No description available.

No description available.

Brown impasto is a fine, commonly burnished ceramic ware in use during the Orientalizing period in South Etruria. In previous scholarship, it has only been described, and understood mainly from funerary contexts. This thesis sets out to unravel the performance and use of the ware, targeting a local understanding at San Giovenale, the settlement whose published brown impasto assemblage is arguably the largest. A statistical approach is applied within a framework of behavioural archaeology in order to understand why brown impasto technology and use changed over time and between use contexts. To elucidate patterns of change clearly, the analysis is carried out on three different scales: from side-wide, to context-specific, to artefact-specific levels. The results expose the complexity of the published material but open up brown impasto to new interpretations. Aware of the caveats of San Giovenale’s recorded archaeology, the thesis suggests ways forward to test the validity of the new findings made. / Brun impasto är ett keramiskt fingods som användes under Södra Etruriens Orientaliserande period. Godset har enbart beskrivits i tidigare forskning, dessutom endast i gravsammanhang. Den här uppsatsen reder ut dess materialegenskaper och användningsområden i boplatskontexten av San Giovenale, vars utgrävda mängd brun impasto bör ses vara större än andra undersökta Etruskiska boplatser. En statistisk analys inom ramarna av Michael Schiffers beteendearkeologi har tillämpats för att närma sig en förståelse om varför brun impasto-teknologi och dess användning förändrades med tiden och emellan de utrymmen godset användes i. För att tydligt påvisa förändringsmönster har analysen delats in i tre olika steg: ett allmänt, ett kontextspecifikt, och inom det senare, ett föremålsspecifikt. Resultaten belyser problematiken med det undersökta materialet men öppnar brun impasto för nya tolkningar. Med den stundtals bristfälliga dokumentationen av San Giovenale-materialet i åtanke, föreslår uppsatsen framtida forskningsriktningar att validera de gjorda upptäckterna med.

Situé à la jonction des temps historiques, l’âge du fer à Taïwan est considéré comme une période charnière essentielle pour comprendre l’origine et l’histoire des peuples aborigènes. C’est dans cette perspective que cette thèse aborde la question de l’âge du fer dans le Nord-Est et le Nord de Taïwan à travers une étude des filiations entre les traditions céramiques des différentes périodes et provinces. Les traditions du Nord-Est de Taïwan ont été étudiées à partir du matériel céramique du site de Chiwulan, localisé dans la plaine d’Ilan, fouillé en 2001-2003. Le site comprend deux couches culturelles : la couche inférieure, datée de 650 à 1150 EC et la couche supérieure, datée de 1350 à 1850 EC. Les assemblages céramiques ont été étudiés selon les principes de l’approche technologique. Basée sur le concept de « chaîne opératoire », les traditions céramiques ont été caractérisées à partir d’une classification en groupes techniques pétrographiques et morpho-stylistiques. Nos résultats montrent que dans la plaine d’Ilan, aux deux périodes de l’âge du fer, les traditions céramiques étaient semblables et témoignent d’une occupation continue par le même groupe culturel. Les données céramiques de Chiwulan ont été ensuite comparées aux données régionales (la plaine d’Ilan) et macro-régionales (la Côte Nord et le bassin de Taipei). Il ressort qu’à l’âge du fer ancien, il est possible d’envisager une origine commune entre les groupes culturels du Nord et du Nord-Est. L’antériorité des groupes du Nord plaide en faveur de leur expansion vers le Nord-Est. A l’âge du fer récent, un mouvement inverse pourrait se produire avec une expansion des groupes de la plaine d’Ilan vers le Nord. La ressemblance de la culture matérielle des groupes culturels aborigènes du Nord et du Nord-Est avec celle de l’âge du fer récent, en contraste avec la distinction linguistique et ethnique entre ces groupes, suggère à la fois une continuité avec les peuples de l’âge du fer récent et un phénomène tardif d’ethnogenèse à mettre peut-être en relation avec l’introduction de la métallurgie. / Situated at the junction of historic times, Taiwan’s Iron Age is considered the key to understanding the origin and history of the island’s aboriginal peoples. With this perspective, this thesis focuses on the Iron Age in Northeast and North Taiwan through a research into the affiliations among ceramic traditions from different periods and areas. To investigate the ceramic traditions of northeastern Taiwan, we used artifacts unearthed at the Chiwulan site in the Ilan Plain. This site, excavated during 2001-2003, includes two culture layers: the bottom layer dated from 650 to 1150 A.D. and the top layer from 1350 to 1850 A.D. Study of the ceramic assemblages was guided by the principles of the technological approach. In accordance with the concept of « chaîne opératoire », artifacts were identified and classified sequentially according to their technical, petrographic, and morpho-stylistique characteristics. Our results show that there is a remarkable affinity between early and late Iron-Age ceramics, implying a continued occupation by the same culture group. We then compared the Chiwulan data with regional data (from other sites in the Ilan Plain) and macroregional ones (from sites in North Coast and the Taipei Basin). What we found seems to support the idea that, in the early Iron Age, culture groups in the North and Northeast shared a common origin. Early settlers in the North seem to have advanced into the Northeast. Then in the late Iron Age, a reverse movement could have occurred with settlers from the Ilan Plain expanding upwards to the North. There also existed in the late Iron Age a similarity in the material culture of the northern and northeastern aborigines, whose recent descendants, though ethnically and linguistically diverse and distinct from each other, again demonstrated such an affinity in their material culture, suggesting filiation and continuation of Iron-Age culture. There was also a phenomenon of ethnogenesis. The evolution of new ethnic groups later on might have been related to the introduction of metallurgy.

