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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Modulating the heat-shock response : a potential therapy for lysosomal storage disorders

Gray, James Andrew Russell January 2014 (has links)
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) comprise a broad disease group of inherited metabolic disorders, the majority of which are associated with CNS pathology, significant disability and reductions in life expectancy. LSDs are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins critical for the correct functioning of lysosomal homeostasis. The disruption of lysosomal homeostasis results in the abnormal accumulation of lysosomal content, initiating intracellular pathological events, including calcium dysregulation and lysosomal membrane permeablisation (LMP) affecting cell function and inducing cellular death mechanisms. These pathological events are particularly damaging within the CNS, due to its limited capacity for regeneration. Despite intensive scientific research into these disorders, and an increased understanding of the pathological events underlying these diseases, effective treatments are still lacking for most LSDs. Several therapeutic approaches have been investigated in the last 30 years, including enzyme replacement therapy, bone marrow transplantation, substrate reduction therapy, chemical chaperones and gene therapy. However, the CNS pathology in many of the LSDs remains unaddressed due to the restricted ability of many therapeutic agents to cross the blood-brain barrier. The heat-shock response (HSR) is an emerging element involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders. The HSR is a physiological response to a wide range of cellular stresses. It functions to protect the cell from the aggregation of misfolded proteins and LMP. Of the HSR, several key players are integral to mounting a heat shock response, these include the heat-shock factor 1 (HSF-1) and HSP70. In this thesis, we provide proof-of-principle for the use of recombinant HSP70, and the small molecule up-regulator of the HSR, arimoclomol in treatment of a range of LSDs. We show that HSP70 is able to access the CNS, and increase the degradative capacity of lysosomal hydrolases. This provides differential behavioural, biochemical and survival effects in LSD models of Niemann-Pick type C, Sandhoff and Fabry disease. Additional studies using the HSF-1 upregulator arimoclomol, show a complex dose-response between the different models, possibly reflecting essential differences in the calcium dysregulation between these disease states.
2

Análise molecular de pacientes com holoprosencefalia / Molecular analysis of patients with holoprosencephaly spectrum

Gamba, Bruno Faulin [UNESP] 12 February 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-12. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000865904.pdf: 3145062 bytes, checksum: eeba3b59a5e1c3a2193bcb94a8b2cb0c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As anomalias craniofaciais são alterações do desenvolvimento do crânio e da face que podem ou não estar acompanhadas de malformações estruturais e/ou funcionais do SNC. Estas representam a quarta causa mais frequente dentre as anomalias congênitas em recém-nascidos, determinando, a seus portadores, prognóstico reservado na maioria das vezes. A holoprosecefalia é uma malformação do sistema nervoso central devido uma falha na divisão dos hemisférios direto e esquerdo do cérebro. Sabe-se que sua etiologia é múltipla e complexa. O fenótipo da HPE é bastante variável abrangendo um espectro contínuo desde manifestações graves envolvendo anomalias do cérebro e face até indivíduos clinicamente normais. Evidências genéticas são apresentadas todo ano por diversos grupos que estudam holoprosencefalia e a correlação genótipo/fenótipo continua sendo um desafio para os geneticistas. No presente estudo analisamos 124 amostras de DNA de indivíduos com diagnóstico clínico de holoprosencefalia. Todas as amostras de DNA foram submetidas a análise molecular através da técnica MLPA (SALSA® MLPA® KIT P187-B1 Holoprosencephaly e o SALSA® MLPA® KIT P036- E1 Human-telomere-3). Nesta análise, identificamos deleções/duplicações nos genes já descritos para HPE, sendo: três deleções no gene SHH, uma deleção no gene TGIF e uma duplicação no gene ZIC2. Dentre as 124 amostras, 26 foram selecionadas para análise por arrayCGH, o que permitiu a identificação de microdeleções/microduplicações em novas regiões cromossômicas, sendo elas: 2p25.2- p25.1, 2p21, 8p23.2, 10p15.3, 13q14.2 e Xq13.3. A utilização de MLPA e arrayCGH tem sido utilizada na pesquisa da etiologia de HPE, desde modo destacamos a eficiência destas técnicas, uma vez que metodologia utilizada neste estudo permitiu a identificação de deleções/duplicações cromossômicas nos indivíduos estudados, corroborando com a literatura e destacando... / Craniofacial anomalies are skull development changes and face that may or may not be accompanied by structural malformations and / or functional CNS. These represent the fourth most common cause among the congenital anomalies in newborns, determining, among the patients, poor prognosis in most cases. Holoprosecephaly is a malformation of the central nervous system due to a fault in the division of right and left hemispheres of the brain. It is known that the etiology is multiple and complex. The HPE phenotype is variable including a continuous spectrum from severe manifestations involving abnormalities of the brain and face to clinically normal individuals. Genetics evidences are presented every year by groups studying holoprosencephaly and the genotype/phenotype remains a challenge for geneticists. We analyzed ADN samples from 124 patients with clinical diagnosis for holoprosencephaly. All ADNs samples were subjected to molecular analysis by MLPA technique ( SALSA® MLPA® KIT -B1 holoprosencephaly P187 and P036 SALSA® MLPA® KIT - Human telomere -E1 -3). Thus, we identified deletions / duplications in genes already described for HPE, such as: three deletions in the SHH gene, one deletion of the TGIF gene and one duplication in ZIC2 gene. Among the 124 samples, 26 ADN samples were selected for analysis by arrayCGH allowing the identification of microdeletions/microduplications in new chromosomal regions: 2p25.2 - p25.1, 2p21, 8p23.2, 10p15.3, 13q14.2 and Xq13.3. MLPA and arrayCGH are often used in research on the etiology of HPE, in that way the efficiency of these techniques, since the methodology used in this study allowed the identification of deletions / duplications in chromosome individuals studied, corroborating the literature and identinfy new chromosomal regions to be elucidated to understand the etiology of this disease / FAPESP: 10/18740-2
3

