L'organisation de la chromatine a une importance fonctionnelle pour contrôler le programme d'expression des gènes. Par contre, les liens qui l'unissent au déroulement de la réplication de l'ADN sont beaucoup moins connus. Grâce à des approches basées sur la capture d'interactions chromosomiques et sur l'imagerie cellulaire, nous avons étudié les liens entre le repliement à grande échelle de la chromatine et le timing de réplication. Cette analyse, effectuée dans des cellules humaines lymphoblastoïdes, des cellules mononucléées du sang (PBMC) et des cellules issues d'une leucémie myéloïde à caractère érythrocytaire, a permis l'identification de domaines structuraux du noyau. Ces domaines sont relativement isolés les uns des autres et leurs frontières coïncident avec les zones d'initiation précoce. De plus, notre étude montre que ces zones d'initiation précoce interagissent préférentiellement, aussi bien entre voisins immédiats (séparation génomique de l'ordre de la mégabase) que le long du chromosome entier. Les loci répliqués tardivement interagissent eux-aussi avec leurs homologues, conduisant, dans l'espace nucléaire, à une ségrégation des loci en fonction de leur timing de réplication. Ces résultats sont soutenus par des mesures de distances sur des hybridations in-situ qui montrent que les loci répliqués en début de phase S sont plus proches qu'attendus. Nos travaux révèlent enfin que l'organisation de la chromatine est similaire dans des cellules en phase G0 (PBMC dormantes), démontrant qu'elle n'est pas spécifique des cellules en phase S. Pris ensemble, ces résultats apportent des preuves directes d'une organisation robuste de la chromatine, partagée par les cellules en cycle et dormantes, et corrélée au timing de réplication à différentes échelles. / Chromatin organization is of functional significance to control the gene expression program. However, its interplay with DNA replication program is less known. Though the capture of chromosomal interactions and cell imaging, we studied the links between the high-order folding of chromatin and the replication timing. This analysis, which has been performed in human lymphoblastoid cells, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and in a myeloid leukemia cell line with erythroid properties, allowed the identification of structural domains in the nucleus. These domains are quite isolated from each other and their boundaries coincide with early-initiation zones. In addition, our study shows that these early-initiation zones preferentially interact with each other. These interactions have been observed between neighboring early-initiation zones (genomic separation around 1 to few megabases) but also along the whole chromosome. The late-replicated loci interact with their counterparts as well, leading to a nuclear segregation of the loci according to their replication timing. These results are sustained by distance measurements in in-situ hybridizations which show that loci replicated at the beginning of S-phase are closer than expected. Our work also reveals that chromatin organization is similar in cells blocked in G0 phase (quiescent PBMC), demonstrating that it does not result from the cells in S-phase. Taken together, these results provide direct clues for a robust chromatin organization, common to cycling and resting cells, and related to the replication timing at different scales.

Most of the protein coding genes of higher eukaryotes contain introns which have to be removed from primary transcripts to make mRNA which can be used as a template for protein synthesis. This crucial step in the pre-mRNA processing is carried out by the spliceosome, a complex ribonucleoprotein machine formed from small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). snRNPs biogenesis is a complex process composed of several steps which take place in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Spliceosome assembly is highly dynamic and tightly regulated and pre-mRNA splicing depends not only on the sequence of the pre-mRNA itself but also on the nuclear context, such as the chromatin modifications. How do cells regulate where and when the spliceosome would be assembled? What determines which introns will be spliced? These are fundamental, yet unanswered, biological questions. In this work we analyzed the formation of splicing machinery in the context of the cell nucleus from several different points of view. First, we investigated the unexpected connection between splicing factor U1-70K and the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex which is a major player in the snRNP biogenesis pathway. We revealed that U1-70K interacts with the SMN complex and that this interaction is crucial for the stability of nuclear gems, small...

