High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are defined as extended-medium, dry-type filters with: (1) a minimum particle removal efficiency of no less than 99.97 percent for 0.3 micrometer particles, (2) a maximum, clean resistance of 1.0 inch water column (in. WC) when operated at 1,000 cubic feet per minute (CFM), and (3) a rigid casing that extends the full depth of the medium. Specifically, ceramic media HEPA filters provide better performance at elevated temperatures, are moisture resistant and nonflammable, can perform their function if wetted and exposed to greater pressures, and can be cleaned and reused. This paper describes the modification and design of a large scale test stand which properly evaluates the filtration characteristics of a range of ceramic media filters challenged with a nuclear aerosol agent in order to develop Section FO of ASME AG-1.

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Eighty percent of the 780 million people worldwide that access water from an unimproved source live in rural areas. In rural areas, water systems are often managed by community based organizations and many of these systems do not provide service at the designed levels. The Sustainability Analysis Tool developed in Chapter 2 can inform decision making, characterize specific needs of rural communities in the management of their water systems, and identify weaknesses in training regimes or support mechanisms. The framework was tested on 61 statistically representative geographically stratified sample communities with rural water systems in the Dominican Republic. The results demonstrated the impact that long term support by outside groups to support community management activities can improve sustainability indicators, including financial sustainability which is a significant issue throughout the world. When analyzing the financial sustainability of water systems, it is important to consider all life-cycle costs including the expenditures made by households. Chapter 3 analyzes financial and economic expenditures on water services in 9 rural and peri-urban communities in Burkina Faso. Data from household and water point surveys were used to determine: socio-economic status, financial and economic expenditures, and service levels received by each household. In Burkina Faso recurrent financial and economic expenditures on water service ranged between US$5 and US$9.5 per person per year, with cumulative costs approximately US$19.5 per person per year. The average expenditures on water in Burkina Faso were well above the affordability threshold used by World Bank demonstrating the need to improve subsidies in the water sector. The sustainability of water supply systems and the ability to ensure the health benefits of these systems is also influenced by the deficiencies in sanitation infrastructure. Unimproved sanitation can be a source of water contamination and a risk factor in water related disease. Furthermore, the effective management of community water supply infrastructure is not a sufficient condition for ensuring water quality and eliminating health risks to consumers. As a result water treatment technologies, such as ceramic water filters (CWFs), implemented and managed at the household level and combined with safe storage practices are proposed as a means of reducing these risks. The performance of CWFs in laboratory settings has differed significantly from field studies with regard to microbial treatment efficacy and also hydraulic efficiency. Chapter 4 presents a 14 month field study of two locally manufactured CWFs conducted in a rural community in the Dominican Republic. Each of the 59 households in the community received one filter. The CWFs in this study performed poorly with regard to water quality and hydraulic performance. Focus group meetings and household survey suggests that flow rate is a major issue for user acceptability. To address the user concerns Chapter 5 presents two mathematical models for improving the hydraulic performance for the frustum and paraboloid designs. The models can be used to predict how changes in user behavior or filter geometry affects the volume of water produced and therefore can be used as tools to help optimize filter performance.

