Près de 15% des couples sont confrontés à des problèmes d'infertilité. Dans près de la moitié des cas, une composante masculine est retrouvée, avec souvent une anomalie des paramètres du spermogramme montrant une diminution de la qualité du sperme. L'étiologie de la grande majorité des infertilités masculines reste inconnue et une origine génétique est probablement responsable d'une proportion importante des troubles de la spermatogénèse. Ce travail comporte deux parties: dans la 1ère partie, l'analyse d'une large cohorte de patients (n=87), nous a permis d'identifier deux nouvelles mutations du gène AURKC. La mutation [c.36-2A>G] a été identifiée uniquement à l'état hétérozygote chez deux frères et le 2ème variant identifié [p.Y248*]: est une mutation récurrente retrouvée chez 11 patients non apparenté d'origine maghrébine et européenne. La 2ème partie de notre étude a été réalisée sur 20 patients infertiles présentant un phénotype homogène d'anomalies flagellaire de type flagelles courts, absents et de calibre irrégulier associé a une asthénozoospermie. Nous avons appliqué la stratégie d'homozygotie par filiation qui a permis de mettre en évidence deux régions d'homozygoties communes: la 1ère région, située sur le chromosome 3, est commune à 9/20 patients et la 2ème sur le chromosome 20 commune à 13/20 patients. Trois gènes candidats présents dans ces régions ont été sélectionnés : les gènes KIF9, SPAG4 et DNAH1. Le séquençage du gène DNAH1 a permis de mettre en évidence des mutations de type faux-sens [c.3877G>A], run-on [c.12796 T>C] et d'épissage [c.5094+1G>A] [c.11958-1G>A]. L'absence de la protéine DNAH1 a pu être mise en évidence par immunomarquage sur les spermatozoïdes d'un patients porteur de la mutation [c.11958-1G>A] et confirme la dégradation du transcrit muté par NMD également observé. Les analyses par microscopie électronique sur les spermatozoïdes d'un patient de la cohorte ont permis de mettre en évidence des anomalies de la structure de l'axonème. Cette étude précise le diagnostic d'infertilité masculine et élargit les connaissances sur les gènes impliquées dans la spermatogenèse. / About 15% of couples are confronted with infertility problems. In half of the cases, a male factor component is found, often with abnormal semen parameters. The etiology of the large majority of male infertility remains unknown and genetic origin is probably responsible of a significant proportion of spermatogenesis disorders. This work comprises two parts: in the first part, the analysis of a large cohort of patients (n = 87), allowed us to identify two new mutations in AURKC gene. A splice site mutation [c.36-2A> G] was identified in only two brothers and the second variant identified [p.Y248*] is a recurrent mutation found in 11 unrelated patients. The second part of our study was carried out on 20 infertile patients with flagellar abnormalities associated with asthenozoospermia. We have applied the strategy of homozygosity by descent who has bring out two regions of homozygosity: the first region, located on chromosome 3, is common for 9/20 patients and the second one, located on chromosome 20, is common for 13/20 patients. Three candidate genes present in these regions were selected: KIF9, SPAG4 and DNAH1. Sequencing of DNAH1 gene has bring out three type of mutations: missense mutation [c.3877G> A], run-on mutation [c.12796 T> C] and splice site mutation [c.5094 +1 G> A] [c.11958-1G> A]. The absence of dnah1 protein has been shown by immunostaining of spermatozoa of a patient carrier the mutation [c.11958-1G> A] and confirms the degradation of the mutated transcript by NMD. An electron microscopic analysis of spermatozoa of one patient of the cohort reveals axoneme abnormalities. This study clarifies the diagnosis of male infertility and broadens the knowledge of the genes involved in spermatogenesis.

This diploma thesis describes Cause Related Marketing as a modern communication tool which enables to link commercial business interests to the needs of the nonprofit sector. The theoretical part presents the term Cause Related Marketing and specifies its definition, mechanisms and effects it brings to individual subjects. It also describes typical consumer attitudes to the concept and factors that influence their relationship to CRM. The effect of these factors is presented on examples of foreign campaigns. The practical part describes research of consumer attitudes carried out among Czech Millennials. After presenting the findings of past research studies concerning this topic it continues with the results of the conducted research which are analyzed according to the sex and age of respondents. At the end contrasts between the perceptions of American and Czech consumers are studied.

