農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamojo darbo tyrimų tikslas buvo ištirti cukrinių runkelių ligotumą, nustatyti grybinių lapų ligų paplitimą ir žalingumą cukriniuose runkeliuose bei nustatyti apsaugos priemonių, mažinančių ligų plitimą efektyvumą. Lauko eksperimentas buvo atliktas 2012 m. Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro (LAMMC) Rumokų bandymų stotyje. Dirvožemis sekliai glėjiškas paprastasis išplautžemis (Haplic-Epihypogleyic Luvisol – Idg8-p). Darbo objektas - cukrinių runkelių (Beta vulgaris saccharifera) grybinės lapų ligos. Darbo metodai: Cukrinių runkelių lapų ligotumo, fungicidų biologinio efektyvumo, ligų žalingumo matavimai nustatyti tiesioginio matavimo, skaičiavimo ar svėrimo būdu pagal priimtas lauko eksperimento vykdymo metodikas (Šurkus, Gaurilčikienė, 2002). Tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti vieno veiksnio arba dviejų veiksnių kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės metodais, taikant kompiuterinę programą ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Darbo rezultatai: Tyrimų metais cukriniuose runkeliuose labiausiai plito cukrinių runkelių rudmargė ir baltuliai, kurių pažeidimo intensyvumas atitinkamai siekė 11,91 ir 1,81 proc. Didžiausias biologinis fungicido efektyvumas nuo cukrinių runkelių rudmargės nustatytas laukeliuose, kuriuose vieną ir du kartus buvo naudojamas fungicidas Maredo (vienkartinio purškimo norma 1,0 l ha-1, dukartinio - 0,75 l ha-1). Jo biologinis efektyvumas atitinkamai siekė 65,79 – 92,06 proc. ir 86,39 – 94,19 proc. Didžiausias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of Master thesis research was to investigate the intensity of sugar beet diseases, determine the fungal disease prevalence and harmfulness of sugar beets, and determine the effect of chemical plant control against sugar beet diseases.The research was made in the Rumokai Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2012. The soil type – Haplic-Epihypogleyic Luvisol – Idg8-p. Object of the research – sugar beet (Beta vulgaris saccharifera) fungal leaf diseases. Working methods: biological effectiveness of fungicides and disease harmfulness measurements were determined while using direct measurements, calculations or weighing according field experimental techniques (Šurkus, Gaurilčikienė, 2002). Research data have been statistically evaluated with a single factor or two factor analysis of variance of quantitative methods of evidence, using a computer program ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Research results: The most effective fungicide against Cercospora leaf spot disease in the once and twice treatment field of sugar beet plants was Maredo (once treatment rate 1,0 l ha-1, twice treatment rate 0,75 l ha-1). Its efficiency was highest and reached 65,79 – 92,06 % and 86,39 – 94,19 %. The most effective fungicideagainst Ramularia leaf spot disease in the once and twice treatment field of sugar beet plants was also Maredo. Its efficiency reached 75,41 – 93,52 % and 82,76 – 93,89 %. The highest significant root... [to full text]

