 full-length cDNAs encoded putative calmodulin (SPCAM), catalase (SPCATA), anionic peroxidase (SPPA), ACC oxidase (SPACO), and DSS1-like protein (SPDSS1) from mixed samples of ethephon-treated leaves for 6 and 24 hours. The ORF of SPCAM contains 450 nucleotides and encodes 149 amino acids. There are 4 putative EF-motifs in the deduced protein structure. SPCAM exhibited amino acid sequence identity with isolated Arabidopsis calmodulins from 48% to 100%, and was completely the same as CaM7 calmodulin. The ORF of SPCATA contains 1479 nucleotides and encodes 492 amino acids. SPCAM exhibited high amino acid sequence identity with other plant catalases from 71.2% to 80.9%, and had the highest identity with mangrove catalase. The ORF of SPPA contains 1068 nucleotides and encodes 355 amino acids. SPPA exhibited amino acid sequence identity with other published sweet potato peroxidase isoforms from 28.7% to 97.5%, and had the highest identity with anionic peroxidase SWPA4. The ORF of SPACO contains 930 nucleotides and encodes 309 amino acids. SPACO exhibited high amino acid sequence identity with other plant ACC oxidases from 62.3% to 81.5%, and had the highest identity with tobacco ACC oxidase. The ORF of SPDSS1 contains 228 nucleotides and encodes 75 amino acids. SPDSS1 exhibited amino acid sequence identity with other DSS1 from 25.2% to 62.3%, and had the highest identity with maize DSS1. The chlorophyll contents and Fv/Fm values were significantly reduced, however, the isolated gene expression was remarkably enhanced in natural senescent leaves. DAB staining showed that H2O2 amount was remarkably elevated at S3 senescent leaves compared to leaves of the other developmental stages. Evan blue staining also demonstrated that S3 senescent leaf had more cell death compared to S0 young leaves. In addition ethephon-induced leaf senescence exhibited similar results. The chlorophyll contents and Fv/Fm values were significantly reduced, however, the isolated gene expression was remarkably enhanced in ethephon-treated leaves compared to dark control. DAB staining showed that H2O2 amount was remarkably elevated at 72 hours in ethephon-treated leaves compared to dark control. Evan blue staining also demonstrated that ethephon-treated leaf for 72 hours had more cell death compared to dark control. Based on these data we conclude that SPCAM, SPCATA, SPPA, SPACO and SPDSS1 gene expression were significantly increased in natural and ethephon-induced senescent leaves. The possible functions of these isolated genes in association with events in ethephon-induced leaf senescence, including calcium influx, ROS elevation or scavenge, and following signaling will be discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-225). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-225). Also available on the Internet.

Studies described in this thesis were aimed at characterizing the mechanism(s) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) pulmonary carcinogenesis by addressing the formation, prevention, and repair of AFB1-induced oxidative DNA damage. The ability of AFB1 to cause oxidative DNA damage in different lung cell types of the A/J mouse was examined. The formation of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in freshly isolated mouse lung alveolar macrophages, alveolar type II cells, and nonciliated bronchial epithelial (Clara) cells, was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. An increase in 8-OHdG formation occurred in macrophage and Clara cell preparations isolated from A/J mice two hours following in vivo treatment with a single tumourigenic dose of AFB1. Prior treatment with polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase (PEG-CAT) prevented the AFB1-induced increase in 8-OHdG levels in all mouse lung cell preparations. These results support the possibility that oxidative DNA damage in mouse lung cells contributes to AFB1 carcinogenicity. Mouse lung tumourigenesis was assessed following treatment of A/J mice with PEG-CAT and/or AFB1. Unexpectedly, the mean number of tumours per mouse and tumour size in the PEG-CAT + AFB1 group were greater than those of the group treated with AFB1 alone. There was no difference in K-ras exon 1 mutation spectrum or in the histological diagnosis of tumours between treatment groups. In vitro incubation with mouse liver catalase (CAT) resulted in conversion of [3H]AFB1 into a DNA-binding species, a possible explanation for the results observed in vivo. These results demonstrate that PEG-CAT is not protective against AFB1 carcinogenicity in mouse lung despite preventing DNA oxidation. The effect of in vivo treatment of mice with AFB1 on pulmonary and hepatic base excision repair (BER) activities and levels of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) was investigated. AFB1 treatment increased 8-OHdG levels and BER activity in mouse lung, but did not significantly affect either in liver. Levels of OGG1 immunoreactive protein were increased in both mouse lung and liver. These results indicate that oxidative DNA damage may be an important mechanism in the carcinogenicity of AFB1. However, BER activity is increased by AFB1 treatment, possibly representing a compensatory response to the production of oxidative DNA damage. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pharmacology & Toxicology) -- Queen's University, 2008-12-12 10:00:44.81