Análise molecular de pacientes com holoprosencefalia /

Gamba, Bruno Faulin. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Lucilene Arilho Ribeiro-Bicudo / Banca: Danilo Moretti-Ferreira / Banca: Narciso Almeida Vieira / Banca: Cláudia Aparecida Rainho / Banca: Carmrm Silvia Bertuzzo / Resumo: As anomalias craniofaciais são alterações do desenvolvimento do crânio e da face que podem ou não estar acompanhadas de malformações estruturais e/ou funcionais do SNC. Estas representam a quarta causa mais frequente dentre as anomalias congênitas em recém-nascidos, determinando, a seus portadores, prognóstico reservado na maioria das vezes. A holoprosecefalia é uma malformação do sistema nervoso central devido uma falha na divisão dos hemisférios direto e esquerdo do cérebro. Sabe-se que sua etiologia é múltipla e complexa. O fenótipo da HPE é bastante variável abrangendo um espectro contínuo desde manifestações graves envolvendo anomalias do cérebro e face até indivíduos clinicamente normais. Evidências genéticas são apresentadas todo ano por diversos grupos que estudam holoprosencefalia e a correlação genótipo/fenótipo continua sendo um desafio para os geneticistas. No presente estudo analisamos 124 amostras de DNA de indivíduos com diagnóstico clínico de holoprosencefalia. Todas as amostras de DNA foram submetidas a análise molecular através da técnica MLPA (SALSA® MLPA® KIT P187-B1 Holoprosencephaly e o SALSA® MLPA® KIT P036- E1 Human-telomere-3). Nesta análise, identificamos deleções/duplicações nos genes já descritos para HPE, sendo: três deleções no gene SHH, uma deleção no gene TGIF e uma duplicação no gene ZIC2. Dentre as 124 amostras, 26 foram selecionadas para análise por arrayCGH, o que permitiu a identificação de microdeleções/microduplicações em novas regiões cromossômicas, sendo elas: 2p25.2- p25.1, 2p21, 8p23.2, 10p15.3, 13q14.2 e Xq13.3. A utilização de MLPA e arrayCGH tem sido utilizada na pesquisa da etiologia de HPE, desde modo destacamos a eficiência destas técnicas, uma vez que metodologia utilizada neste estudo permitiu a identificação de deleções/duplicações cromossômicas nos indivíduos estudados, corroborando com a literatura e destacando... / Abstract: Craniofacial anomalies are skull development changes and face that may or may not be accompanied by structural malformations and / or functional CNS. These represent the fourth most common cause among the congenital anomalies in newborns, determining, among the patients, poor prognosis in most cases. Holoprosecephaly is a malformation of the central nervous system due to a fault in the division of right and left hemispheres of the brain. It is known that the etiology is multiple and complex. The HPE phenotype is variable including a continuous spectrum from severe manifestations involving abnormalities of the brain and face to clinically normal individuals. Genetics evidences are presented every year by groups studying holoprosencephaly and the genotype/phenotype remains a challenge for geneticists. We analyzed ADN samples from 124 patients with clinical diagnosis for holoprosencephaly. All ADNs samples were subjected to molecular analysis by MLPA technique ( SALSA® MLPA® KIT -B1 holoprosencephaly P187 and P036 SALSA® MLPA® KIT - Human telomere -E1 -3). Thus, we identified deletions / duplications in genes already described for HPE, such as: three deletions in the SHH gene, one deletion of the TGIF gene and one duplication in ZIC2 gene. Among the 124 samples, 26 ADN samples were selected for analysis by arrayCGH allowing the identification of microdeletions/microduplications in new chromosomal regions: 2p25.2 - p25.1, 2p21, 8p23.2, 10p15.3, 13q14.2 and Xq13.3. MLPA and arrayCGH are often used in research on the etiology of HPE, in that way the efficiency of these techniques, since the methodology used in this study allowed the identification of deletions / duplications in chromosome individuals studied, corroborating the literature and identinfy new chromosomal regions to be elucidated to understand the etiology of this disease / Doutor
4