L’analyse des disparités géographiques de mortalité en population générale est essentielle pour la planification sanitaire. Elle a pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs impliqués dans la genèse de ces différences. Ceci contribue à orienter les décisions portant sur les populations à cibler et l’allocation de ressources. L'objectif de ce travail est de participer à expliquer les variations géographiques de la mortalité par cause de décès en population générale.En première partie, une estimation des disparités géographiques de mortalité par cause calculée depuis la base nationale exhaustive des causes médicales de décès a été réalisée à l'aide d'une mesure synthétique. Sur la base de ces constatations, une analyse écologique de l’évolution de la distribution géographique de la mortalité a été proposée. Faisant l’hypothèse que les changements démographiques sont un marqueur des changements socio-sanitaires, une typologie des changements démographiques ainsi qu’un modèle de Poisson ont aidé à investiguer cette association avec l'évolution de la mortalité. De manière générale les disparités géographiques de mortalité ont augmenté sensiblement à partir de 1990. La contribution de l’échelle régionale aux disparités spatiales qui était très élevée en 1975, va évoluer de manière différenciée selon le sexe et la cause de décès. L'évolution de la mortalité était par ailleurs associée négativement à l'accroissement de la population. Modulé par le désavantage social et le degré d’urbanisation, ce lien était plus fort pour les maladies alcolo-tabagiques et les morts violentes.La deuxième partie était consacrée à l’investigation des facteurs de risques individuels et contextuels à l’aide d’un modèle multiniveaux. Dans un premier temps, la problématique d’une telle analyse a été élargie à la fiabilité de l’analyse multiniveaux des évènements rares de santé. Evaluée à l’aide de simulations, les recommandations sur la faisabilité d’une analyse en population générale ont été appliquées dans un second temps sur l’Echantillon Démographique Permanent (EDP). Nous avons ainsi tenté d'expliquer les disparités géographiques de mortalité par la composition socio-démographique, l’environnement physique étant caractérisé par l’accessibilité géographique aux soins et l’environnement social étant mesuré par un score de désavantage social. L'étude de faisabilité de l'analyse multiniveaux a mis en évidence la très forte sensibilité de la fiabilité des estimations au choix de l'échelle géographique et à l'incidence de l'évènement de santé étudié. Il existe une association contextuelle en population générale avec le désavantage social du lieu de résidence. Cette association est systématique et régulière pour toutes les causes de décès investiguées. Seules les disparités géographiques de mortalité par maladies circulatoires étaient en grande partie expliquées par les facteurs individuels et contextuels. L'accessibilité géographique aux soins n’était pas retrouvée associée à la mortalité.Ce travail met l'accent sur la multitude des facteurs en jeu et la nécessaire complémentarité des approches pour appréhender les disparités géographiques de mortalité. La rareté de l’évènement étudié dans l'EDP et l’absence d’information socio-économique individuelle fiable dans la base exhaustive des causes de décès sont deux contraintes majeures de ce type d'analyse qui nécessitent le déploiement de méthodologies appropriées. Néanmoins, les perspectives d’enrichissement des données par des bases administratives et médico-administratives laissent présager des retombées importantes. Malgré l'incertitude résiduelle non négligeable sur certain résultats, l'étude met en évidence avec des éléments plus précis l'importance simultanée de facteurs individuels et contextuels en population générale. / The analysis of geographical disparities in mortality in the general population is essential for health planning. The aim is to identify the factors involved in the genesis of these differences. This helps to guide decisions about the populations to be targeted and the allocation of resources. The objective of this work was to help explain geographic variations in mortality by cause of death in the general population.In the first part, an estimate is made of the geographical disparities in mortality by cause calculated from the comprehensive national database of medical causes of death using a synthetic measure. On the basis of these findings, an ecological analysis of the evolution of the geographical distribution of mortality is proposed. Assuming that demographic changes are a marker of health changes in society, a typology of demographic changes and a Poisson model were used to investigate this association with mortality trends.In general, geographical disparities in mortality have increased markedly since 1990. The contribution of the regional scale to spatial disparities, which was very high in 1975, has evolved differently according to sex and cause of death. The evolution of mortality is also negatively associated with the increase in population. Depending on the degree of social disadvantage and degree of urbanization, this link is stronger for alcohol-tobacco and violent deaths.The second part is devoted to investigating individual and contextual risk factors using a multilevel model. Initially, the problem of such an analysis was extended to the reliability of multilevel analysis of rare health events. Evaluated by using simulations, the recommendations on the feasibility of a general population analysis were then applied to the Permanent Demographic Sample (PDS). We thus attempted to explain geographical disparities in mortality by socio-demographic composition, the physical environment being characterized by geographical accessibility to care and the social environment being measured by a social disadvantage score.The multilevel feasibility analysis revealed the very high sensitivity of the reliability of the estimates to the geographical scale and the impact of health events studied. In the general population, there was a contextual association with the social disadvantage of the place of residence. This association was systematic and regular for all causes of death investigated. Only geographical disparities in mortality from circulatory diseases were largely explained by individual and contextual factors. Geographic access to care was not found to be associated with mortality.This work emphasizes the multitude of factors involved and the need to combine approaches when dealing with geographical disparities in mortality. The scarcity of events studied in the PDS and the lack of reliable individual socio-economic information in the exhaustive database of causes of death are two major constraints of this type of analysis, in which the appropriate methodologies should be used. Nevertheless, the prospect of obtaining richer data thanks to the use of administrative and medico-administrative bases suggests that significant benefits may be obtained from this approach. Despite the considerable residual uncertainty on certain results, the study clearly highlights the simultaneous importance of individual and contextual factors in the general population.

