Obesity has been related to a greater incidence of more aggressive, advanced stage prostate cancer. It is expected that serum adipokines related to obesity will promote a more aggressive phenotype in PC cells in vitro. Patient serum (n = 80) was obtained for analysis and divided into four patient groups based on obesity and prostate cancer status. Characteristics of serum-treated PC cells in vitro were measured. In a separate set of analyses, LNCaP and PC3 cells were treated with adiponectin and resistin in vitro, and cell characteristics were analyzed. Serum from obese PC patients induces greater amounts of cell migration and lower amounts of cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Exogenous treatment of adiponectin on PC cells in vitro does not affect cell migration or invasion. However, adiponectin modulates cytosolic protein levels of soluble β-catenin and GSK-3β, indicating that its mechanism of action may be through the Wnt signalling pathway.

Les carcinomes de la corticosurrénale (CC) sont des tumeurs malignes rares dont le pronostic est globalement sombre et les thérapeutiques encore limitées, la chirurgie étant le seul traitement efficace. Il est donc important de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans le développement et l'agressivité des CC. L’activation constitutive de la voie de signalisation Wnt/b-caténine est fréquente dans les CC (40%) et est associée à un caractère agressif. L’objectif de mon projet de thèse était d’étudier l’implication de la voie Wnt/β-caténine dans la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne. La lignée cellulaire humaine H295R, issue d’un CC présente une activation de la voie Wnt/β-caténine qui a pour origine une mutation activatrice de la β-caténine. Nous avons montré que l'invalidation de la β-caténine dans les cellules H295R inhibe l'activité transcriptionnelle de la voie Wnt/β-caténine, diminue la prolifération, augmente l'apoptose et bloque la progression du cycle cellulaire. De plus, nous avons montré que la voie Wnt/b-caténine est essentielle au développement tumoral de xénogreffes de ces cellules chez la souris. L’activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine participe à la tumorigenèse de nombreux organes en régulant l’expression de gènes impliqués par exemple dans la prolifération, la survie cellulaire ou l'adhésion. Afin de mieux comprendre comment la voie Wnt/β-caténine participe à la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne, nous avons cherché à identifier les gènes cibles de cette voie dans les CC. L’analyse des transcriptomes de deux cohortes indépendantes de CC et des cellules H295R avec ou sans invalidation de la β-caténine a permis d’identifier des gènes dont l'expression est corrélée à l'activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine. Nous avons montré que parmi ces gènes, AFF3 est essentiel pour transmettre les effets de l'activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine dans les carcinomes de la corticosurrénale. En effet, AFF3 est un gène cible direct de la voie Wnt/b-caténine et son invalidation dans les cellules corticosurrénaliennes H295R diminue la prolifération cellulaire et déclenche l'apoptose à l'image de l'invalidation de la b-caténine. AFF3 est une protéine nucléaire, localisée au niveau des speckles qui sont impliqués dans l'épissage des ARNm. De plus, AFF3 interagit avec le P-TEFb (CDK9/CyclineT1/2) au sein du Super elongation complex (SEC) nécessaire à l’élongation de la transcription des ARNm par l'ARN polymérase II. Nous avons ainsi montré dans les cellules corticosurrénaliennes H295R, que la surexpression d'AFF3 altère l’organisation des speckles et la localisation de CDK9 et Cycline T1. En conclusion, ce travail a permis d'identifier une nouvelle cible transcriptionnelle de la voie de signalisation Wnt/b-caténine, AFF3, qui code pour un médiateur important des effets de l'activation de cette voie dans la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne. AFF3 agirait notamment en altérant la structure des speckles et en interagissant avec le P-TEFb qui sont importants respectivement pour l'épissage des ARNm et la transcription. Ces résultats conduisent à une meilleure compréhension de la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne et permettent d'envisager le P-TEFb et le SEC comme de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le traitement des CC. / Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine neoplasm, with limited therapeutic option. Currently, surgical resection is considered the only effective treatment. It is therefore essential to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in ACC development in order to improve their clinical management. Activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway is frequent (40%) in ACC and is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of my thesis was to study the involvement of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. The human cell line H295R, derived from an ACC, carries the S45P β-catenin mutation which leads to constitutive β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. In the ACC cell line H295R we show that β-catenin silencing resulted in a decreased transcriptional activity of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling, cell cycle alterations, a decreased cell proliferation and an increased apoptosis. Moreover we show that β-catenin silencing abolish xenograft development of H295R adrenocortical cells. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling promotes tumorigenesis of several organs by enhancing expression of genes involved in proliferation, cell survival or cell adhesion. To better understand the role of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling in adrenocortical tumorigenesis, we wanted to identify target genes of this pathway in ACC. Combined transcriptomic analysis on two independent cohorts of ACC and on H295R adrenocortical cells with or without β-catenin silencing allow us to identify alterations of gene expression due to aberrant Wnt/βcatenin pathway activation. Among these genes, we show that AFF3 is essential to mediate the effect of the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in adrenocortical cancer. Indeed, AFF3 is a direct target gene of the Wnt/b-catenin and its silencing in H295R adrenocortical cells induces a decreased cell proliferation and an increased apoptosis similar to that induced by b-catenin silencing. AFF3 is a nuclear protein located in nuclear speckles, which serve as a reservoir of factors participating in mRNA splicing. Moreover, AFF3 interacts with P-TEFb (CDK9/CyclinT1/2) in the Super elongation complex (SEC) required for transcriptional elongation of mRNA by RNA polymerase II. In H295R adrenocortical cells, we show that strong overproduction of AFF3 altered the structural organization of nuclear speckles and the localization of CDK9 and Cycline T1. In conclusion, this study has identified a new transcriptional target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, AFF3, which encodes an important mediator of this pathway in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. AFF3 might especially act by affecting the structural organization of speckles and interacting with the P-TEFb, which are respectively involved in mRNA splicing and transcription. These results provide a better understanding of the biological process involved in ACC development and suggest that P-TEFb and SEC could be new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ACC.