Avaliação da somestesia e coordenação motora em crianças com distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Evaluation of somesthetic and manual dexterity in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Mesquita, Denise Caldeira Troise 01 February 2012 (has links)
OBJETIVO: Pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne apresentam alterações neuronais em regiões do sistema nervoso central como no giro pós-central e cerebelo. Para entender a sua influência sobre o controle motor, nós investigamos a somestesia e destreza manual, com e sem a informação visual. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo quarenta meninos com diagnóstico confirmado de distofia muscular de Duchenne (idade média = 9,68; DP = 2,23 anos), sem comprometimento dos membros superiores, e quarenta e nove meninos saudáveis (idade média = 8,14 anos; DP = 1,94 anos). Para avaliar a somestesia foi utilizado o teste de discriminação entre dois pontos e o teste de estereognosia, e para avaliar a destreza manual, foi utlilizado o Pick up test de Moberg com olhos abertos e olhos fechados e o teste do erro de localização. Os resultados foram submetidos pela análise de variância (ANOVA), sendo considerado estatisticamente significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que em meninos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne, a estereognosia estava comprometida em ambas as mãos (p<0,001), no entanto não houve diferença significativa no teste de discriminação entre dois pontos (p=0,313) quando comparado aos meninos saudáveis. A destreza manual estava pior nos meninos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne quando dependia de informações somestésicas, ou seja, no Pick up test de Moberg de olhos fechados e no teste do erro de localização (p<0,001). INTERPRETAÇÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que a discriminação tátil estava intacta em meninos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne, sugerindo que a via sensorial não está prejudicada. Ao contrário, tarefas que envolviam a função cerebelar, ou seja, a percepção sensorial durante o reconhecimento ativo do objeto e o controle de alcançar e agarrar, estavam prejudicadas. Abordagens terapêuticas específicas devem ser delineadas para melhorar o controle motor e, portanto, a funcionalide de pessoas com distrofia muscular de Duchenne / AIM: Neuronal alterations were reported in the postcentral gyrus and cerebellum of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To understand their influence over motor control, we investigated somesthesis and manual dexterity, with and without visual information. METHOD: Forty boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mean age = 9.68; SD = 2.23 years), with no upper limb dysfunction, and 49 healthy boys (mean age = 8.14; SD = 1.94 years) participated in the study. To assess somesthesis we used the twopoint discrimination test and the six-object stereognosis test, and to assess manual dexterity, the Moberg Pick up test with the eyes opened and closed and the localization error test. The results were submitted to ANOVA, considering statistically significant a value of p<0.05. RESULTS: Boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy had impaired stereognosis with both hands (p<0.001), but two-point discrimination did not differ between the groups (p=0.313). Manual dexterity was much worse in Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys when somesthesic information was necessary, i.e., during the Pick up test with the eyes closed and the localization error test (p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Tactile discrimination is intact in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, suggesting that the somatic pathway may not be impaired. Unlike, tasks involving cerebellar function, i.e., sensory perception during active object recognition and reach and grasp control, are impaired. Specific therapies should be delineated to improve motor control, and therefore functionality, of people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
5