The management of quality more often penetrate into the sector of trade and becomes the important part of it. In the first part of my work I introduce the service department of Motorola Company . Also there are the most widely used statistic implements of the management of quality, which can be used for the improvement of the processes in the company. The base of the work is the analysis of brakedowns and their causes accured on reading units, repaired in the company. The result of the work is the corrective solution, which caused the rise of internal quality of the product, which was selected as the most problematic product on the basis of statistic control. The proposing solutions should rise internal quality by falling PPM under 20000. The most of proposing solutions were successfully implemented into the use.

Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma results in most cases from underlying chronic liver disease. The most common causes are the Hepatitis B virus and the Hepatitis C virus in-fections, the alcoholism and the aflatoxin. Mortality statistics of liver cell carcinoma in Peru is limited. Objectives. Update statistics on hepatocellular carcinoma mortality in Peru between the years 2005 and 2016. Methods. Observation-al, descriptive studyand secondary analysis of the Ministry of Health database. Records with the basic cause of death ICD 10: C22, the liver cell carcinoma were reviewed. Mortality was calculated according to the age, the sex and the department in which death was recorded; Also, standardized mortality by age was calculated. Results. 2,170 people were registered as deceased due to hepatocellular carcinoma. The 50.1% were male and the 67.5% older than 60 years. The standardized mortality rate in Peru decreased from 1.1 to 0.7 per 100,000 population from 2005 to 2016. The raw cup of mortality per 100,000 population shows that when comparing the first period (2005-2010) with the second (2011-2016), the tendency in Peru has decreased. The only region that presented a decrease in mortality was the Mountains (% change =-40.1). Conclusions. Standardized mortality by age had a slight decrease from 2005 to 2016; however, this difference does not show considerable variations. Mortality from this neoplasm seems to remain high and stable since the period from 1995 to 2000. / Revisión por pares

The Myth of the Lost Cause is an inaccurate account of the Civil War that remains prominent in American society. The myth alters key aspects of the war such as its cause, participants, and outcome. It is my hypothesis that one reason many Americans misunderstand the war is because they learned inaccurate information as children. Most children first learn of the war in school textbooks. I became curious as to the accuracy of Civil War information. As there is little research on this topic, this paper begins the process of bridging the gap between education curriculum and the Lost Cause. I examined textbooks used in Tennessee schools between 1889-2002. I discovered that the Lost Cause is most prominent in textbooks used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century but remains present in modern textbooks. I conclude that material will continue to correct itself as the twenty-first century continues.

