Orientador: Danilo Domingues Millen / Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar a produção de proteína microbiana, pH e dinâmica ruminal, digestibilidade e degradabilidade ruminal de nutrientes, comportamento ingestivo, seletividade da dieta e imagens termográficas em bovinos Nelore canulados que passaram por período de restrição alimentar ou que consumiram concentrado antes da entrada no confinamento na fase de terminação. O delineamento experimental foi em quadrado latino contemporâneo 3 x 3. Foram utilizados 6 bovinos inteiros, com peso vivo aproximado de 236 ± 23 kg e com 20 meses de idade. Os tratamentos diferiram somente com relação ao tipo de dieta estabelecida na fase de pré-adaptação: Controle (volumoso ad libitum + suplemento mineral); Restrição (volumoso restrito a 1,4% do peso vivo + suplemento mineral) e Concentrado (volumoso ad libitum+ 0,5% do peso vivo de ingredientes). A duração do estudo foi em 115 dias, sendo 3 períodos experimentais (33 dias/período) e dois intervalos de washout (8 dias). Cada período foi dividido em: 14 dias de pré-adaptação, 6 dias em adaptação 1, 6 dias em adaptação 2 e 7 dias na dieta de terminação (72%, 79% e 86% de concentrado, respectivamente). Os dados deste estudo foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS (2003), sendo o teste de Tukey utilizado para comparação entre médias quando necessário, considerando o nível de 10% de significância. Conclui-se que que animais submetidos à restrição nutricional ou que consumiram ingredientes concentrados antes do confinamento apresentam comportamento ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by Gustavo Perina Bertoldi (gustavobertoldi4@gmail.com) on 2018-05-06T12:29:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 007-2018-Gustavo Perina Bertoldi_FINAL.pdf: 1652603 bytes, checksum: a2c1580fad1bf953c7408a164a955564 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabio Sampaio Rosas null (fabio@dracena.unesp.br) on 2018-05-07T12:59:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bertoldi_gp_me_dra.pdf: 1652603 bytes, checksum: a2c1580fad1bf953c7408a164a955564 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T12:59:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bertoldi_gp_me_dra.pdf: 1652603 bytes, checksum: a2c1580fad1bf953c7408a164a955564 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo foi avaliar a produção de proteína microbiana, pH e dinâmica ruminal, digestibilidade e degradabilidade ruminal de nutrientes, comportamento ingestivo, seletividade da dieta e imagens termográficas em bovinos Nelore canulados que passaram por período de restrição alimentar ou que consumiram concentrado antes da entrada no confinamento na fase de terminação. O delineamento experimental foi em quadrado latino contemporâneo 3 x 3. Foram utilizados 6 bovinos inteiros, com peso vivo aproximado de 236 ± 23 kg e com 20 meses de idade. Os tratamentos diferiram somente com relação ao tipo de dieta estabelecida na fase de pré-adaptação: Controle (volumoso ad libitum + suplemento mineral); Restrição (volumoso restrito a 1,4% do peso vivo + suplemento mineral) e Concentrado (volumoso ad libitum+ 0,5% do peso vivo de ingredientes). A duração do estudo foi em 115 dias, sendo 3 períodos experimentais (33 dias/período) e dois intervalos de washout (8 dias). Cada período foi dividido em: 14 dias de pré-adaptação, 6 dias em adaptação 1, 6 dias em adaptação 2 e 7 dias na dieta de terminação (72%, 79% e 86% de concentrado, respectivamente). Os dados deste estudo foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS (2003), sendo o teste de Tukey utilizado para comparação entre médias quando necessário, considerando o nível de 10% de significância. Conclui-se que que animais submetidos à restrição nutricional ou que consumiram ingredientes concentrados antes do confinamento apresentam comportamento ingestivo e aproveitamento dos nutrientes na fase de terminação semelhantes aos de bovinos Nelore sob pastejo ad libitum e que não foi possível identificar distúrbios metabólicos ruminais de bovinos Nelore tendo como base a temperatura externa do animal utilizando câmera termográfica. / The objective was to evaluate if ruminal pH, total tract digestibility, ruminal degradability of the nutrients, feeding behavior and thermography images were similar for cannulated Nellore cattle previously exposed to nutritional restriction or intake of concentrate feedstuffs when the finishing diet was introduced. It was used six 20-mo-old Nellore bulls cannulated in the rumen (236 ± 23 kg), which were randomly assigned to one of two 3 x 3 Latin squares and consequently to the following treatments: Control (forage ad libitum + mineral supplement), Restriction (forage restricted to 1.4% of body weight + mineral supplement) and Concentrate (forage ad libitum + 0.5% of the body weight of concentrate feedstuffs + mineral supplement). Each period lasted 33 days and it was divided as follows: 14 days of exposure to treatments, 12 days of adaptation (72% and 79% concentrate diets for 6 days each), and 7 days of finishing diet containing 88% concentrate (7% sugarcane bagasse, 7% Tifton hay, 73.5% cracked corn grain, 9.0% cottonseed meal, 1.2% urea, 0.8% limestone and 1.5% of a mineral/vitamin supplement containing sodium monensin). The study lasted 115 days, including a washout interval of 8 days that was adopted between periods 1 and 2 and 2 and 3. The data of this study were analyzed by PROC MIXED of the SAS (2003) and the Tukey test was used to compare means when necessary, considering the level of 10% of significance. Based on these results, we concluded that cattle previously exposed to nutritional restriction or intake of concentrate feedstuffs do not presented differences to ad libitum grazing Nellore bovines when the finishing diet was introduced and it was not possible to identify ruminal metabolic disorders of Nellore cattle based on the external temperature of the animal using a thermography camera. / FAPESP: 2016/02173-8

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

No description available.