A proteína de matriz do Virus Respiratório Sincicial humano foi o foco deste trabalho. Verificamos que o gene de matriz possui sítios internos de poliadenilação, sinais de instabilidade de RNA, baixo índice de adaptação de codons (CAI) e conteúdo GC, que podem impedir a expressão gênica vitro. Quando clonado sob controle do promotor de CMVie, o gene selvagem não apresenta expressão detectável, enquanto um gene sintético com a sequência do gene de matriz otimizada apresenta altos níveis de expressão em células transfectadas. Esse alto nível de expressão permitiu a confirmação da presença da proteína M no núcleo no início de sua expressão, por análise em microscopio confocal de varredura a laser, além de sua associação a membranas em regiões conhecidas como lipid rafts. Também foi observado que a proteína M é capaz de associar à proteína tropomiosina. Ainda foram analisados os possíveis domínios funcionais através de expressão de variantes da proteína M com deleções de trechos da proteína. Finalmente foi analisada a capacidade de indução de resposta imune. / The Human Respiratory Syncytial Vírus was the focus of this work. We found that matrix gene has internal polyadenilation sites, RNA instability motifs, low codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC content, that may impair its expression in vitro. When cloned under control of the ieCMV promoter, the wild-type M gene expression was not detectable, whereas a synthetic optimized matrix gene was highly expressed in transfected cells. This high level of expression made possible to follow M nuclear localization in the beginning of its expression by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and its association with membranes in regions known as lipid rafts. It has also been found that the matrix protein associates with tropomyosin. It was further analyzed the possible functional through expression of deviations of the M protein that lack portions of the protein. Finally it was analyzed its capacity to induce an immune response.

Chan, Wai Hon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-141). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.3 / 摘要 --- p.5 / Content --- p.6 / List of Abbreviations and symbols --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Severity of Influenza A Virus --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction to Influenza A Virus --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- What is Nucleoprotein? --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Multifunctional role of Nucleoprotein --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Interaction of Nucleoprotein with Other Viral Components --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Interaction of Nucleoprotein with Cellular Components --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aims of study --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Buffers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Preparation of Buffers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Buffer for Common Use --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Plasmids and Strains --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Molecular Cloning --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Expression of the Recombinant NP-WT/ mutants and importin α1, 3and 5 in E.coli" --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Purification of the NP WT/ variants --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- "Purification of importin αl, 3 and 5" --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- In vitro interaction study between NP and importin α --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- In vivo interaction study between NP and importin α --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- In vivo analysis to study NP-NP homo-oligomerization --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- In vitro static light scattering analysis to determine NP oligomeric state --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Control experiments to verify NP-polymerases and NP-RNA interaction --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Functional analysis of influenza H5N1 nucleoprotein tail loop for oligomerization and ribonucleoprotein activities / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Tail loop insertion is maintained by intra- and inter-molecular interactions --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- NP mutants display defective transcription-replication activity --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Expression and purification of defective NP variants --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Defective NP variants interact with RNA and the polymerase complex --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Defective NP variants possess abnormal oligomeric states in vitro --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- NP variants with impaired RNP activity cannot form homo-oligomers in vivo --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Biophysical characterization of the interaction between influenza nucleoprotein and importin α / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Expression and Purification of NP-WT/ NLS variants and Importin a --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Pull down Assay --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Light scattering analysis (NP-lmportin α5) --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Binding assay of NP NLS variants with importin α5 --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- BIAcore 3000 Surface Plasmon Resonance (NP-lmportin α5) --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- QRT-PCR (NP-lmportin a5) --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.125 / References --- p.134

A proteína de matriz do Virus Respiratório Sincicial humano foi o foco deste trabalho. Verificamos que o gene de matriz possui sítios internos de poliadenilação, sinais de instabilidade de RNA, baixo índice de adaptação de codons (CAI) e conteúdo GC, que podem impedir a expressão gênica vitro. Quando clonado sob controle do promotor de CMVie, o gene selvagem não apresenta expressão detectável, enquanto um gene sintético com a sequência do gene de matriz otimizada apresenta altos níveis de expressão em células transfectadas. Esse alto nível de expressão permitiu a confirmação da presença da proteína M no núcleo no início de sua expressão, por análise em microscopio confocal de varredura a laser, além de sua associação a membranas em regiões conhecidas como lipid rafts. Também foi observado que a proteína M é capaz de associar à proteína tropomiosina. Ainda foram analisados os possíveis domínios funcionais através de expressão de variantes da proteína M com deleções de trechos da proteína. Finalmente foi analisada a capacidade de indução de resposta imune. / The Human Respiratory Syncytial Vírus was the focus of this work. We found that matrix gene has internal polyadenilation sites, RNA instability motifs, low codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC content, that may impair its expression in vitro. When cloned under control of the ieCMV promoter, the wild-type M gene expression was not detectable, whereas a synthetic optimized matrix gene was highly expressed in transfected cells. This high level of expression made possible to follow M nuclear localization in the beginning of its expression by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and its association with membranes in regions known as lipid rafts. It has also been found that the matrix protein associates with tropomyosin. It was further analyzed the possible functional through expression of deviations of the M protein that lack portions of the protein. Finally it was analyzed its capacity to induce an immune response.

