Šis darbas nagrinėja naujas, lanksčias energijos efektyvumą skatinančias priemones, kurios paremtos rinką imituojančiais mechanizmais. Baltieji sertifikatai yra visiškai naujas mechanizmas, gyvuojantis tik nedaugelyje šalių. Energijos efektyvumo skatinimas yra tiesiogiai susijęs su ekologija, aplinkosauga, todėl priemonių skatinančių taupyti ir efektyviai naudoti energiją labai trūksta ir jų įvedimas į rinką yra labai aktualus. / This job deals with modeling the effects of introducing a market-based tool for improving end-users’ efficiency in an energy market which is already regulated through a cap-and-trade system for green house gas emissions and a quota system meant to improve competitiveness of energy produced using renewable resources. Our results show that the regulation of energy demand achieves its underlying objects of energy savings and energy efficiency solely at the expense of other goals such as the environmental efficiency of energy production. In our model, the implementation of a market for White Certificates (WCTS) causes energy producers’ investment in abatement to decrease along with the price for Brown Certificates and the amount of renewable energy demanded. Once we turn to the currently more empirically relevant case of integrating endusers only partially into WCTS, the unregulated group compensates in parts for the decrease in demand of the regulated group, due to an indirect price effect. As both supply and demand side of the market are regulated, this special set of regulations applied can, therefore, be compared to the grip of printers embracing the entire market, leaving some of it virtually scarred. Consequently, we intended to search for alternative policy measures, which are able to achieve an increase in endusers’ energy efficiency without the negative side-effects witnessed in case of a WCTS. In our model a subsidized reduction in the price for households’ investment... [to full text]

Desde os anos 1980, o governo brasileiro vem realizando ações no sentido de promover a eficiência energética, seguindo a tendência mundial de se poupar energia, enfatizada após os dois choques do petróleo. No âmbito do segmento de energia elétrica, as ações de conservação de energia levaram à criação do PROCEL, em 1985. Nessa mesma linha, nos anos 1990, foi criado o Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE/ANEEL). Desde então, este Programa tem sido a principal fonte de investimentos em projetos de eficiência energética no Brasil. Observa-se, entretanto, que nesta segunda década do novo milênio, o Brasil ainda apresenta níveis muito baixos de redução no consumo de energia elétrica, face aos potenciais por ele exibidos. Neste contexto, esta tese tem o objetivo de propor uma sistemática alternativa ao PEE/ANEEL, de forma a incentivar uma redução mais intensa de consumo de energia elétrica, visando a aproveitar melhor os potenciais existentes e também a reduzir barreiras à implantação de medidas e/ou projetos nessa linha. Para atingir tal objetivo, este trabalho propõe a implantação no país de um sistema denominado White Certificate. Este tipo de sistema se baseia na criação de um mercado para a energia economizada e, sendo assim, pode gerar aumento na atratividade financeira de projetos de eficiência energética. Para tanto, o trabalho partiu da análise de projetos de eficiência energética existentes e potenciais para simular e mensurar o potencial de incremento na atratividade financeira desses projetos, caso existisse a possibilidade de se comercializar a energia economizada. Os resultados indicam que a sistemática proposta mostrou-se um instrumento de incentivo eficaz, capaz de gerar um incremento significativo na atratividade financeira desses projetos, contribuindo para que mais agentes se interessem em promover e perseguir a eficiência energética no país. / Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has undertaken actions to promote energy efficiency, following the global trend of concern over the issue after the two oil shocks. Within the electricity sector, electricity conservation actions lead to the creation of PROCEL in 1985. In the same vein, in the 1990s, the Energy Efficiency Program (PEE/ ANEEL) was created. Since then, this Program has been the main source of energy efficiency funds in Brazil. It is noted, however, that in this second decade of the new millennium, Brazil still presents quite low levels of reduction in power consumption compared to the potential that the country shows. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an alternative mechanism to the established PEE/ANEEL in order to encourage a more intense reduction of energy consumption. The proposed mechanism also aims at making better use of the existing potential for energy efficiency and at reducing the barriers to the implementation of measures and / or projects in this line. To achieve this goal, this work proposes the implementation in the country of a mechanism called White Certificates in which it is created a market for energy savings, in order to increase the financial attractiveness of energy efficiency projects. The research departures from the analysis of energy efficiency projects existing and potential ones and simulates the potential increase in financial attractiveness of these projects, if there were the possibility of trading the energy saved. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism can generate a significant increase in financial gains of these projects, attracting more agents interested in pursuing and investing in energy efficiency projects in the country.