Suspensions of pancreatic islet cells from ob/ob-mice were incubated with Trypan Blue. Microscope photometry showed that apparently viable cells excluded the dye completely, whereas the nuclei of non-viable cells accumulated Trypan Blue by a saturable process. Alloxan rapidly increased the permeability of the plasma membrane in mouse 3-cells; the exclusion of Trypan Blue is a valid and useful measure of islet cell viability following alloxan exposure. The diabetogenic action of alloxan may be mediated by hydroxyl radicals. In several biological systems hydroxyl radicals are formed by an iron-catalyzed reaction between superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide. To test whether this applies to alloxan diabetogenicity, the effects of superoxide dismutase, catalase, scavengers of hydroxyl radicals, and metal ion chelators were tested (a) in a cell-free radical-generating system and (b) on islets and islet-cells exposed to alloxan In vitro. The effect of longtime-circulating superoxide dismutase injected prior to alloxan was tested on mice in vivo. Luminol chemiluminescence was used to monitor alloxan-dependent radical production. Accumulation of 8^Rb+ and exclusion of Trypan Blue were used as cell viability criteria in isolated mouse islets and islet-cells. Blood glucose was determined to monitor the development of diabetes in living animals. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, scavengers of hydroxyl radicals, and metal ion chelators inhibited the alloxan-dependent chemiluminescence and decreased the toxic effects on Rb+ accumulation or Trypan Blue exclusion in islets and islet-cells. Superoxide dismutase, linked to polyethylene glycol and injected 12 hours before alloxan, largely prevented the development of alloxan diabetes. Alloxan toxicity _in vitro and in vivo seems to depend on the formation of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide which in turn form the noxious hydroxyl radical via an iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction. As free radicals and hydrogen peroxide can be formed by other chemicals and during inflammation, and inflammation may accompany the outbreak of human diabetes, studies on the beneficiary effects of superoxide dismutase and other scavengers of free radicals in other forms of diabetes seem warranted. / <p>S. 1-38: sammanfattning, s. 39-74: Härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No description available.

Estima-se que 1 em 5 pessoas morrerão de câncer e, neste momento 1 em 200 vivem com a patologia. Classicamente, é descrita como uma doença genética, e por muito tempo as abordagens terapêuticas focaram em mutações. Apesar de casos de sucesso, a eficácia terapêutica ainda é insuficiente, estima-se que 2 em 3 pessoas diagnosticadas com câncer morrerão de causas relacionadas à doença. Apesar da imensa variabilidade genética, diferentes mutações convergem para um número limitado de fenótipos. Assim, o estudo do câncer sob uma ótica evolutiva focando em fenótipos agressivos é uma alternativa promissora. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar fenótipos agressivos em tumores sólidos, buscando caracterizar alterações e propor alvos e terapias. Para isto, investigou-se câncer de pulmão e mama sob diferentes aspectos biológicos. O capítulo I estudou metabolismo redox em câncer de pulmão de não-pequenas células (NSCLC). Aqui, demonstramos que o desbalanço redox oxidativo intracelular é um fenótipo agressivo. Posteriormente, sugerimos abordagens antioxidantes como uma boa proposta terapêutica. O capítulo II estudou adenocarcinoma de pulmão sob o contexto da reprogramação metabólica. Neste, sugerimos que o metabolismo glicolítico dependente de transportadores de glicose (GLUT’s) e lactato/piruvato (MCT’s) é um fenótipo agressivo. Por fim, propomos que inibidores para isoformas específicas destes transportadores podem ter impacto clínico nesta malignidade. O capítulo III investigou uma abordagem terapêutica para um fenótipo agressivo bem estabelecido, a resistência à hipóxia. Utilizando modelos in vitro e in vivo de câncer de mama triplo-negativo (TNBC), encontramos que o inibidor epigenético JQ1 é capaz de inibir genes e rotas importantes à sobrevivência da célula cancerosa em hipóxia. Utilizando modelos in vitro e in vivo de câncer de mama triplo-negativo (TNBC), encontramos que o inibidor epigenético JQ1 é capaz de inibir genes e rotas importantes à sobrevivência da célula cancerosa em hipóxia. Deste modo, é proposto esta abordagem epigenética na terapêutica de TNBC. Portanto, foi demonstrado aqui que a investigação de fenótipos agressivos é capaz de contribuir para a oncologia molecular, identificando padrões