Avaliação da somestesia e coordenação motora em crianças com distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Evaluation of somesthetic and manual dexterity in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Denise Caldeira Troise Mesquita 01 February 2012 (has links)
OBJETIVO: Pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne apresentam alterações neuronais em regiões do sistema nervoso central como no giro pós-central e cerebelo. Para entender a sua influência sobre o controle motor, nós investigamos a somestesia e destreza manual, com e sem a informação visual. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo quarenta meninos com diagnóstico confirmado de distofia muscular de Duchenne (idade média = 9,68; DP = 2,23 anos), sem comprometimento dos membros superiores, e quarenta e nove meninos saudáveis (idade média = 8,14 anos; DP = 1,94 anos). Para avaliar a somestesia foi utilizado o teste de discriminação entre dois pontos e o teste de estereognosia, e para avaliar a destreza manual, foi utlilizado o Pick up test de Moberg com olhos abertos e olhos fechados e o teste do erro de localização. Os resultados foram submetidos pela análise de variância (ANOVA), sendo considerado estatisticamente significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que em meninos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne, a estereognosia estava comprometida em ambas as mãos (p<0,001), no entanto não houve diferença significativa no teste de discriminação entre dois pontos (p=0,313) quando comparado aos meninos saudáveis. A destreza manual estava pior nos meninos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne quando dependia de informações somestésicas, ou seja, no Pick up test de Moberg de olhos fechados e no teste do erro de localização (p<0,001). INTERPRETAÇÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que a discriminação tátil estava intacta em meninos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne, sugerindo que a via sensorial não está prejudicada. Ao contrário, tarefas que envolviam a função cerebelar, ou seja, a percepção sensorial durante o reconhecimento ativo do objeto e o controle de alcançar e agarrar, estavam prejudicadas. Abordagens terapêuticas específicas devem ser delineadas para melhorar o controle motor e, portanto, a funcionalide de pessoas com distrofia muscular de Duchenne / AIM: Neuronal alterations were reported in the postcentral gyrus and cerebellum of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To understand their influence over motor control, we investigated somesthesis and manual dexterity, with and without visual information. METHOD: Forty boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mean age = 9.68; SD = 2.23 years), with no upper limb dysfunction, and 49 healthy boys (mean age = 8.14; SD = 1.94 years) participated in the study. To assess somesthesis we used the twopoint discrimination test and the six-object stereognosis test, and to assess manual dexterity, the Moberg Pick up test with the eyes opened and closed and the localization error test. The results were submitted to ANOVA, considering statistically significant a value of p<0.05. RESULTS: Boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy had impaired stereognosis with both hands (p<0.001), but two-point discrimination did not differ between the groups (p=0.313). Manual dexterity was much worse in Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys when somesthesic information was necessary, i.e., during the Pick up test with the eyes closed and the localization error test (p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Tactile discrimination is intact in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, suggesting that the somatic pathway may not be impaired. Unlike, tasks involving cerebellar function, i.e., sensory perception during active object recognition and reach and grasp control, are impaired. Specific therapies should be delineated to improve motor control, and therefore functionality, of people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
6

Avaliação do risco de malformação congênita em recém-nascidos de mães expostas ao trihalometano / Evaluation of congenital malformation risks in newborn babies whose mothers has been exposed to thihalometanes