In this experiment, grazing and nursing behavior of approximately 30 cow/calf pairs was examined in two years. Sires of the Polled Hereford x Angus cows had been selected for above (+) or below (-) average expected progeny difference for yearling weight and maternal weaning weight. Calves were sired by Angus bulls of United States (US) or New Zealand (NZ) origin. Observations from dawn to dusk were conducted on five days each year, spaced throughout lactation. All nursing episodes were recorded, and every ten minutes it was noted whether each cow and calf was or was not grazing. Periods of maximum grazing activity were early in the morning and late in the afternoon. The growth genotype of the cow did not affect her grazing time. Calves of maternal (+) cows grazed longer than calves of maternal (-) cows (P< 0.10), and their grazing time was not affected by the growth genotype of their dams. In year 1, US-sired calves spent 3% more time grazing than NZ-sired calves; whereas in year 2, NZ-sired calves grazed 4% longer than US-sired calves (interaction P <.10). Also in year 1, NZ-sired calves tended to graze during several intervals of time while US-sired calves tended to graze in longer continuous bouts. This tendency was reversed during the second year (interaction P<.10). As the grazing season progressed, time spent by calves grazing increased from < 20% to approximately 60%. Cows with (+) genetic merit for maternal weaning weight were nursed a similar number of times per day as cows with (-) genetic merit. Sire origin likewise did not affect nursing behavior. / Master of Science

Two meta-analysis of effects of yeast culture and monensin in lactating dairy cows were first performed. Secondly, two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of live yeast (LY) or monensin (M) or both (LY+M) on gas production and fermentation by rumen micro-organisms in vitro in low (40 %) and high (60 %) concentrate diets of dairy cows. Rumen contents were collected from one cannulated lactating Holstein cow. Gas production was measured from 0 to 48 h of incubation. Volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were measured after 48 h. Meta-analysis of monensin indicated decrease dry matter intake (DMI) and increasing milk yield, consequently improving feed efficiency. Meta-analysis of yeast culture did not show improved performance. These results highlighted the importance of the meta-analysis as a useful tool that can be employed to both summarize effects across studies and to investigate factors explaining potential heterogeneity of response. The batch fermentation showed that in high concentrate diet, M significantly increased ammonia nitrogen, decreased acetate, but tended to increase propionate concentration (7.9, 63.2, 18.6 vs. 6.3, 66.8, 14.2 mmol/l; respectively). Addition of LY increased acetate concentration (64.2 vs 66.8 mmol/l). Supplementation with M, LY and LY+M reduced total gas production by 37.1, 22.5 and 26.9 %, respectively, compared to control at 48 h. In low concentrate diet, M and LY+M decreased and increased acetate (60.1 and 69.7 vs. 7.1 mmol/l; respectively). Adding LY and LY+M produced 8.6 % less gas, and M treatment 3.4 % more gas than the control. Overall, at 48 h, high concentrate resulted in less gas than low concentrate diets. High concentrate diets showed increased ammonia (7.9 and 6.4 vs. 5.21 and 4.7 mmol/l) decreased acetate (63.0 and 63.2 vs. 67.0 and 69.7 mmol/l) with a tendency to increased propionate (18.6 and 18.9 vs. 14.6 and 14.1 mmol/l) compared to low concentrate in M and LY+M treated diets. These results indicate that the effects of M and LY on rumen fermentation are substrate dependent, the high-concentrate diet showing the greatest response / Agriculture / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of extrusion, as a method of heat treatment, on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability parameters of various vegetable protein sources commonly used in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The feedstuffs used were lupins (LUP), full fat soybeans (SB), full fat canola seeds (FCS), soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) and sunflower meal (SFM). In the first trial, the degradability parameters were determined according to an in sacco degradability procedure. Four non-lactating Holstein cows, fitted with rumen cannulae, were used in the trial and all cows received the same basal lactation diet. The samples were incubated in dacron bags and bags were removed at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. Dry matter and CP disappearance values were determined and fitted to a onecompartment