This thesis deals with influence of ceramic filters on metal streaming in running systems. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the influence of porosity, thickness of ceramic filters and also viscocity of molten metal on mold filling. Hydraulic resistance of ceramic filters and possibility of its use in numeric simulation is also tested. At the beginning of the thesis there is theoretic analysis of filtration which inlcudes inclusions in cast irons, filtration matters, gatting systems design, hydraulic resistance and numeric simulation. The second experimental part of this thesis is focused on measuring shedding of molten grey cast iron and ductile iron through gatting systems with filters which are labelled VUKOPOR S. The experimental part then deals with evaluation of experiments results, calculation of hydraulic resistance and numeric simulation with the use of measured data.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataPAS_DISSERT.pdf: 2030872 bytes, checksum: b1f1838ae20a1cf415bfd28d267a0046 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The effluents released by the textile industry have high concentrations of alkali, carbohydrates, proteins, in addition to colors containing heavy metals. Therefore, a filter was prepared aiming primarily to the removal of color. In order to prepare this filter, rice hulls and diatomite were used, which have in their structure, basically amorphous hydrated silica. The silica exists in three crystalline forms: quartz, tridymite and cristobalite. In accordance with the above considerations, this study was divided into two stages; the first corresponds to the preparation of the filter and the second to carry out the tests in the effluent/filter in order to verify the efficiency of the color removal. First, the raw material was subjected to a chemical analysis and XRD, and then the diatomite was mixed, via humid, with a planetarium windmill with 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % of rice husk ash. To the mixture, 5 % carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added as a binder at room temperature. The samples were uniaxially compacted into metallic matrix of 0.3 x 0.1 cm? of area at a pressure of 167 MPa by means of hydraulic press and then sintered at temperatures of 1,000 ?C, 1,200 ?C and 1,400 ?C for 1 h and submitted to granulometry test using laser, linear retraction, water absorption, apparent porosity and resistance to bending, DTA, TMA and XRD. To examine the pore structure of the samples scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. Also tests were carried out in a mercury porosimeter to verify the average size of the pores and real density of the samples. In the second stage, samples of the effluent were collected from a local industry, whose name will be preserved, located in Igap?, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte - RN. The effluent was first pretreated before filtration and then subjected to a treatment of flotation. The effluent was then characterized before and after filtration, with parameters of color, turbidity, suspended solids, pH, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD). Thus, through the XRD analysis the formation of cristobalite α in all samples was observed. The best average size of pore was found to be 1.75 μm with 61.04 % apparent porosity, thus obtaining an average 97.9 % color removal and 99.8 % removal of suspended solid / Os efluentes liberados pela ind?stria t?xtil possuem altas concentra??es de ?lcalis, carboidratos, prote?nas, al?m de corantes contendo metais pesados. Assim, foi produzido um filtro visando principalmente ? remo??o da cor. Para sua obten??o foi usado a casca de arroz carbonizada e a diatomita, que possuem basicamente s?lica amorfa hidratada na estrutura. A s?lica apresenta-se sob tr?s formas cristalinas: Quartzo, tridimita e cristobalita. De acordo com as considera??es citadas, este estudo foi divido em duas etapas, a primeira etapa corresponde ? obten??o do filtro e a segunda parte a realiza??o dos ensaios no efluente/filtro, tendo em vista verificar a efici?ncia da remo??o da cor. Primeiramente, a mat?ria-prima foi submetida a uma an?lise qu?mica e de DRX, em seguida a diatomita foi misturada, via ?mido, em um moinho planet?rio com 20 %, 40 %, 60 % e 80 % de cinza de casca de arroz. Foi adicionada a mistura 5 % de carboximetilcelulose (CMC) como ligante a temperatura ambiente. Os corpos de prova foram compactados uniaxialmente em matriz met?lica de 0,3 x 0,1 cm? de ?rea a uma press?o de 167 MPa atrav?s de prensa hidr?ulica e posteriormente sinterizados em temperaturas de 1.000?C, 1.200?C e 1.400?C por 1 h e submetidos a ensaios de granulometria a laser, retra??o linear, absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, resist?ncia ? flex?o, DTA, DTG e DRX. Para analisar a estrutura de poros das amostras foi utilizado um microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura (MEV) e foi realizados ensaios em um poros?metro de merc?rio para verificar o tamanho m?dio dos poros e densidade real das amostras. Na segunda etapa, foi feito a coleta das amostras do efluente de uma empresa, cujo nome ser? preservado, alocada em Igap? RN. O efluente sofreu um pr?-tratamento antes da filtra??o sendo assim submetido a um tratamento de flota??o. O efluente foi ent?o caracterizado antes e depois da filtra??o, com par?metros de cor, turbidez, s?lidos suspensos, pH, demanda qu?mica e bioqu?mica de oxig?nio (DQO e DBO). Assim, atrav?s da analise de DRX, foi observado forma??o de cristobalita α em todas as amostras. O melhor tamanho m?dio de poro encontrado foi de 1,75 μm com porosidade aparente foi 61,04 %, obtendo assim uma remo??o de cor m?dia de 97,9 % e remo??o de s?lido suspensos de 99,8 %