L’ostéoporose est une maladie caractérisée par une faible masse osseuse et une détérioration du tissu osseux. Cette condition entraîne une plus grande fragilité osseuse et des risques de fractures. Plusieurs études ont associé l’ostéoporose à la faible densité osseuse des mandibules, à la perte d’attache parodontale, à l’augmentation de la hauteur de la crête alvéolaire et à la chute des dents. Cette étude vise à comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents cette perte osseuse. En effet, au cours du développement des souris, PITX1 joue un rôle clé dans l'identité des membres postérieurs et dans le bon développement des mandibules et des dents. Son inactivation complète chez la souris mène à un phénotype squelettique sévère. Tandis que, son inactivation partielle provoque des symptômes apparentés à l'arthrose avec une augmentation de la masse osseuse au niveau de l’os cortical et de l’os trabéculaire. Inversement, une étude antérieure chez des jumelles monozygotiques discordantes pour l’ostéoporose, montrent une augmentation d’environ 8.6 fois du niveau d’expression du gène Pitx1 chez la jumelle ostéoporotique. Collectivement, ces données nous ont poussés à investiguer sur le rôle du facteur de transcription PITX1 dans le métabolisme osseux normal et pathologique. Dans ce contexte, des souris transgéniques Col1α1-Pitx1 sur-exprimant Pitx1 spécifiquement dans le tissu osseux sous le promoteur du collagène de type-I (fragment 2.1kpb) ont été générées et phénotypiquement caractérisées. Ces résultats ont révelé que les souris transgéniques Col1α1-Pitx1 présentaient un phénotype similaire à celui des patients ostéoporotiques accompagné d'une perte de dents et des problèmes dentaires et parodontaux. De plus, cette étude a révélé que la surexpression de Pitx1 induit une altération de l’homéostasie osseuse via l’inactivation de la voie de signalisation Wnt/β-caténine canonique. Cette hypothèse a été appuyée par le fait que le traitement des souris transgéniques Col1α1-Pitx1 avec du chlorure de lithium, un activateur de la voie Wnt canonique, prévient le phénotype ostéoporotique chez ces souris. Finalement, cette étude établit un rôle crucial de PITX1 dans la régulation de la masse osseuse et une implication possible dans l’ostéoporose et les maladies parodontales via l’inactivation de la voie de signalisation Wnt/β-caténine canonique. / Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density leading to an increased risk of fracture. Several studies have linked osteoporosis to the low bone density of the mandibles, the periodontal attachment loss, increasing of the alveolar crest heigh and tooth loss. This study aims to understand the mechanisms underlying bone loss. During mouse development, PITX1 plays a key role in the identity of the hindlimb and the proper development of the jaws and teeth. Interestingly, PITX1-null mice displayed severe skeletal phenotype. Whereas, ageing PITX1+/- progressively developed OA-like lesions in cartilage associated with a drastic increase in cortical and trabecular bone formation. Conversely, expression analysis of osteoblasts derived from monozygotic twins discordant for osteoporosis reported an 8.6-fold up-regulation of Pitx1 expression in osteoblasts from osteoporotic twins when compared with healthy ones. Collectively, these data prompted us to investigate the role of PITX1 in normal and pathological bone metabolism. In this context, transgenic Col1α1-Pitx1 mice over expressing Pitx1 specifically in bone tissue under the type-I collagen promoter (2.3kb fragment) were generated and phenotypically characterized. These data suggested that Pitx1 overexpression induces an osteoporosis like phenotype accompanied with oral bone loss, edentulousness, dental and periodontal problems. These results suggested that Pitx1 overexpression induces alteration of bone homeostasis via the inactivating of the the Wnt/β-catenin canonical pathway. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that treatment with lithium chloride, a Wnt canonical activator, rescued the phenotype. Finally, this study establishes a crucial role of PITX1 in the regulation of bone mass and a possible involvement in the developpement of osteoporosis and periodontal disease via the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin canonical pathway.