No description available.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa em arqueologia que busca discutir o processo de ocupação humana no passado pré-colonial de uma área genericamente conhecida como Amazônia Central. Mais precisamente estamos tratando de evidências arqueológicas das proximidades da foz dos rios Negro e Solimões e do baixo rio Madeira, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Nosso objetivo se foca principalmente nas ocupações da era Cristã. A discussão é guiada pelas evidências de um período de ocupação classificado como fase Paredão, porém, o objetivo maior do trabalho é entender os processos que levaram ao surgimento, desenvolvimento e decadência das chefias regionais do período pré-colonial da Amazônia. Com base em pesquisas de levantamento, mapeamento e escavação de sítios arqueológicos nestas duas áreas e com o subsídio de um grande volume de pesquisas produzidas no Projeto Amazônia Central, buscamos entender o processo de formação dos sítios e estruturas arqueológicas, as particularidades de cada momento de ocupação e a interação entre os antigos habitantes desta região. Para lançar luz sobre um objetivo maior de entender processos regionais amplos, partimos de estudos intra-sítio e da tecnologia de produção de artefatos com análises tecnológicas e espaciais pormenorizadas. Amparados pelos resultados destas análises, buscamos dialogar com outros contextos onde os dados arqueológicos são ainda exploratórios. Com estas ferramentas tentaremos dialogar com trabalhos de outras regiões da Amazônia que versam sobre, densidade populacional, forma de assentamento, sistemas de assentamentos, conflito, disputa territorial, significado da variabilidade artefatual e modo de subsistência. Ao final saímos com algumas propostas alternativas para interpretar o significado da variabilidade tecnológica da cerâmica, da disputa por território, importância da agricultura e complexidade política por volta do ano 1000 DC. / This work presents the results of archaeological research aimed at debating the process of human occupation in the pre-Columbian past in an area generally referred to as the Central Amazon. More specifically, it contemplates archaeological evidence from the environs of the mouth of the Rivers Negro and Solimões (Amazon) as well as the lower Madeira, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Our principal focus is upon occupations of the Christian Era; the discussion is guided by evidence from a period of occupation defined as the Paredão phase. The greater aim of the work, however, is to understand processes that led to the emergence, development and decline of regional chiefdoms of the pre-colonial period in Amazonia. We seek to understand site and archaeological structure formation processes, the specificities of each moment of occupation and the interaction between peoples who lived in these areas based on survey, mapping and excavation of archaeological sites and upon a substantial volume of research conducted by members of the Central Amazon Project. Technological and detailed spatial analyses allowed us to study artefact production technology and intra-site contexts respectively, enabling us in turn to shed light on a larger question, involving wider regional processes. We then compared and contrasted the results of these analyses with other contexts, where archaeological research is still in an exploratory phase. These data and methods have permitted us to contribute to debates involving other areas of Amazonia, which contemplate demographic density, settlement patterns, settlement systems, conflict, territorial disputes, the meaning of artefact variability and modes of subsistence. This work has led us to formulate alternative proposals for interpreting the meaning of the technological variability of ceramic artefacts, territorial disputes, the importance of agriculture and political complexity around the year 1000AD.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa em arqueologia que busca discutir o processo de ocupação humana no passado pré-colonial de uma área genericamente conhecida como Amazônia Central. Mais precisamente estamos tratando de evidências arqueológicas das proximidades da foz dos rios Negro e Solimões e do baixo rio Madeira, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Nosso objetivo se foca principalmente nas ocupações da era Cristã. A discussão é guiada pelas evidências de um período de ocupação classificado como fase Paredão, porém, o objetivo maior do trabalho é entender os processos que levaram ao surgimento, desenvolvimento e decadência das chefias regionais do período pré-colonial da Amazônia. Com base em pesquisas de levantamento, mapeamento e escavação de sítios