I november 2015 avgjordes en tvist mellan havredrycksproducenten Oatly och branschorganisationen Svensk Mjölk i Marknadsdomstolen. Svensk Mjölk stämde Oatly eftersom de ansåg att deras marknadsföring var vilseledande. Stämningen ledde till att Oatly dömdes till förbud för marknadsföring som antyder att havremjölk är ett bättre val än komjölk. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka hur tvisten påverkat Oatlys lojala kunders varumärkesuppfattning utifrån begreppet brand image. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med 18 konsumenter som representerat Oatlys lojala kunder: veganer, vegetarianer, laktosintoleranta och mjölkallergiker. Deras uppfattningar undersöktes utifrån teorier om Cause Related Marketing, negativ publicitet och självkongruens hos konsumenter. Majoriteten av respondenternas uppfattningar av Oatly har förbättrats efter tvisten, framförallt för att de ansåg att Oatly var i underläge och att de stod upp för en samhällsfråga. Studiens resultat tyder på att ett företag som upplevs vara en underdog kan undvika att ta skada från negativ publicitet.

Previous research has shown an increased use of IT amongst young people. This has made it problematic for parents to set boundaries for their children's use of IT. The aim for this study was to create a deeper understanding of how parents relate to boundaries of IT, and how they monitor their children's use of it. This study was a qualitative study through semi-structured interviews to enable to capture the parents' experiences. The results showed that parents have boundaries but that there is a gap between the occurrence of boundaries and causes for boundaries. The study showed that parents monitor their children's use of IT but it is unclear whether the methods they use actually give them sufficient insight and knowledge regarding their children use of IT.

無 / In this article, a two-step process is considered to investigate the effects of measurement errors on EWMA and cause-selecting EWMA control charts. At the end of current process, a pair of imprecise measurements of in-coming quality and out-going quality is randomly taken with individual units. The linear relationship between in-coming quality and out-going quality is assumed and four possible states of the process are defined with respective distributions of in-coming and out-going qualities derived. The EWMA control chart with measurement error is then constructed to monitor small-scale shift in mean for the previous process while the cause-selecting control chart, or EWMA control chart based on residuals, including measurement error, is proposed to diagnose the state of current process. Based on sensitivity analysis, the presence of imprecise measurement diminishes the power of both the EWMA and the proposed control charts and affects the detectability of process disturbances. Further, applications of proposed control charts are demonstrated through a numerical example to show some possible misuses of control charts. If the process mean shifts in a small scale when a single assignable cause occurs on each step, the proposed cause-selecting control chart is more sensitive than other control charts. The Hotelling T^2 control chart is also compared to illustrate the diagnostic advantage outweighed by proposed cause-selecting control chart.

In the New Zealand context, considerable academic and government attention has been given to the socioeconomic and ethnic disparities in health, and how they have evolved over time. Despite evidence of clear regional health patterning within New Zealand, there has been very little research monitoring how the geographical trends in health have evolved over time. The period 1980 to 2001 is very important in New Zealand's contemporary history, as it was a time of rapid social and economic change. For this reason, researchers are motivated to examine the extent to which health differentials evolved during the same period. The reduction of health inequalities are at the top of the Government's health agenda, it is therefore important not only to monitor the success, or otherwise, of a reduction in social inequalities, but also, geographic inequalities. This thesis examines the extent of geographic inequalities in mortality in contemporary New Zealand, and whether or not mortality has become geographically polarised between 1981 and 2000. This thesis builds on research carried out in New Zealand, and seeks to delve deeper into the specifics of the geographic variation of mortality. Importantly, it fills several knowledge gaps during this period, which include: the geographic inequality of cause-specific mortality, the difference in regional cause-specific mortality between males and females, and the inequalities of mortality at a finer geographic resolution. A significant debate revolves around the relative contribution of compositional and contextual explanations for the geographic variation of health outcomes. The research undertaken in this thesis examines the contribution of population change and deprivation to the geographic inequalities of mortality. Numerous key findings were identified in this research, four of which are as follows: In 2000, significant geographic inequalities in cause-specific mortality existed within New Zealand; between 1981 and 2000 the geographic mortality gap remained relatively stable; and when the geographic areas are sorted by deprivation, the results indicate that there has been a widening of the mortality gap. Analysis of the relationship between population change and mortality provide cautious support for the finding that mortality rates are higher in areas that have experienced population decline and conversely, that mortality rates are lower in areas where there has been a growth in population. The high and stable levels of geographic inequality should be of great concern to policy makers as the results of this research indicate that policies addressing health inequalities in New Zealand are not sufficiently potent.