Les cellules endothéliales forment une couche semi-perméable entre le sang et les organes. La prolifération, la migration et la polarisation des cellules endothéliales sont essentielles à la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux à partir de vaisseaux préexistants, soit l’angiogenèse. Le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire (VEGF) peut activer la synthase endothéliale du monoxyde d’azote (eNOS) et induire la production de monoxyde d’azote (NO) nécessaire pour la régulation de la perméabilité vasculaire et l’angiogenèse. β- caténine est une composante essentielle du complexe des jonctions d’ancrage ainsi qu’un régulateur majeur de la voie de signalisation de Wnt/β-caténine dans laquelle elle se joint au facteur de transcription TCF/LEF et module l’expression de nombreux gènes, dont certains sont impliqués dans l’angiogenèse. La S-nitrosylation (SNO) est un mécanisme de régulation posttraductionnel des protéines par l’ajout d’un groupement nitroso au niveau de résidus cystéines. Le NO produit par eNOS peut induire la S-nitrosylation de la β−caténine au niveau des jonctions intercellulaires et moduler la perméabilité de l’endothélium. Il a d’ailleurs été montré que le NO peut contrôler l’expression génique par la transcription. Le but de cette thèse est d’établir le rôle du NO au sein de la transcription des cellules endothéliales, spécifiquement au niveau de l’activité de β-caténine. Le premier objectif était de déterminer si la SNO de la β-caténine affecte son activité transcriptionnelle. Nous avons montré que le NO inhibe l’activité transcriptionnelle de β- caténine ainsi que la prolifération des cellules endothéliales induites par l’activation de la voie Wnt/β-caténine. Il est intéressant de constater que le VEGF, qui induit la production de NO via eNOS, réprime l’expression de AXIN2 qui est un gène cible de Wnt s’exprimant suite à la i i stimulation par Wnt3a et ce, dépendamment de eNOS. Nous avons identifié que la cystéine 466 de la β-caténine est un résidu essentiel à la modulation répressive de son activité transcriptionnelle par le NO. Lorsqu’il est nitrosylé, ce résidu est responsable de la perturbation du complexe de transcription formé de β-caténine et TCF-4 ce qui inhibe la prolifération des cellules endothéliales induite par la stimulation par Wnt3a. Puisque le NO affecte la transcription, nous avons réalisé l’analyse du transcriptome afin d’obtenir une vue d’ensemble du rôle du NO dans l’activité transcriptionnelle des cellules endothéliales. L’analyse différentielle de l’expression des gènes de cellules endothéliales montre que la répression de eNOS par siRNA augmente l’expression de gènes impliqués au niveau de la polarisation tels que : PARD3A, PARD3B, PKCZ, CRB1 et TJ3. Cette analyse suggère que le NO peut réguler la polarisation des cellules et a permis d’identifier des gènes responsables de l’intégrité des cellules endothéliales et de la réponse immunitaire. De plus, l’analyse de voies de signalisation par KEGG montre que certains gènes modulés par l’ablation de eNOS sont enrichis dans de nombreuses voies de signalisation, notamment Ras et Notch qui sont importantes lors de la migration cellulaire et la différenciation des cellules de têtes et de tronc (tip/stalk). Le regroupement des gènes exprimés chez les cellules traitées au VEGF (déplétées de eNOS ou non) révèle que le NO peut affecter l’expression de gènes contribuant au processus angiogénique, dont l’attraction chimiotactique. Notre étude montre que le NO module la transcription des cellules endothéliales et régule l’expression des gènes impliqués dans l’angiogenèse et la fonction endothéliale. / induce the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is critical for vascular permeability and angiogenesis. β-catenin is an essential component of the adherens junction as well as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and it binds T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor, regulating expression of numerous genes including those involved in angiogenesis. S-nitrosylation (SNO) is a mechanism used by NO to regulate protein activity by adding a nitroso group to cysteine residues. eNOS derived-NO is capable to induce SNO of β-catenin at cell-cell junction and modulate endothelial permeability. Additionally, NO has been implicated in the transcriptional control of gene expression. Therefore, the goals of our studies were to investigate the regulatory roles of NO on transcription in endothelial cells, in particular to the modulation of the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. The objective of the first study is to investigate whether the SNO of β-catenin