model by means of an iterative least-square procedure in order to determine the DM and CP degradability parameters. Results indicated that extrusion significantly lowered the effective degradability of the DM-fraction (20.1% on average) of all the feedstuffs, except LUP, and the effective degradability of CP in all the raw materials (27% on average). The second trial was an in vitro degradability trial that ran parallel with the in sacco degradability trial and was done with the aid of a DaisyII Incubator (ANKOM Technology Corp., Fairport, NY). The same feedstuffs were tested in both trials. A composited sample of rumen liquor from two of the cows used in the in sacco trial was used for in vitro incubation of the samples. The data obtained in this trial were analyzed in a similar way to that of the in sacco trial. Due to a limited amount of residue left after incubation, CP disappearance could not be calculated at each time interval for SB and SBM in the in vitro trial. In this case, actual disappearance values after 8h were used to compare treatments. Extrusion significantly lowered the effective degradability (as determined in vitro) of DM in all the feedstuffs tested (16.8% on average), as well as the effective degradability of CP in LUP, FCS, CM and SFM (21.8% on average). A comparison of the actual disappearance values after 8 hours incubation indicated that extrusion also lowered the rate of CP disappearance for SB and SBM. The values obtained in the in vitro trial and those from the in sacco trial, for the same feedstuffs, were compared. It appeared as if the in vitro determined values were overestimations of the in sacco determined values. A regression analysis showed a high correlation between the actual in vitro CP disappearance values after 8h incubation and in sacco determined effective degradability values. The third part of this study was a set of chemical analysis to determine the effect of extrusion on certain nitrogen fractions of the feedstuffs tested in the above mentioned trials. Solubility in a mineral buffer solution was determined to estimate the potential rumen degradability of the protein. The buffer insoluble nitrogen (BIN) fraction of all the feedstuffs, except FCS, was significantly increased by extrusion. Extrusion lowered the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) content of all feedstuffs, except FCS, which could imply that the temperature reached during extrusion (115°C - 120°C) was not high enough to cause damage to the protein. The neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) fraction of extruded SB, SBM, CM and SFM was significantly higher than that of the raw feedstuffs. Extrusion left the NDIN-fraction of FCS and LUP unaltered. Comparison of the NDIN : ADIN ratio of extruded with that of the raw feedstuffs provided reason to believe that extrusion had a positive effect on all feedstuffs (except FCS). Extrusion appears to be a useful method to decrease rumen degradation of vegetable protein sources, without causing heat damage. Furthermore, this means that protein sources of which the use have been limited due to its high rumen degradable protein (RDP) content, could be included in diets at higher levels following extrusion. The protein sources mentioned are also good sources of energy and the combination of energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) in the diet of the high-producing dairy cow could only be beneficial. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van ekstrusie op die droëmateriaal (DM) en ruproteïen (RP)-degradeerbaarheidsparameters van verskeie plantaardige proteïenbronne wat algemeen in die Wes-Kaap (RSA), gebruik word, te bepaal. Ekstrusie is ‘n metode van hitteprosessering wat algemeen gebruik word deur plaaslike en internasionale veevoervervaardigers. Die volgende grondstowwe is geëvalueer: lupiene, volvet sojabone, volvet canolasaad, sojaboon-oliekoekmeel, canola-oliekoekmeel en sonneblom-oliekoekmeel. In die eerste proef is die degradeerbaarheidsparameters met behulp van ‘n in sacco studie bepaal. Vier droë Holstein koeie met rumen kannulas is in die studie gebruik en al vier koeie het dieselfde basale dieet ontvang. Monsters is in dacronsakkies geïnkubeer en die sakkies is uit die rumen verwyder na onderskeidelik 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 en 48 uur intervalle. Die waardes van DM- en RP- verdwyning is bereken en dan met ‘n iteratiewe kleinste kwadraat prosedure op ‘n een-kompartement model gepas om die in sacco DM- en RPdegradeerbaarheidsparameters te bepaal. Die resultate van die studie het getoon dat ekstrusie die effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van