In order to preserve its genomic integrity, an organism needs to detect and repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a prompt and accurate fashion. This goal is accomplished by enabling an exquisitely sensitive DSB sensing apparatus as well as multiple and often overlapping pathways for repair. All of these processes are carried out on a highly organized and compacted chromatin substrate in the nucleus. An important question is whether chromatin plays an active role in the process and whether it helps in the signaling or repair of this damage. We have used Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) to show that there are no large scale changes in chromosome structure at a single site-specific DNA double-strand break, although looping interactions between DSBs and donors can be detected. In a surprising result, we found that 3C detected a nucleus-wide decrease in interactions with the DSB. We have used a combination of 3C, fluorescence microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation to show that the decrease in interactions is a result of the relocalization of persistent DSB to the nuclear periphery. We also show that this is dependent on the recruitment of telomerase complex to the DSB, which then interacts with its natural partner in the Inner nuclear membrane, Mps3, and relocalizes the DSB to the periphery. Thus, a DSB that cannot be repaired is shunted into a pathway where the cell attempts to survive by putting a de novotelomere on the broken chromosome. Remarkably, this is not an irreversible phenomenon despite the recruitment of telomerase and the relocalization to the periphery. DSBs which are repaired slowly due to the presence of homology on a different chromosome, or merely usage of a kinetically slower form of repair, undergo this pathway switch, but can still recover and repair the DSB if homology is present. We also show that the role of the periphery is to ensure repair through de novotelomere formation or other non-canonical repair pathways. Indeed, loss of peripheral localization results in a dramatic suppression of the genomic instability of the Slx5/8 mutants, which have been implicated in the persistent DSB response at the Nuclear pores. Thus, the nuclear periphery is a special compartment where DSBs go after they cannot be repaired by canonical pathways. Specialized components such as telomerase, silencing proteins and components of the SUMO pathway, all seem to play roles in the healing of these chromosomes. Importantly, the SUN domain homologues of Mps3 have been shown to play roles similar to their yeast homologues in meiotic bouquet formation through their interactions with telomeres. Thus, they may represent a conserved mechanism for chromosome healing and telomere anchoring, despite the fact that mammalian telomeres are rarely found at the nuclear periphery. Such survival mechanisms may be expected to operate in cancer cells which may or may not have upregulated telomerase expression.

Le mélanome est un cancer agressif dont la progression est facilitée par la dégradation de la matrice extracellulaire, à la fois par les fibroblastes et les cellules tumorales. Cette dégradation génère des peptides d’élastine, notamment responsables de la prolifération des cellules saines et cancéreuses. Le peptide d’élastine (VGVAPG)3 accélère la reprise et le déroulement du cycle cellulaire de fibroblastes normaux et de cellules de mélanomes préalablement synchronisés (expression de pKi-67, détection de la phase S et quantification d’ADN). L’architecture nucléaire associée à la reprise de la synthèse des ARNm concerne les compartiments nucléaires PML-NBs et domaines SC35, partenaires indissociables de la transcription et de l’épissage, qui sont étudiés, après immunomarquages, en microscopie confocale suivie d’une reconstruction 3D. Les compartiment PML-NBs et domaines SC35 se réorganisent en fonction d’une part des phases du cycle cellulaire et d’autre part de l’activité transcriptionnelle, passant d’une séquestration du SC35 dans les PML-NBs à une interpénétration des deux compartiments. L’analyse quantitative de ces compartiments complète les résultats architecturaux en 3D. Le peptide se fixe sur le complexe récepteur de l’élastine, et induit de l’activation de la voie MEK ½ ERK ½. Un antagoniste de cette fixation (lactose) ainsi que l’inhibition de la voie ERK ½ (UO126) conduisent à l’abolition des effets dus au peptide tant pour le cycle cellulaire que pour l’organisation des PML-NBs et domaines SC35, confirmant ainsi l’implication de ces voies. / Melanoma is an aggressive cancer for which invasion is facilitated by degradation of the extracellular matrix, both by normal fibroplasts and tumor cells. This degradation generates elastin peptides, in particular responsible for the proliferation of normal and tumor cells. The elastin peptide (VGVAPG)3. accelerates recovery and progression in cell cycle of normal fibroblasts and melanoma cells previously synchronized (expression of pKi-67, S-phase detection and quantification of DNA). The nuclear architecture associated with the recovery of the synthesis of mRNA on the PML-NBs nuclear compartments and SC35 domains, inseparable partners of transcription and splicing, which are studied after immunostaining by confocal microscopy followed by 3D reconstruction. Compartments PML-NBs and SC35domains are reorganized according of the phases of the cell cycle and also the transcriptional activity, from SC35 sequestration in PML-NBs to an interpenetration of the two compartments. The quantitative analysis of these compartments consolidates the 3D architectural results. The peptide binds to the elastin receptor complex and induceds the activation of the MEK 1/2 ERK 1/2. An antagonist of the fixation (lactose) and inhibition of ERK 1/2 (UO126) lead to the abolition of effects due to the peptide for both the cell cycle and the organized of PML-NBs and SC35 domains, confirming the involvement of these pathways.