affect its transcriptional activity. We found that NO inhibits β-catenin transcriptional activity and endothelial cell proliferation induced by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Interestingly, VEGF, which can activate eNOS to produce NO in endothelial cells, repressed Wnt3a-induced expression of Wnt target gene AXIN2 in an eNOS-dependent manner. Moreover, we identified that Cys466 on β-catenin is a critical residue for the repressive effects of NO on β-catenin transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we showed that Cys466 is responsible for the disruption iv of β-catenin/TCF4 transcriptional complex, and NO-dependant inhibition of Wnt3a-simulated endothelial cell proliferation. Given the known effects of NO on transcription, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed in order to understand the transcriptional regulation of NO in endothelial cells. By analyzing gene differential expression in cells transfected with control and eNOS siRNA, we show that eNOS knockdown upregulates the expression of genes involved in cell polarization, such as PARD3A, PARD3B, PKCZ, CRB1 and TJ3. The up-regulation of these genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis, suggesting that NO may regulate cell polarization. The analysis also showed that genes regulated by eNOS knockdown were involved in endothelial cell integrity and immune response. In addition, KEGG signaling pathway analysis showed that genes regulated by eNOS were enriched in many signal pathways including Ras signaling, which are important for endothelial cell migration. Moreover, clustering of differentially expressed genes in VEGF-treated cells and VEGF-treated eNOS-depleted cells revealed that NO may affect expression of genes in angiogenesis in response to VEGF, including those genes involved in chemotaxis. Our studies show that NO affects transcription in endothelial cells and regulates expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and endothelial cell function.

Colon cancer causes approximately seven percent of all cancer-related deaths in the world and presumably due to modern lifestyle, it is also one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers. The inefficiency of standard treatment indicates the need for intensive research of molecular mechanisms of cancer development. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is essential for maintenance of the progenitor phenotype of stem cells in crypts of the intestine and controls repopulation of the epithelia, in physiological conditions. However, aberrant activation leads to tumor formation. Although Wnt signaling in cancer has been subjected to thorough investigation, there is still a lot of questions concerning further branching of the pathway. As a model of Wnt/β-catenin triggered colorectal cancer, we use mice with mutated APC, which is the tumor suppressor involved in this pathway. Previous expression profiling of the intestinal tumors from relevant mice revealed two transcription factors: ETV4 and MSX1 which are significantly overexpressed in cancer cells. In this project we elucidate whether the overexpression is really tumor restricted and Wnt dependent or there is a crosstalk with another signal transduction pathway. We investigate the function and regulation of these transcription factors by synthetic reporter assays,...

Wnt signalling represents an important mechanism participating in control of cellular and developmental processes, including establishment of cell polarity, cell fate specification, stem cell self-renewal, tissue patterning and organogenesis, homeostasis maintenance and regeneration. Misregulation of the Wnt signalling during embryogenesis leads to developmental defects while aberrant activation later in development is associated with degenerative diseases and a number of cancers. The presented PhD thesis is based on four original publications that deal with the post-translational modifications of Wnt ligands and molecular mechanisms contributing to the regulation of a transcriptional profile of the so-called canonical Wnt pathway. Wnt signalling pathway is used repetitively both in time and different cellular contexts throughout development of multicellular organisms. Inevitably, in each single situation -catenin/TCF complexes, the downstream effectors, induce only subsets of all potential target genes. How this differential tissue- and stage-specific control over various subsets of target genes is achieved with such a limited number of nuclear effectors is not fully understood. Along with the expression of specific LEF/TCF family members or their variants containing different functional domains...