Estanislao, Marcus Vinicius 24 April 2009 (has links)
Este estudo tratou de avaliar possíveis efeitos a saúde de recémnascidos cujas mães foram expostas ao trihalometanos (THM) contidos nas água de abastecimento público da cidade de São Paulo. O processo de tratamento da água de abastecimento utilizado no Brasil envolve uma etapa de desinfecção cujo objetivo é eliminar microorganismos patogênicos presentes na água. O cloro é um dos principais agentes desinfetantes. Apesar de pesquisas apontarem benefícios para a saúde humana no uso do cloro durante o processo de desinfecção, quando na água de abastecimento há a presença de matéria orgânica ocorrem reações entre essas substâncias que geram como subproduto, os THM. Estudos têm sido conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos da exposição ao THM e a ocorrência de eventos adversos na gravidez. Alguns destes trabalhos têm encontrado excesso de risco; outros não têm encontrado tal associação. Os artigos de revisão publicados sobre o assunto relatam que os resultados destas avaliações ainda são inconclusivos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se existe associação entre a exposição ao THM presente na água de abastecimento, utilizando para isso mensurações realizadas nas redes de distribuição da cidade de São Paulo, e a ocorrência de malformações congênitas. Foram considerados os seguintes desfechos: defeitos cardíacos, fenda labial e fenda palatina; anomalias cromossômicas, defeito no sistema nervoso central. Nesta classe, avaliou-se também o defeito do tubo neural. A população estudada foi composta de recém-nascidos de mães residentes na cidade de São Paulo cuja gestação foi única e a termo, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2006. As informações sobre os recém-nascidos foram obtidas do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). As concentrações de THM foram obtidas por meio de mensurações realizadas rotineiramente pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico de São Paulo (SABESP), nas redes de distribuição de água da cidade de São Paulo. A exposição ao THM atribuída a casos e controles foi determinada a partir da associação da medida realizada na rede de distribuição com o endereço residencial da gestante, no período da concepção. Os resultados encontrados apontaram que a exposição ao THM está inversamente associada às ocorrências de malformações avaliadas no estudo. A falta de informação quanto à mobilidade, origem e quantidade de água clorada à qual a gestante foi exposta, bem como a não avaliação de outras vias de exposição, além da ingestão, podem ter conduzido a vieses que subestimaram os riscos do efeito da exposição aos compostos. Este fato fortalece a necessidade de trabalhos mais aprofundados, avaliando mais criteriosamente a exposição materna ao THM e considerando também um melhor aprofundamento da investigação sobre a possibilidade de efeitos interativos de outros compostos clorados contidos na água de abastecimento. / This present application is going to deal about the potential effects related to the newborn babies health whose mothers had been exposed to the trihalomethanes (THM) that the water supply of the city of São Paulo contain. The water treatment process of supply used in Brazil has one stage of disinfection which purpose is eliminate the pathogenic microorganism presents in the water. Chlorine is one of the main disinfectant agents. Although researches indicates the chlorine benefits to human health when used in the disinfection process, when in the water supply has some organic material, some reactions can occur between these substances generating as a sub-product the trihalomethanes. Many studies is being conducted to consider the effects of the trihalomethanes (THM) exposition and the adverse events that can occur during pregnancy. Some of these studies have found excess of risks; others havent. The review articles published about this topic report that the results are still inconclusive. The present study wants to assess whether there is an association between exposures to THM in the water supply by means of measurements taken in the distribution networks of the city of São Paulo and the occurrence of congenital malformations, considering the following outcomes: cardiac defects, cleft lip and cleft palate, chromosomal abnormalities, defects in the central nervous system. It will also assess the neural tubes defect. The studied population was composed by mothers of newborn babies living in São Paulo, between January, 2002 and December, 2006, whose had a normal and single pregnancy. The information about the newborn was obtained from the SINASC (Information System about Live Births). The concentrations of trihalomethanes were obtained by measurements carried out routinely by SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo) in water distribution networks of the city of São Paulo. The exposition to THM related to the cases and controls, was determined to the realized association in the distributed network with the pregnants address, in the period of conception. The results indicate that the exposition to THM is inversely associated with the malformations occurrence evaluated in the study. The lack of information about the mobility, origin and amount of chlorinated water to which the pregnant woman was exposed, as well as the non evaluation of others ways of exposure, instead of ingestion, may have led to bias which under-estimated the risks of the effect of exposure to the compounds. This fact shows that more specific researches must be done, evaluating more carefully the maternal exposure to the THM, and it also has to consider greater depth of research about the possibility of interactive effects of other chlorinated compounds in the water supply.
7

Avaliação do risco de malformação congênita em recém-nascidos de mães expostas ao trihalometano / Evaluation of congenital malformation risks in newborn babies whose mothers has been exposed to thihalometanes