Many applications of remote sensing in agriculture have been developed since 60 years but mostly since the launch of Landsat 1 in 1972. With time, improvements in spatial, spectral and temporal resolution have been made and generated a resurgence of remote sensing popularity. Combined with agricultural systems modelling, remote sensing data such as weather radar measurements can help to obtain an accurate tool in real-time for agricultural decision-makers. Indeed, precipitation and relative humidity (RH) could become available for the agricultural decision-makers using the McGill Doppler S-band radar. At present, precipitation measurements are available with a spatial resolution of 1 km up to a range of 240 km and RH data could be available with a resolution of a few kilometres up to a range of 40 km. Both weather variables could be available with a time scale of 5 min if requested. These measurements would compensate for the actual lack of a dense weather station network prevailing in southern Quebec. / So far, the reliability of weather radar measurements has been tested by the scientific community for precipitation data but has never been tested for the RH data. In this study, a comparison between RH measured at three weather stations and RH calculated from weather radar measurements was made using consecutive time interval of 240 hours in 1997 and 336 hours in 1998. A valid t-test designed for simple linear regression analysis with two time series as dependent and explanatory variable, and based on the first-difference ratios (FDR) of the time series clearly showed that RH calculated from radar measurements is comparable to the one measured at weather stations. Thereafter, the possibility of integrating weather radar measurements (precipitation and RH) in a geographic information system (GIS) to map the variability of a crop disease was verified. Results indicated the potential of weather radar measurements in agriculture.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Brasil à o segundo maior produtor mundial de soja, destacando-se por sua multiplicidade de uso. Entretanto, perdas na produtividade de seus grÃos em campo sÃo ainda considerÃveis, particularmente oriundas das doenÃas causadas por fungos. Diante desse obstÃculo, emerge a necessidade de busca de molÃculas naturais capazes de inibir o progresso dessas doenÃas, sem causar impactos ambientais. Dentre as molÃculas presentes na soja, com potencial de uso para essa finalidade, destaca-se a toxina da soja (SBTX), uma proteÃna isolada de sementes, composta por duas subunidades (17 e 27 kDa) e ativa contra fungos fitopatogÃnicos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos verificar a localizaÃÃo tecidual da SBTX em cotilÃdones de sementes maduras, bem como avaliar seu perfil de expressÃo gÃnica ao longo do desenvolvimento da soja e, tambÃm, em resposta ao tratamento com elicitores de defesa vegetal. Sementes de soja foram cultivadas em casa de vegetaÃÃo e, ao longo do desenvolvimento da planta, diferentes tecidos vegetais coletados. Em adiÃÃo, folhas primÃrias da soja foram tratadas com Ãcido salicÃlico (AS) ou inoculadas com esporos do fungo Cercospora kikuchii (CK) e coletadas em diferentes tempos apÃs os tratamentos. Iniciadores foram desenhados com base nas sequÃncias NH2-terminal das subunidades de SBTX e a expressÃo gÃnica foi avaliada pela tÃcnica de RT-PCR quantitativa. A localizaÃÃo de SBTX em sementes foi avaliada por imunohistoquÃmica, usando anti-SBTX. Transcritos dos genes SBTX17 e SBTX27 foram detectados em todos os tecidos vegetais coletados, porÃm seus nÃveis de expressÃo foram diferenciados. NÃveis mais elevados de transcritos para ambas as subunidades da SBTX foram detectados em sementes maduras, cotilÃdones e folhas unifoliadas. Nos cotilÃdones, SBTX foi encontrada na epiderme. InduÃÃo da expressÃo de transcritos da SBTX ocorreu em ambos os tratamentos, porÃm essa resposta se manifestou mais rÃpida (a partir de 6 h) com CK ao invÃs de AS (a partir de 12 h). Praticamente, em todas as anÃlises, transcritos do gene SBTX27 prevaleceram em relaÃÃo Ãqueles do SBTX17. A presenÃa constitutiva e ubÃqua de transcritos dos genes da SBTX ao longo do desenvolvimento da planta, a induÃÃo da expressÃo desses genes por elicitores de resposta de defesa e a localizaÃÃo da toxina na superfÃcie dos cotilÃdones validam o papel de defesa atribuÃdo a SBTX, suscitando a possibilidade de uso dessa proteÃna na produÃÃo de soja resistente ao ataque de fungos de relevÃncia agronÃmica. / Brazil is the second major global soybean producer, whose magnitude is due to its use multiples. However, losses in productivity of soybean grains in the field are still significant, especially those caused by pathogenic fungi. In view of this obstacle, it is important to search natural molecules able to inhibiting the progress of fungal diseases in an environmental friendly practice. Among the soybean molecules which could be used for this purpose, the soybean toxin (SBTX) stands out. SBTX is a protein composed of two subunits (17 and 27 kDa) isolated from seeds with in vitro activity against phytopathogenic fungi. The present study aimed to verify the SBTX tissue localization in soybean seed cotyledons, as well as to evaluate the gene expression profile of two SBTX subunits, both in different stages of plant development and in response to treatment with plant defense elicitors. Soybean seeds were grown in a greenhouse and plant tissues harvested at different days. In addition, soybean primary leaves were treated with salicylic acid (SA) or inoculated with the Cercospora kikuchiii (CK) spores and harvested at different times after the treatments. Based on the N-terminal sequences of the SBTX subunits, primers were designed and their gene expression evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR technique. SBTX tissue localization was performed by immunohistochemistry using anti-SBTX. Transcripts for both SBTX subunits were detected in all plant tissues, predominantly in cotyledons and unifoliate leaves in the early stages of their development, as well as in mature seeds. SBTX was found in the epidermis of the cotyledons. Transcripts were detected for both genes SBTX17 e SBTX27 in all tissues collected, but their expression levels were different. The highest transcript levels for both SBTX subunits were found in mature seeds, cotyledons and unifoliate leaves. In cotyledons, SBTX was found in the epidermis. Leaves treated with elicitors showed induction of the corresponding 17 and 27 kDa subunit transcripts, however this response was earlier in the CK treatment (from 6 h) compared to AS treatment (from 12 h). In almost all analyses, the highest transcript levels were found for the 27 kDa subunit. The ubiquitous and constitutive gene expression during plant development, the induction of gene expression by defense response elicitors and the localization on the surface of cotyledons support the role of SBTX in plant defense and its use to produce fungal-resistant transgenic soybean plants.

No description available.

<p>  </p> <p>Protecting crops from disease requires continuous research because plant pathogen incidence, geographical range, and pathogenicity, are constantly shifting variables as agronomic practices and climate continue to evolve. The objectives of this research are to i.) evaluate field-scale fungicide timing programs for corn (<em>Zea mays L.</em>) diseases at multiple locations in Indiana; ii.) evaluate field-scale fungicide timing programs for soybean (<em>Glycine Max</em> (L.) Merr.) diseases at multiple locations in Indiana; iii.) continue to identify, document, and confirm the distribution of populations of the soybean frogeye leaf spot pathogen (<em>Cercospora sojina)</em> that contain the G143A mutation conferring resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides in Indiana; and iv.) assess the incidence, severity, and prevalence of tar spot (<em>Phyllachora maydis</em>) in Indiana. For the first and second objectives, field scale trials were established at three locations in Indiana from 2019 to 2022. No application timings at any location provided significant yield protection for corn or soybeans. To achieve the third objective, 165 isolates of <em>C. Sojina </em>were tested. In total, 24 out of the 32 counties sampled in 2021 and 2022 were documented with QoI-resistance. The fourth objective was accomplished by surveying Indiana counties for incidence and severity of tar spot. As of 2022, 86 out of 92 Indiana counties have been confirmed for the presence of tar spot.</p>