Os craniofaringiomas são os tumores mais frequentes da região hipotálamohipofisária na faixa etária pediátrica. Apesar de serem histologicamente benignos, sua tendência infiltrativa e seu comportamento agressivo resultam em significante morbimortalidade. Histologicamente podem ser divididos em dois subtipos: adamantinomatosos e papilíferos. A patogênese dos craniofaringiomas é pouco compreendida. Mutações no gene CTNNB1, que codifica a proteína beta-catenina, são a única alteração molecular conhecida até o momento implicada na tumorigênese dos craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Tais mutações afetam o sítio de degradação da beta-catenina, que passa a se acumular no citoplasma e no núcleo, ativando excessivamente a via de sinalização WNT, através da ligação aos fatores de transcrição da família LEF/TCF, levando a tumorigênese. Recentemente foi descoberto um novo mecanismo de determinação da linhagem celular hipofisária regulado pela beta-catenina, através do qual ela interage diretamente com o PROP1 para determinar a diferenciação celular hipofisária. De acordo com esse modelo, o complexo protéico PROP1/beta- catenina atua simultaneamente como repressor do HESX1 e ativador do PIT1, dependendo dos co-fatores associados. Pacientes com mutações germinativas inativadoras no PROP1 desenvolvem hipopituitarismo e podem apresentar aumento hipofisário com imagens de ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) da região selar muitas vezes semelhantes àquelas dos craniofaringiomas, com hiperssinal em T1. Por outro lado, camundongos com expressão persistente do Prop1 exibem defeitos na regulação da proliferação celular hipofisária, incluindo cistos da bolsa de Rathke, hiperplasia adenomatosa e tumores, sugerindo que mutações com ganho de função no PROP1 também poderiam contribuir para a patogênese de tumores hipofisários em seres humanos. A semelhança entre as imagens de RNM dos pacientes com craniofaringiomas e daqueles com aumento hipofisário devido a mutações inativadoras no PROP1, e o fato de que camundongos transgênicos com expressão persistente do Prop1 apresentam aumento da susceptibilidade a tumores hipofisários, deram base a nossa hipótese de que uma desregulação na expressão do PROP1 em humanos poderia estar envolvida na patogênese dos craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de mutação somática no exon 3 do CTNNB1 e avaliar a expressão desse gene e do gene PROP1 em craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Foram obtidas 14 amostras desse tipo de tumor por meio da ressecção terapêutica. As amostras foram submetidas à extração do RNA e posterior transcrição reversa para obtenção de cDNA. A partir do cDNA foi realizada PCR e sequenciamento do exon 3 do CTNNB1 em todas as amostras. Porém, a avaliação por PCR em tempo real foi realizada apenas em 12 amostras, devido à qualidade inadequada de 2 amostras para submissão a essa metodologia. Foram encontradas mutações missense, em heterozigose em 9 das 14 amostras, sendo 5 previamente descritas e 2 ainda não descritas em craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Hiperexpressão do CTNNB1 foi encontrada em 7 amostras, sendo 5 com mutação e 2 sem mutação no CTNNB1.A hiperexpressão variou de 2,5 a 6,2 vezes maior que o pool de hipófise normal. Contudo, a expressão do PROP1 foi indetectável em todas as amostras. Concluímos que o aumento da expressão do CTNNB1 presente em 58% das amostras sugere o envolvimento também da hiperexpressão desse gene na etiopatogenia do craniofaringioma adamantinomatoso, enquanto a ausência de expressão do PROP1 afasta a participação desse gene na etiopatogenia do craniofaringioma adamantinomatoso / Craniopharyngiomas are the the commonest tumors to involve the hypothalamo-pituitary regions in childhood population. Histologically they are benign, and can be divided in two primary subtypes: the adamantinomatous and the papillary. Although histologically benign, their infiltrative tendency and aggressive behavior can result in great morbidity. The pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas is poorly understood. To date, beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) mutations have been identified only in the adamantinomatous subtype. These mutations affect the degradation target box of beta-catenin that accumulates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus increasing the transcriptional activity of WNT pathway through interaction with the transcription factors of LEF/TCF family, leading to tumorigenesis. Recently, an interaction between beta-catenin and PROP1 was described as a new mecanism for beta-catenindependent regulation of pituitary cell-lineage determination. According to this novel model, the PROP1/beta-catenin proteic complex would act as a binary switch to simultaneously repress the transcription factor HESX1 and to activate expression of transcription factor PIT1, depending on the associated cofactors. Patients with loss-of-function mutations in PROP1 present combined pituitary hormonal deficiency generally associated with pituitary enlargement and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sellar region in these patients sometimes resembles that of the craniopharyngiomas, with T1 hyperintense signal. On the other hand, transgenic mice with persistent Prop1 expression exhibit defects consistent with misregulation of pituitary cell proliferation, including adenomatous hyperplasia with formation of Rathke\'s cleft cysts and tumors suggesting that misregulation of PROP1 expression in human could contribute to pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. The similarity between the MRI images of craniopharyngiomas patients and that of patients with loss-of-function mutations in PROP1, associated with the fact that transgenic mice with persistent Prop1 expression exhibit increased susceptibility to pituitary tumors gave rise to our hypothesis that a misregulation of PROP1 expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of somatic mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB1 and the expression pattern of this gene and the PROP1 gene in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Fourteen samples were