Marcus Vinicius Estanislao 24 April 2009 (has links)
Este estudo tratou de avaliar possíveis efeitos a saúde de recémnascidos cujas mães foram expostas ao trihalometanos (THM) contidos nas água de abastecimento público da cidade de São Paulo. O processo de tratamento da água de abastecimento utilizado no Brasil envolve uma etapa de desinfecção cujo objetivo é eliminar microorganismos patogênicos presentes na água. O cloro é um dos principais agentes desinfetantes. Apesar de pesquisas apontarem benefícios para a saúde humana no uso do cloro durante o processo de desinfecção, quando na água de abastecimento há a presença de matéria orgânica ocorrem reações entre essas substâncias que geram como subproduto, os THM. Estudos têm sido conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos da exposição ao THM e a ocorrência de eventos adversos na gravidez. Alguns destes trabalhos têm encontrado excesso de risco; outros não têm encontrado tal associação. Os artigos de revisão publicados sobre o assunto relatam que os resultados destas avaliações ainda são inconclusivos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se existe associação entre a exposição ao THM presente na água de abastecimento, utilizando para isso mensurações realizadas nas redes de distribuição da cidade de São Paulo, e a ocorrência de malformações congênitas. Foram considerados os seguintes desfechos: defeitos cardíacos, fenda labial e fenda palatina; anomalias cromossômicas, defeito no sistema nervoso central. Nesta classe, avaliou-se também o defeito do tubo neural. A população estudada foi composta de recém-nascidos de mães residentes na cidade de São Paulo cuja gestação foi única e a termo, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2006. As informações sobre os recém-nascidos foram obtidas do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). As concentrações de THM foram obtidas por meio de mensurações realizadas rotineiramente pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico de São Paulo (SABESP), nas redes de distribuição de água da cidade de São Paulo. A exposição ao THM atribuída a casos e controles foi determinada a partir da associação da medida realizada na rede de distribuição com o endereço residencial da gestante, no período da concepção. Os resultados encontrados apontaram que a exposição ao THM está inversamente associada às ocorrências de malformações avaliadas no estudo. A falta de informação quanto à mobilidade, origem e quantidade de água clorada à qual a gestante foi exposta, bem como a não avaliação de outras vias de exposição, além da ingestão, podem ter conduzido a vieses que subestimaram os riscos do efeito da exposição aos compostos. Este fato fortalece a necessidade de trabalhos mais aprofundados, avaliando mais criteriosamente a exposição materna ao THM e considerando também um melhor aprofundamento da investigação sobre a possibilidade de efeitos interativos de outros compostos clorados contidos na água de abastecimento. / This present application is going to deal about the potential effects related to the newborn babies health whose mothers had been exposed to the trihalomethanes (THM) that the water supply of the city of São Paulo contain. The water treatment process of supply used in Brazil has one stage of disinfection which purpose is eliminate the pathogenic microorganism presents in the water. Chlorine is one of the main disinfectant agents. Although researches indicates the chlorine benefits to human health when used in the disinfection process, when in the water supply has some organic material, some reactions can occur between these substances generating as a sub-product the trihalomethanes. Many studies is being conducted to consider the effects of the trihalomethanes (THM) exposition and the adverse events that can occur during pregnancy. Some of these studies have found excess of risks; others havent. The review articles published about this topic report that the results are still inconclusive. The present study wants to assess whether there is an association between exposures to THM in the water supply by means of measurements taken in the distribution networks of the city of São Paulo and the occurrence of congenital malformations, considering the following outcomes: cardiac defects, cleft lip and cleft palate, chromosomal abnormalities, defects in the central nervous system. It will also assess the neural tubes defect. The studied population was composed by mothers of newborn babies living in São Paulo, between January, 2002 and December, 2006, whose had a normal and single pregnancy. The information about the newborn was obtained from the SINASC (Information System about Live Births). The concentrations of trihalomethanes were obtained by measurements carried out routinely by SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo) in water distribution networks of the city of São Paulo. The exposition to THM related to the cases and controls, was determined to the realized association in the distributed network with the pregnants address, in the period of conception. The results indicate that the exposition to THM is inversely associated with the malformations occurrence evaluated in the study. The lack of information about the mobility, origin and amount of chlorinated water to which the pregnant woman was exposed, as well as the non evaluation of others ways of exposure, instead of ingestion, may have led to bias which under-estimated the risks of the effect of exposure to the compounds. This fact shows that more specific researches must be done, evaluating more carefully the maternal exposure to the THM, and it also has to consider greater depth of research about the possibility of interactive effects of other chlorinated compounds in the water supply.
8

Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Hepatocytes and Astrocytes

Liu, Ziqing January 2014 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Approximately 2.8% of the world population is currently infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are often generated in chronic hepatitis C patients yet fail to control the infection. In the first two chapters of this study, we focused on two alternative routes of HCV transmission, which may contribute to HCV’s immune evasion and establishment of chronic infection. HCV was transmitted via a cell-cell contact-mediated (CCCM) route and in the form of exosomes. Formation of HCV infection foci resulted from CCCM HCV transfer and was cell density-dependent. Moreover, CCCM HCV transfer occurred rapidly, involved all four known HCV receptors and intact actin cytoskeleton, and led to productive HCV infection. Furthermore, live cell imaging revealed the temporal and spatial details of the transfer process. Lastly, HCV from HCV-infected hepatocytes and patient plasma occurred in both exosome-free and exosome-associated forms and the exosome-associated HCV remained infectious, even though HCV infection did not significantly alter exosome secretion. In the third chapter, we characterized HCV interaction with astrocytes, one of the putative HCV target cells in the brain. HCV infection causes the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in more than 50% of chronically infected subjects but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We showed that primary human astrocytes (PHA) were very inefficiently infected by HCV, either in the free virus form or through cell-cell contact. PHA expressed all known HCV receptors but failed to support HCV entry. HCV IRES-mediated translation was functional in PHA and further enhanced by miR122 expression. Nevertheless, PHA did not support HCV replication regardless of miR122 expression. To our great surprise, HCV exposure induced robust IL-18 expression in PHA and exhibited direct neurotoxicity. In summary, we showed that CCCM HCV transfer and exosome-mediated HCV infection constituted important routes for HCV infection and dissemination and that astrocytes did not support productive HCV infection and replication, but HCV interactions with astrocytes and neurons alone might be sufficient to cause CNS dysfunction. These findings provide new insights into HCV infection of hepatocytes and astrocytes and shall aid in the development of new and effective strategies for preventing and treating HCV infection.
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Advanced Modeling of Longitudinal Spectroscopy Data

Kundu, Madan Gopal January 2014 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy is a neuroimaging technique. It is widely used to quantify the concentration of important metabolites in a brain tissue. Imbalance in concentration of brain metabolites has been found to be associated with development of neurological impairment. There has been increasing trend of using MR spectroscopy as a diagnosis tool for neurological disorders. We established statistical methodology to analyze data obtained from the MR spectroscopy in the context of the HIV associated neurological disorder. First, we have developed novel methodology to study the association of marker of neurological disorder with MR spectrum from brain and how this association evolves with time. The entire problem fits into the framework of scalar-on-function regression model with individual spectrum being the functional predictor. We have extended one of the existing cross-sectional scalar-on-function regression techniques to longitudinal set-up. Advantage of proposed method includes: 1) ability to model flexible time-varying association between response and functional predictor and (2) ability to incorporate prior information. Second part of research attempts to study the influence of the clinical and demographic factors on the progression of brain metabolites over time. In order to understand the influence of these factors in fully non-parametric way, we proposed LongCART algorithm to construct regression tree with longitudinal data. Such a regression tree helps to identify smaller subpopulations (characterized by baseline factors) with differential longitudinal profile and hence helps us to identify influence of baseline factors. Advantage of LongCART algorithm includes: (1) it maintains of type-I error in determining best split, (2) substantially reduces computation time and (2) applicable even observations are taken at subject-specific time-points. Finally, we carried out an in-depth analysis of longitudinal changes in the brain metabolite concentrations in three brain regions, namely, white matter, gray matter and basal ganglia in chronically infected HIV patients enrolled in HIV Neuroimaging Consortium study. We studied the influence of important baseline factors (clinical and demographic) on these longitudinal profiles of brain metabolites using LongCART algorithm in order to identify subgroup of patients at higher risk of neurological impairment. / Partial research support was provided by the National Institutes of Health grants U01-MH083545, R01-CA126205 and U01-CA086368

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