die DM-fraksie van al die grondstowwe, behalwe lupiene, betekenisvol verlaag het (met gemiddeld 20.1%), asook die effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van die RP-fraksie van al die grondstowwe (met gemiddeld 27%). Die tweede proef was ‘n in vitro-degradeerbaarheidsstudie wat met behulp van ‘n ANKOM DaisyII Inkubeerder uitgevoer is en wat parallel met die in sacco-studie gedoen is. Dieselfde grondstowwe is in beide proewe geëvalueer. ‘n Saamgestelde monster van die rumenvloeistof van twee van die koeie wat vir die in sacco-studie gebruik is, is gebruik vir die in vitro-inkubasie van die monsters. Data-verwerking is op ‘n soortgelyke wyse as dié van die in sacco-studie uitgevoer. As gevolg van ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid residu na afloop van die inkubasies, kon die RP-verdwyning vir volvet sojabone en sojaboon oliekoekmeel nie bereken word nie. In hierdie geval is waargenome verdwyningswaardes na 8h gebruik om behandelings te vergelyk. Hierdie studie het getoon dat ekstrusie die effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van DM (soos in vitro bepaal) in al die getoetste grondstowwe betekenisvol verlaag het (met gemiddeld 16.8%). Die effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van RP in lupiene, volvet canola saad, canola oliekoekmeel en sonneblom oliekoekmeel is ook betekenisvol verlaag (met gemiddeld 21.8%). ‘n Vergelyking van die oorspronklike verdwyningswaardes van volvet sojabone en sojaboon oliekoekmeel na ‘n inkubasieperiode van 8 ure het ook getoon dat ekstrusie die tempo van RP-verdwyning uit die rumen vertraag het. Die in sacco- en in vitro-bepaalde waardes vir elke grondstof is vergelyk en dit kom voor asof die in vitro-waardes oorskattings van die in sacco-waardes is. ‘n Regressie-analise het verder getoon dat daar ‘n hoë korrelasie was tussen die waargenome in vitro RPverdwyningswaardes na 8 ure inkubasie en die beraamde effektiewe degradeerbaarheid, soos in sacco bepaal. Die derde deel van die studie was ‘n stel chemiese analises wat uitgevoer is om die effek van ekstrusie op sekere stikstof (N)-fraksies van die grondstowwe, wat in bogenoemde proewe gebruik is, te bepaal. Die oplosbaarheid van N in ‘n mineraal-bufferoplossing kan gebruik word as aanduiding van die potensiële rumendegradeerbaarheid van die proteïen. Die bufferonoplosbare N-fraksie van al die grondstowwe (behalwe volvet canolasaad) is betekenisvol verlaag deur ekstrusie. Ekstrusie het ook die suur-onoplosbare N-fraksie (ADIN) van al die grondstowwe (behalwe volvet canolasaad) betekenisvol verlaag. Dit kan moontlik daarop dui dat die temperatuur wat tydens ekstrusie (115°C - 120°C) bereik is, nie hoog genoeg was om die proteïen in die grondstowwe te beskadig nie. Ekstrusie het die N-fraksie wat onoplosbaar was in ‘n neutrale oplossing (NDIN) betekenisvol verhoog in volvet sojabone, sojaboonoliekoekmeel, canola-oliekoekmeel en sonneblom-oliekoekmeel en dit onveranderd gelaat in lupiene en volvet canolasaad). Die verhouding van NDIN : ADIN van die geëkstrueerde grondstowwe is vergelyk met dié van die rou grondstowwe. Dit blyk dat ekstrusie wel ‘n positiewe effek op al die grondstowwe (behalwe volvet canolasaad) gehad het. Dit wil dus voorkom asof ekstrusie wel aangewend kan word om die rumendegradeerbaarheid van plantaardige proteïenbronne te verlaag sonder om die protein te beskadig. Dit kan daartoe lei dat proteïenbronne waarvan die gebruik voorheen beperk was as gevolg van die hoë rumen-degradeerbare proteïen-inhoud daarvan nou wel in rantsoene ingesluit kan word na die ekstrusie daarvan. Die proteïenbronne, soos genoem, is ook redelike bronne van energie en die kombinasie van energie en rumen nie-degradeerbare proteïen in die rantsoen van die hoog-produserende melkkoei kan slegs voordelig wees.

Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1992

This thesis analyzes the operating characteristics of milk production. The work was developed in agricultural cooperatives of Zemědělské družstvo Podkleťan Křemže. The agricultural holding had been in assessment of dairy cattle nutrition, feeding techniques, quality of roughages, composition of the diet and comparison of economic indicators in dairy production. The quality of roughages was performed by using the fermentation process, and the fodder was subsequently classified into different classes. The composition of the diet was assessed with recommended values depending on the energy need and nutrient requirements. The reproductive performance was compared with data on total population. The economic factors were assessed in connection with yield and cost of farming.