obtained from therapeutic surgery and submitted to RNA extraction and reverse transcription in order to produce the cDNA. The cDNA was used as a template to CTNNB1 exon 3 PCR reaction followed by direct sequencing of all samples. However, the real-time RT-PCR analysis was realized only in 12 samples, since 2 of them had an insufficient quality for this method. Missence, heterozygous mutations were found in 9 out of 14 samples; five were previously described and 2 not yet described in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Overexpression of CTNNB1 was found in 7 samples, which them 5 with CTNNB1 mutation 2 whitout. The overexpression ranged from 2.5 to 6.2 fold more than pituitary normal pool. However, the PROP1 expression was undetectable in all the samples. We could conclude that the amount of 58% CTNNB1 overexpressed samples suggest also a role of this overexpression in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharingiomas, while the undetectable levels of PROP1 exclude a role of this gene in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharingiomas

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia responsável pelo maior número de mortes em mulheres no Brasil, portanto, é importante encontrar novos marcadores específicos e de diagnóstico precoce, utilizando procedimentos simples e rápidos. A via de sinalização Wnt regula importantes funções celulares como proliferação, sobrevida e adesão. Esta via está associada com os processos de iniciação e progressão em muitos tipos tumorais, como câncer de cólon familiar, melanoma e pulmão; sendo que mutações em β-Catenina (CTNNb1) explicam só 30% dos casos de sinalização aberrante encontrada no câncer de mama, indicando que existem outros componentes e/ou reguladores da via que possam estar envolvidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as variantes genéticas e epigenéticas nos genes do complexo de degradação de β-Catenina num grupo de pacientes com câncer de mama e num grupo controle; e determinar os perfis de transcrição dos componentes da via de sinalização Wnt e da molécula de expressão exclusiva do epitélio mamário, a Mamaglobina Humana (MGA), assim como associar estes resultados com as características clínicas, histológicas e patológicas do tumor. Para atingir este objetivo foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico de 102 mulheres com câncer de mama e 102 mulheres sadias como grupo controle. A avaliação das variantes rs465899 do gene APC, rs2240308 e rs151279728 do gene AXIN2, rs5030625 do gene CDH1 e rs334558 do gene GSK3, foi realizada por meio de PCR-RFLPs e sequenciamento, a análise dos perfis de metilação dos promotores pela MS-PCR. A RT-qPCR foi usada para determinar os níveis de expressão dos componentes da via e a MGA. As variantes rs2240308 e rs151279728 do gene AXIN2 mostraram uma forte associação com o risco de desenvolver o câncer de mama. Um aumento significativo foi observado no nível de expressão de AXIN2 no grupo de mulheres com câncer de mama. Análises adicionais mostraram perfis de expressão diferencial dos genes APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1, GSK3 e CSNK1A1 associado ao status dos receptores hormonais e histogênese tumoral. MGA foi identificado exclusivamente em 38% dos pacientes com câncer de mama e foi associada com a progressão da doença. Este é o primeiro estudo que relaciona uma variante do gene AXIN2 com o câncer de mama na população brasileira. As variantes avaliadas do gene AXIN2 são marcadores promissores de susceptibilidade ao câncer de mama na população estudada, sendo importante, a avaliação desta variante genética na população e determinar o seu real efeito no processo de iniciação e/ou progressão do câncer de mama. / Background: Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important regulator of cellular functions such as proliferation, survival and cell adhesion. This pathway is associated with tumor initiation and progression; -catenin (CTNNB1) mutations explains only 30% of aberrant signaling found in breast cancer, indicating that other components and/or regulating of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the APC rs465899, AXIN2 rs2240308 and rs151279728, CDH1 rs5030625 and GSK3 rs334558 polymorphisms, APC, AXIN2, CDH1 and GSK3 promoter methylation status and expression profile of -Catenin destruction complex genes and MGA in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Methods: We collected peripheral blood samples from 102 breast cancer and 102 healthy subjects. The identification of the mutation was performed using PCR-RFLPs and DNA sequencing. MSP and HRM-MS was used to measure promoter methylation and RT-qPCR to determine expression profile. Results: We found significant association of AXIN2 rs2240308 polymorphism with breast cancer. Increased risk was observed even after stratification based on clinicpathological characteristics. AXIN2 rs151279728 polymorphism was found only in 9 breast cancer patients, but none in control group subject. APC and CDH1 polymorphisms were not associated with breast cancer. GSK3 polymorphism was weak associated with breast cancer and heterozygous status was associated with breast cancer protection after group stratification. APC and CDH1 promoter methylation in breast cancer patients was found. Significant increase was observed in AXIN2, CTNNB1 and GSK3 level expression in breast cancer patients. APC was down-regulated in breast cancer patients. Further analyses, showed APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1, GSK3 and CSKN1A1 gene expression associated to receptor status and histological type. MGA was found only in breast cancer patients and was associated with cancer progression. Conclusion: The present study reports, for the first time, that AXIN2 genetic defect and -catenin destruction complex expression disturbance may be found in breast cancer patients, providing additional support to the role of Wnt/-catenin pathway dysfunction in breast cancer tumorigenesis. However, the functional consequence of this genetic alteration remains to be determined. In another hand MGA was determined like a good biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis outcome.