arqueológicos nestas duas áreas e com o subsídio de um grande volume de pesquisas produzidas no Projeto Amazônia Central, buscamos entender o processo de formação dos sítios e estruturas arqueológicas, as particularidades de cada momento de ocupação e a interação entre os antigos habitantes desta região. Para lançar luz sobre um objetivo maior de entender processos regionais amplos, partimos de estudos intra-sítio e da tecnologia de produção de artefatos com análises tecnológicas e espaciais pormenorizadas. Amparados pelos resultados destas análises, buscamos dialogar com outros contextos onde os dados arqueológicos são ainda exploratórios. Com estas ferramentas tentaremos dialogar com trabalhos de outras regiões da Amazônia que versam sobre, densidade populacional, forma de assentamento, sistemas de assentamentos, conflito, disputa territorial, significado da variabilidade artefatual e modo de subsistência. Ao final saímos com algumas propostas alternativas para interpretar o significado da variabilidade tecnológica da cerâmica, da disputa por território, importância da agricultura e complexidade política por volta do ano 1000 DC. / This work presents the results of archaeological research aimed at debating the process of human occupation in the pre-Columbian past in an area generally referred to as the Central Amazon. More specifically, it contemplates archaeological evidence from the environs of the mouth of the Rivers Negro and Solimões (Amazon) as well as the lower Madeira, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Our principal focus is upon occupations of the Christian Era; the discussion is guided by evidence from a period of occupation defined as the Paredão phase. The greater aim of the work, however, is to understand processes that led to the emergence, development and decline of regional chiefdoms of the pre-colonial period in Amazonia. We seek to understand site and archaeological structure formation processes, the specificities of each moment of occupation and the interaction between peoples who lived in these areas based on survey, mapping and excavation of archaeological sites and upon a substantial volume of research conducted by members of the Central Amazon Project. Technological and detailed spatial analyses allowed us to study artefact production technology and intra-site contexts respectively, enabling us in turn to shed light on a larger question, involving wider regional processes. We then compared and contrasted the results of these analyses with other contexts, where archaeological research is still in an exploratory phase. These data and methods have permitted us to contribute to debates involving other areas of Amazonia, which contemplate demographic density, settlement patterns, settlement systems, conflict, territorial disputes, the meaning of artefact variability and modes of subsistence. This work has led us to formulate alternative proposals for interpreting the meaning of the technological variability of ceramic artefacts, territorial disputes, the importance of agriculture and political complexity around the year 1000AD.

No description available.

Depuis les années 1970, les imposantes structures fortifiées de la vallée du fleuve Cuyes, -située au sud de l'Équateur, à la frontière entre les Andes et l’Amazonie correspondant à la province de Morona Santiago-, ont attiré l'attention des anthropologues et archéologues : ces constructions ont-elles été bâties et occupées par des populations andines ? amazoniennes ? à quelle époque et dans quel contexte ? La thèse vise à alimenter la discussion grâce à l’application d'une méthodologie d’analyse de la céramique ancienne tout à fait novatrice pour l’archéologie de la région, basée sur le concept de chaîne opératoire et une lecture anthropologique du matériel. / Since the 1970’s, the impressive fortified structures of the Cuyes river valley -located in the south of Ecuador, at the border between the Andes and the Amazonian lowlands-, have caught the interest of anthropologists and archaeologists: were these structures built and inhabited by Andean populations? Amazonian? when and in what kind of context? The dissertation aims at bringing new data to the debate through the use of a methodology of analysis of ancient ceramics totally new for the archaeology of the region, based on the concept of “chaîne opératoire” and on an anthropological interpretation of the material.