Dans le cadre des communications numériques sans fil, la vitesse d’échange de données est plus que jamais une caractéristique critique du système. Une augmentation du débit est donc nécessaire pour le développement de nouvelles applications, comme le «Wireless HD» qui doit rendre possible la transmission sans fil de gros volumes de données, telles que de la vidéo «non-compressée» à haute définition, à très haut débit (1-2 Gbps). La bande de fréquence centrée à 60 GHz semble être une solution préférentielle pour répondre à un tel besoin de par sa bande de fréquence disponible (9 GHz). Pour cela, il est nécessaire de disposer de technologies performantes pour l’intégration de systèmes d’émission réception (front-ends) millimétriques pour ces communications à très haut débit. L’objectif de cette thèse est de participer à la réalisation d’un système antennaire très directif à 60 GHz par la conception combinée d’une antenne et d’un filtre, et l’intégration de cette fonction grâce à un même procédé technologique. La conception et l’intégration combinées de l’antenne et du filtre participeront à améliorer le rendement global du sous-système destiné à des applications très haut débit à 60 GHz. Cette thèse, intitulée «Conception de fonctions combinées filtre-antenne pour les communications haut débit à 60 GHz», a été réalisée au sein du laboratoire XLIM, en collaboration avec le SPCTS pour les aspects technologiques, dans le cadre d’un projet régional. / The 60 GHz unlicensed spectrum between 57 and 66 GHz has received a lot of attention over the last years for enabling short-range and over 1-Gbps high-speed wireless communications. In addition to the high-data rates that can be accomplished in this spectrum, many other benefits such as high security communications are foreseen. In general, this frequency band is destined to low power and short range fixed or mobile applications. To benefit from high-speed within a compact device, it is required to realize a subsystem combining a directional antenna and a multiplexer with the same technological process. The 3D ceramic stereo lithography process has been selected to ensure the dimensional accuracy and limit the inevitable dispersions. This thesis contributes to achieve directional antennas at 60GHz by a combined antenna design and filter, and perform this function in the same technology the 3D ceramic stereo lithography process when connecting the filter with the antenna. Therefore, the first challenge is to design and to manufacture the primary feed of the directive antenna and the channel filters using the 3D ceramic process. The second challenge is to combine the primary feed and the 4 channel filters to form a single object. The filter-antenna subsystem allows to have a directivity of approximately 14 dBi. Therefore, the radiation of the horn antenna remains unchanged over the whole frequency band [57-66]GHz by associating the manifold multiplexer. The filter-antenna subsystem provides a return loss better than 10 dB at each port.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden bruch- und schädigungsmechanische Eigenschaften keramischer Filterwerkstoffe, welche im Rahmen des SFB 920 entwickelt und erforscht werden, bestimmt. Es wurden zwei verschiedene Werkstoffsysteme - Aluminiumoxid und kohlenstoffgebundenes Alumniumoxid - mit entwickelten Miniaturprüfmethoden bei Prüftemperaturen bis 1500°C untersucht. Mit Hilfe des Ball-On-Three-Balls-Tests (B3B) wurde die biaxiale Festigkeit in Abhängigkeit der Prüftemperatur bestimmt. Für die kohlenstoffgebundenen Proben wurde weiterhin der Einfluss der Verkokungstemperatur als auch des Kohlenstoffgehalts auf die Festigkeit untersucht. Es konnte ein Festigkeitsmaximum ermittelt werden, wenn die Prüftemperatur der Verkokungstemperatur entspricht. Die schädigungsmechanischen Materialparameter des duktilen Verformungs- und Versagensverhalten beider Werkstoffe bei 1500°C wurden mit Hilfe von numerischen Simulationen des B3B identifiziert. Die Bestimmung der bruchmechanischen Kennwerte erfolgte mit einem Vier-Punkt-Biegeversuchsaufbaus mit Chevron-gekerbten Proben (CNB-Versuch). Numerische Untersuchungen dienten zur Bestätigung der Versuchsergebnisse und Bestimmung der Form der Rissfront sowie Risswachstum während des Versuches. / In the present work, fracture and damage mechanical properties of ceramic filter materials, which are developed and investigated within the framework of the CRC 920, are determined. Two different material systems - alumina and carbon-bonded alumina - are investigated using miniaturized test methods at temperatures up to 1500°C. The biaxial strength at different temperatures is determined using the Ball-On-Three-Balls-Test (B3B). The strength of carbon-bonded specimens is dependent on the coking temperature and the carbon content. A maximum strength can be obtained if the testing temperature equals the coking temperature. The damage-mechanical material parameters in order to describe the ductile deformation and failure behaviour of both materials at 1500°C are identified with the help of numerical simulations. The determination of fracture-mechanical properties are carried out with a four-point bending test setup with chevron-notched specimens (CNB). Numerical investigations are used to validate the test results and to simulate the shape of the crack front and crack growth during the experiment.