A via canônica Wnt/beta-catenina regula várias funções em vertebrados, incluindo diferenciação de células T, bem como a proliferação, sobrevivência, morfogênese e migração de vários tipos celulares. As células T CD4+ é fundamental para a competência imunológica. Foi observado pelo nosso grupo que células T CD4+ humanas apresentam ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina após tratamento com sais de lítio ou outros agonistas da via. A ativação desta via induziu a proliferação de células T CD4+ naive e de memória central. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem um importante papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina na homeostase de células T CD4+ humanas. Seria importante avaliar o papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina nas células do sistema imune no modelo murino, já que pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na homeostase de células T CD4+ murinas. A ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina pode ser induzida com inibidores da proteína Glicogênio sintase quinase 3beta (GSK3beta), por exemplo, os sais de lítio (LiCl e Li2CO3) e inibidores específicos (SB, CHIR) em vários tipos celulares. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o efeito de inibidores de GSK3? na ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina canônica em esplenócitos e células T CD4+, através da realização de experimentos in vivo e in vitro, avaliando a expressão de seus genes alvo HIG2, Bcl-xL, Ciclina D1 e c-myc. Verificou-se que o tratamento in vivo agudo (2-12 h após a administração) ou crônico (administração diária por 30 dias) de camundongos não é capaz de ativar a via Wnt/beta-catenina in vivo em células esplênicas e células T CD4+, embora o mesmo tratamento induza a expressão dos genes alvo da via no tecido cerebral (córtex e hipocampo). Além disso, também não foi possível verificar ativação da via em esplenócitos e células T CD4+ após tratamento in vitro das mesmas com LiCl ou os inibidores específicos de GSK3beta testados(CHIR99021, SB-216763), embora essa ativação tenha sido observada na linhagem celular HEK293. Nossos resultados sugerem que a via Wnt/beta-catenina (canônica) não é induzível em células T CD4+ murinas maduras, com os agonistas testados. Isso pode ter implicações fisiológicas, por exemplo sobre a homeostase de células T CD4+, já que a proliferação homeostática de células T, influenciada em humanos pela via Wnt/beta-catenina, é menos importante em camundongos / The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates many functions in vertebrates, including T cell differentiation, as well as proliferation, morphogenesis and migration in different cell types. CD4+ T cells play is fundamental for immunological competence. Our group has observed that human CD4+ T cells present activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway after treatment with lithium salts or other pathway agonists. The activation of this pathway induced proliferation in naive and central memory CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest an important role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the homeostasis of human CD4+ T cells. It would be very important to evaluate the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in T cells in the mouse model, since little is known about its effect in mice CD4+ T cell homeostasis. The activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may be induced with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3B (GSK3beta) inhibitors, i.e., lithium salts as mentioned above, and specific GSK3beta inhibitors (SB, CHIR) in different cell types. In this work, we evaluated the effect of GSK3beta inhibitors in the activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, by conducting experiments in vivo and in vitro, evaluating the expression of its target genes HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and c-myc. We verified that acute (2-12 hours after administration) or chronic (daily administration for 30 days) treatment of mice with lithium salts is not able to activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, although we could observe activation in brain tissues (cortex and hypothalamus). Besides, no activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was observed in these cell types after in vitro treatment with LiCl or the specific inhibitors of GSK3beta (CHIR99021, SB-216763), while the pathway was activated by the same treatments in HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is not inducible in murine mature CD4+ T cells with the tested agonists. This may have physiological implications, for instance on the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells, where homeostatic proliferation - influenced the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in human T cells - is less important in the maintenance of the murine peripheral T cell pool