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude comparative de la réponse de cellules saines et malignes à la micro- et la nano-topographie de surface. L'interaction avec des stries de profondeur nanométrique est étudiée grâce à une méthode statistique. Nous démontrons que les cellules saines s'alignent plutôt sur des stries profondes, et que les cellules cancéreuses sont plus sensibles aux stries peu profondes. L'analyse des noyaux révèle qu’ils suivent l'alignement des corps cellulaires plus fidèlement dans le cas des cellules cancéreuses et que les noyaux de ces dernières sont plus sensibles aux stries de faible profondeur. Sur des micro-piliers nous démontrons que les cellules d’ostéosarcomes sont capables de se déformer et de faire adopter à leurs noyaux la forme de l'espace entre les piliers. Ceci ne se produit que durant la phase initiale d'adhésion pour les cellules saines. Les cellules immortalisées présentent un niveau intermédiaire de déformation. Quand l'espacement entre piliers est réduit, des différences de déformation sont révélées entre les lignées cancéreuses testées. La déformation est aussi liée au caractère cancéreux de kératinocytes et à l'expression de Cdx2 dans des lignées d'adénocarcinomes. Nous avons tenté d'expliquer ce mécanisme de déformation en l'attribuant au cytosquelette grâce à des analyses en microscopie confocale et avec des inhibiteurs du cytosquelette. L'imagerie de cellules vivantes a permis d'observer que les cellules sont très mobiles même quand elles sont déformées, que la mitose nécessite la perte de la déformation et que la déformation après mitose est plus rapide que la déformation pendant l'adhésion initiale des cellules. / This thesis deals with the differential response of healthy and cancerous cells to surface topography at the nanoscale and the microscale. Using a statistical method we developed we studied the interactions of cells with grooves of nanoscale depth. We demonstrate that healthy cells have a greater ability to align with deeper grooves, whereas cancerous cells are more sensitive to shallow grooves. Analysis reveals that the nucleus follows the alignment of the cell body more closely in cancerous cells, and that the nucleus of cancerous cells is more sensitive to shallow grooves.On microscale pillars we demonstrate for the first time that osteosarcoma cells deform to adopt the surface topography and that the deformation extends to the interior of the cell and in particular to the nucleus. We show that healthy cells only deform during the initial stages of adhesion and that immortalized cells show intermediate deformation between the healthy and cancerous cells. When the spacing between the pillars is reduced, differences in the deformation of different cancerous cell lines are detected. Deformation was also found to be related to the malignancy in keratinocytes, and related to the expression of Cdx2 in adenocarcinoma. The mechanism of deformation is tentatively attributed to the cytoskeleton and attempts to identify the main actors of deformation were performed using confocal microscopy and cytoskeleton inhibitors. Live cell imaging experiments reveal that the deformed cells are very mobile on the surfaces, loss of deformation is necessary for mitosis to occur and deformation after mitosis is more rapid than initial deformation upon adhesion to surfaces.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) expresses numerous intronless mRNAs that are unable to access splicing-dependent cellular mRNA nuclear export pathways. To circumvent this problem, KSHV encodes the open reading frame 57 (ORF57) protein, which orchestrates the formation of an export-competent virus ribonucleoprotein particle comprising the nuclear export complex hTREX, but not the exon-junction complex (EJC). Interestingly, EJCs stimulate mRNA translation, which raises the intriguing question of how intronless KSHV transcripts are efficiently translated. Herein, we show that ORF57 associates with components of the 48S pre-initiation complex and co-sediments with the 40S ribosomal subunits. Strikingly, we observed a direct interaction between ORF57 and PYM, a cellular protein that enhances translation by recruiting the 48S pre-initiation complex to newly exported mRNAs, through an interaction with the EJC. Moreover, detailed biochemical analysis suggests that ORF57 recruits PYM to intronless KSHV mRNA and PYM then facilitates the association of ORF57 and the cellular translation machinery. We, therefore, propose a model whereby ORF57 interacts directly with PYM to enhance translation of intronless KSHV transcripts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 7, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.