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / As cerâmicas piesoelétricas estudadas neste trabalho (Pb1,03Zr0,53Ti0,47O3, Pb1,03Zr0,525Nb0,05Ti0,465Fe0,005O3, Pb1,03Zr0,515Nb0,015Ti0,465Fe0,005O3, Pb1,03Zr0,525Nb0,005Ti0,455Fe0,015O3 e Pb1,03Zr0,515Nb0,015Ti0,455Fe0,015O3) foram sinterizadas a 1200oC e 1250oC por 3,5 h a fim de que suas propriedades piesoelétricas fossem investigadas. Nas composições dos PZT obtidas, a matriz e os dopantes empregaram óxidos como matérias primas. As misturas dos óxidos precursores foram calcinadas a 850oC por 3,5 h para obtenção da fase PZT. Os precursores, os pós e os corpos de prova de PZT foram caracterizados quanto às microestruturas, densidades e propriedades físicas. Após a conformação dos pós e a sinterização, os materiais cerâmicos foram polarizados para caracterização de suas propriedades piesoelétricas através de um impedancímetro na faixa de freqüência de 100 KHz a 200 KHz. Os resultados de dispersão de laser dos precursores revelaram aglomeração do óxido de chumbo e óxido de zircônio. As composições calcinadas apresentaram tamanho de partícula na faixa de 0,44 μm a 0,63 μm. As análises de densidade por método de Arquimedes indicaram uma boa densificação dos corpos de prova sinterizados e pouca influência da temperatura de sinterização com uma escala de valores de 95,73 a 97,65% da densidade teórica. As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram que os sinterizados contendo concentrações diferentes de dopantes exibem uma correlação do tipo e teor de dopante com a natureza da fratura, sendo transgranular, quando dopante ferro for predominante e intergranular, quando o dopante Nb for predominante. Também, o aumento da temperatura de sinterização resultou em fratura transgranular independente do tipo e da concentração de dopante, exceto para baixo teor de dopante da composição equimolar, cujos resultados não foram consistentes com a literatura sobre o material. No que diz respeito às propriedades piesoelétricas, revelou-se que a combinação da variação da composição com a temperatura foi favorável para o aumento dos valores da constante dielétrica da formulação equimolar com maior percentual de dopantes. Já o efeito da temperatura com a composição surtiu um efeito muito negativo para os valores de fator de qualidade mecânica da formulação dopada com mais ferro. Para os valores de constante de freqüência da formulação com maior percentagem de nióbio, o efeito da temperatura com a composição gerou um efeito positivo. / The piezoelectric ceramics studied in this work, Pb1.03Zr0.53Ti0.47O3, Pb1.03Zr0.525Nb0.05Ti0.465Fe0.005O3, Pb1.03Zr0.515Nb0.015Ti0.465Fe0.005O3, Pb1.03Zr0.525Nb0.005Ti0.455Fe0.015O3 and Pb1.03Zr0.515Nb0.015Ti0.455Fe0.015O3, were all of them sintered between 1200oC and 1250oC for 3.5h. After that, their piezoelectric properties were investigated. In the present work, oxides were used as raw material in both, matrices and dopants. The mixture of the precursor oxides were calcinaned at 850oC during 3.5h for obtaining the PZT phase. The precursor oxides, the powders and the PZT samples went through characterization tests in order to have their microstructures, densities and physical properties correctly determined. After the powders had been conformed and performed the sinterization process, the PZT ceramics were polarized and their piezoelectric properties determined by using an impedancemeter working in the frequency from 100 KHz to 200 KHz. The obtained results from laser dispersion had revealed agglomeration of lead and zirconium oxide. The calcined samples presented particle sizes from 0.44 μm to 0.63 μm. The density analyses using the Archimedes method indicated a good densification of the sintered samples and a weak influence of the sintering temperature on the obtained density values, whose values ranged from 95.73 to 97.65 % of the theoretical density value. Analysis performed using the scanning electron microscopy technique (MEV) revealed that the sintered samples had showed a correlation between the type and concentration of the dopant with their fracture mode, which were transgranular when Fe prevails over the Nb as dopant, and intergranular, when is the Nb that prevails over the Fe as dopant. By the other side, from increasing the sintering temperature resulted transgranular fractures, independently of which type and content of dopant had been used, except for the equimolar case with relatively low content of dopant, whose results were not consistent with the literature related to this material. About the piezoelectric properties, the results had showed that the combination of the dopant composition with the sintering temperature had brought better values of dielectric constant for the equimolar formulation with more content of dopant. Relating to the mechanical quality factor, from the combination of the dopant composition with the sintering temperature had decreased the factor when Fe prevails over Nb and increased the frequency factor when is the Nb that prevails over the Fe.