e apontando alvos. Foi dito no passado que “nada em biologia faz sentido senão à luz da evolução”, e foi sob esta filosofia que o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido e buscou contribuir na busca da cura do câncer. / It is estimated that 1 in 5 people will die of cancer, and now 1 in 200 live with this pathology. Classically, cancer is described as a genetic disease, and for a long time therapeutic approaches focused on mutations. Despite some successes, treatment efficacy is still insufficient, it is estimated that 2 out of 3 people diagnosed with cancer will die from causes related to the disease. Despite the large genetic variability, different mutation converge to a limited number of phenotypes. Thus, the investigation of cancer under an evolutive perspective that focus on aggressive phenotypes is an promising alternative approach. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate aggressive phenotypes in solid tumors, seeking to characterize changes and propose targets and therapies. For this, we investigated lung cancer and breast under different biological aspects. Chapter I studied redox metabolism in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we show that redox imbalance favouring intracellular oxidative stress is an aggressive phenotype. Later, we suggest antioxidants approaches as a promising therapeutic window. Chapter II studied lung adenocarcinoma in the context of metabolic reprogramming. Herein, we suggest that the glycolytic metabolism dependent on transporters of glucose (GLUT's) and lactate / pyruvate (MCT's) is an aggressive phenotype. Then, we propose that inhibitors for specific isoforms of GLUT’s and MCT’s may have clinical impact in this malignancy. Chapter III investigated a therapeutic approach for cells that are resistant to hypoxia, a well-established aggressive phenotype. Using in vitro and in vivo models of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), we find that the epigenetic inhibitor JQ1 is able to inhibit important genes and pathways in hypoxic cancer cell survival. Thus, we propose this epigenetic approach in the management of TNBC. Therefore, it was demonstrated here that investigation of aggressive phenotypes can contribute to the molecular oncology, identifying patterns and pointing targets. It was once said that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution", this study was conducted under this philosophy to contribute in the search for the cure of cancer.

A atividade de catalase em Candida albicans tem sido sugerida como um mecanismo de resistência ao antifúngico anfotericina B. Neste contexto, poucos são os estudos de enzimas como catalase e superóxido dismutase em leveduras do gênero Candida expostas a diferentes situações. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar o efeito da exposição de Candida a antineoplásicos, íons metálicos e antifúngicos como fluconazol e anfotericina B sobre a atividade dessas enzimas. Os resultados apontaram que o antineoplásico metotrexato aumentou a atividade da catalase em C. albicans, que íons metálicos como cobre, zinco, manganês e ferro produzem um efeito variável na atividade de superóxido dismutase, bem como, um efeito variável de um íon no acúmulo de outro. Também verificamos através de nossos resultados que a indução de resistência ao fluconazol e anfotericina B aumentam a atividade de catalase e superóxido dismutase em C. albicans e C. dubliniensis. Esses resultados sugerem que o antineoplásico metotrexato e a indução de resistência a anfotericina B e fluconazol podem gerar um estresse oxidativo em leveduras do gênero Candida que possivelmente se adaptam a esse estresse aumentando seus mecanismos de defesa antioxidante. Esse efeito pode induzir a uma maior resistência desses organismos ao ataque de células fagocíticas do hospedeiro. / Catalase is an enzyme that has been suggested to be involved in resistance mechanisms to antifungal drug such as amphotericin B. There are few studies focusing on catalase and superoxide dismutase in yeasts, such as Candida, exposed to different situations. Thereby, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exposing Candida to antineoplastic drugs, metallic ions and antifungial drugs, namely fluconazole and amphotericin B, on catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Results show that methotrexate induced catalase activity in C. albicans and that metallic ions, such as copper, zinc, manganese and iron produced a variable effect on superoxide dismutase activity of C. albicans, as well as a variable effect in the uptake of one ion on another. We also showed that fluconazole and amphotericin B resistance increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. These results suggest that methotrexate as well as the induction of fluconazole- and amphotericin B-resistance may induce oxidative stress in yeasts such as Candida, which may adapt by increasing antioxidant defense mechanisms. This effect may induce a major resistance of this yeast to phagocytic cell attack.