Les carcinomes de la corticosurrénale (CC) sont des tumeurs malignes rares dont le pronostic est globalement sombre et les thérapeutiques encore limitées, la chirurgie étant le seul traitement efficace. Il est donc important de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans le développement et l'agressivité des CC. L’activation constitutive de la voie de signalisation Wnt/b-caténine est fréquente dans les CC (40%) et est associée à un caractère agressif. L’objectif de mon projet de thèse était d’étudier l’implication de la voie Wnt/β-caténine dans la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne. La lignée cellulaire humaine H295R, issue d’un CC présente une activation de la voie Wnt/β-caténine qui a pour origine une mutation activatrice de la β-caténine. Nous avons montré que l'invalidation de la β-caténine dans les cellules H295R inhibe l'activité transcriptionnelle de la voie Wnt/β-caténine, diminue la prolifération, augmente l'apoptose et bloque la progression du cycle cellulaire. De plus, nous avons montré que la voie Wnt/b-caténine est essentielle au développement tumoral de xénogreffes de ces cellules chez la souris. L’activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine participe à la tumorigenèse de nombreux organes en régulant l’expression de gènes impliqués par exemple dans la prolifération, la survie cellulaire ou l'adhésion. Afin de mieux comprendre comment la voie Wnt/β-caténine participe à la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne, nous avons cherché à identifier les gènes cibles de cette voie dans les CC. L’analyse des transcriptomes de deux cohortes indépendantes de CC et des cellules H295R avec ou sans invalidation de la β-caténine a permis d’identifier des gènes dont l'expression est corrélée à l'activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine. Nous avons montré que parmi ces gènes, AFF3 est essentiel pour transmettre les effets de l'activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine dans les carcinomes de la corticosurrénale. En effet, AFF3 est un gène cible direct de la voie Wnt/b-caténine et son invalidation dans les cellules corticosurrénaliennes H295R diminue la prolifération cellulaire et déclenche l'apoptose à l'image de l'invalidation de la b-caténine. AFF3 est une protéine nucléaire, localisée au niveau des speckles qui sont impliqués dans l'épissage des ARNm. De plus, AFF3 interagit avec le P-TEFb (CDK9/CyclineT1/2) au sein du Super elongation complex (SEC) nécessaire à l’élongation de la transcription des ARNm par l'ARN polymérase II. Nous avons ainsi montré dans les cellules corticosurrénaliennes H295R, que la surexpression d'AFF3 altère l’organisation des speckles et la localisation de CDK9 et Cycline T1. En conclusion, ce travail a permis d'identifier une nouvelle cible transcriptionnelle de la voie de signalisation Wnt/b-caténine, AFF3, qui code pour un médiateur important des effets de l'activation de cette voie dans la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne. AFF3 agirait notamment en altérant la structure des speckles et en interagissant avec le P-TEFb qui sont importants respectivement pour l'épissage des ARNm et la transcription. Ces résultats conduisent à une meilleure compréhension de la tumorigenèse corticosurrénalienne et permettent d'envisager le P-TEFb et le SEC comme de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le traitement des CC. / Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine neoplasm, with limited therapeutic option. Currently, surgical resection is considered the only effective treatment. It is therefore essential to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in ACC development in order to improve their clinical management. Activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway is frequent (40%) in ACC and is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of my thesis was to study the involvement of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. The human cell line H295R, derived from an ACC, carries the S45P β-catenin mutation which leads to constitutive β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. In the ACC cell line H295R we show that β-catenin silencing resulted in a decreased transcriptional activity of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling, cell cycle alterations, a decreased cell proliferation and an increased apoptosis. Moreover we show that β-catenin silencing abolish xenograft development of H295R adrenocortical cells. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling promotes tumorigenesis of several organs by enhancing expression of genes involved in proliferation, cell survival or cell adhesion. To better understand the role of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling in adrenocortical tumorigenesis, we wanted to identify target genes of this pathway in ACC. Combined transcriptomic analysis on two independent cohorts of ACC and on H295R adrenocortical cells with or without β-catenin silencing allow us to identify alterations of gene expression due to aberrant Wnt/βcatenin pathway activation. Among these genes, we show that AFF3 is essential to mediate the effect of the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in adrenocortical cancer. Indeed, AFF3 is a direct target gene of the Wnt/b-catenin and its silencing in H295R adrenocortical cells induces a decreased cell proliferation and an increased apoptosis similar to that induced by b-catenin silencing. AFF3 is a nuclear protein located in nuclear speckles, which serve as a reservoir of factors participating in mRNA splicing. Moreover, AFF3 interacts with P-TEFb (CDK9/CyclinT1/2) in the Super elongation complex (SEC) required for transcriptional elongation of mRNA by RNA polymerase II. In H295R adrenocortical cells, we show that strong overproduction of AFF3 altered the structural organization of nuclear speckles and the localization of CDK9 and Cycline T1. In conclusion, this study has identified a new transcriptional target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, AFF3, which encodes an important mediator of this pathway in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. AFF3 might especially act by affecting the structural organization of speckles and interacting with the P-TEFb, which are respectively involved in mRNA splicing and transcription. These results provide a better understanding of the biological process involved in ACC development and suggest that P-TEFb and SEC could be new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ACC.