O objetivo da tese é descrever uma coorte de nascidos vivos e os óbitos neonatais dela derivados e estimar as probabilidades de morte segundo características do recém-nascido, da gestação, do parto e da mãe, bem como das causas de morte. Utilizou-se como fonte de obtenção de dados as Declarações de Nascido Vivo (DN) e de Óbito (DO),documentos básicos dos Sistemas Oficiais de Informação do país. A coorte foi formada por 3225 nascimentos vivos de mães residentes e ocorridos no Munícipio de Santo André, no 1º semestre de 1992. Para a identificação dos óbitos neonatais foi empregada a técnica de \"linkage\", pareando-se as DO com as respectivas DN, obtendo-se 55 óbitos neonatais. A proporção de nascidos vivos de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 6,8 por cento . Obteve-se associação estatisticamente significativa para os nascidos vivos de baixo peso e a presença de gestações de pré-termo, parto normal e cujo nascimento havia ocorrido no hospital público do SUS. Este hospital é referência para as gestações de risco do municipio. Essa associação estava presente também nos recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes e idosas e nos de mães prímiparas ou grandes multíparas. Não se encontrou associação entre o baixo peso ao nascer e sexo, bem como com a variável anotação do nome do pai na DN. Os óbitos concentraram-se no 10 dia de vida (54,5 por cento ).Verificou-se que 94,6 por cento das crianças morreram sem que estas tivessem deixado o hospital após o nascimento. Com relação às causas básicas de morte, as mais frequentes foram as afecções perinatais. A análise das causas múltiplas permitiu uma melhor avaliação da participação da imaturidade/prematuridade e das infecções perinatais no processo que levou a morte. Estas causas estiveram presentes como causa básica ou associada em 63,6 por cento e 25,5 por cento dos óbitos, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco para os óbitos neonatais foram baixo peso ao nascer, gestações de pré-termo e a ausência do registro do nome do pai. Os partos cesareanos foram considerados como fator de confusão para o risco de morte neonatal, o efeito protetor destes partos desapareceu ao se controlar o peso ao nascer. O maior risco de morte encontrado nos nascimentos no hospital público do SUS também deixou de existir ao se controlar a variável peso. Observou-se um risco de morte significativamente maior para os nascidos vivos de baixo peso do sexo masculino que nos do sexo feminino. A categoria de recém-nascidos de baixo peso e de pré-termo apresentou risco de morte 82 vezes maior que os de termo com peso igual ou superior a 2500 gramas. Não se encontrou um risco de morte significativo para os nascidos vivos de mães primíparas ou grandes multíparas e de mães adolescentes ou idosas em relação aos recém-nascidos de mães multíparas e com idade entre 20 e 34 anos. Foram considerados como nascidos vivos de risco os nascimentos de baixo peso. Observou-se um risco de morte significativamente maior por anomalias congênitas e afecções perinatais nos nascimentos de baixo peso que entre aqueles que tinham peso igual ou acima de 2500 gramas. O risco de morte por infecções perinatais foi 94,0 vezes maior nesse grupo de recém-nascidos. Os nascidos vivos de baixo peso do sexo masculino apresentaram uma chance 3,6 vezes mais elevada de morrer por afecções respiratórias que os do sexo feminino deste grupo. Os dados obtidos sugerem que muitos destes óbitos poderiam ter sido evitados se houvesse uma melhor identificação das gestações de risco no pré-natal e fosse assegurada uma adequada atenção ao parto e aos recém-nascidos, bem como indicam que nem todos recém-nascidos de risco receberam os cuidados nescessários após o parto. / A cohort of live births was analysed and the risk of death according to some variables was estimated. The data was obtained from the birth and death certificates. The records were linked, and each death was matched with the birth certificate, in order to identify the neonatal deaths and the survivals of the cohort. It was studied 3,225 live borns of resident mothers of the Santo André Municipality. The births occurred in this area from 01/101/1992 to 06/30/1992. The incidence of low birthweight was 6.8 per cent and the proportion of preterm infants was 5.3 per cent . The low birthweight was associated to the preterm gestation, vaginal deliveries, and to the births which occurred on the SUS public hospital. There was also an association between the low birthweight and the live borns from adolescent and older mothers. The low and high parity were risk factors to the low birthweight. The abscence of notation of the father\'s name on the birth certificate was not associated to the low birthweight. The deaths occurred mainly in the first day of the life (54.5 per cent ) . The data showed that 94.6 per cent of the infant deaths occurred before hospital discharge . The perinatal afections were the leading cause of death. The prematurity/imaturity was assigned as underlying or associated cause in 63.6 per cent of the deaths and the perinatal infections in 25.5 per cent of these deaths. It was found a higher risk of death in low birthweight and preterm newborns and in infants with abscence of the father\'s name on the birth certificate. The cesarean section deliveries showed to be a confounding factor to the neonatal deaths, as well as, the type of the hospital in which the infants were deliveried. The male low birthweight infants presented higher risk of death than the female infants. The low birthweight and preterm babies showed a 82 times higher risk of dying than the normal weight and term infants. The low birthweight newborn showed a higher risk of death from congenital anommalies and perinatal afections. This group of live births, also presented a risk of death from perinatal infections 94.0 times higher than the normal weight babies. The male low birthweigth infants presented 3.6 times higher chance of dying from perinatal respiratory afections than the female newborns of this group. These results suggest that some deaths could be avoided by adequate prenatal, delivery and neonatal care in the maternity wards. The high risk death found in the preterm and very low birth weight infants also suggest that some of these high risk newborns did not had access to neonatal intensive care.

BACKGROUND:Heart failure is sometimes incorrectly listed as the underlying cause of death (UCD) on death certificates, thus compromising the accuracy and comparability of mortality statistics. Statistical redistribution of the UCD has been used to examine the effect of misclassification of the UCD attributed to heart failure, but sex- and race-specific redistribution of deaths on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the United States has not been examined.METHODS:We used coarsened exact matching to infer the UCD of vital records with heart failure as the UCD from 1999 to 2010 for decedents 55years old and older from states encompassing regions under surveillance by the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, and North Carolina). Records with heart failure as the UCD were matched on decedent characteristics (five-year age groups, sex, race, education, year of death, and state) to records with heart failure listed among the multiple causes of death. Each heart failure death was then redistributed to plausible UCDs proportional to the frequency among matched records.RESULTS:After redistribution the proportion of deaths increased for CHD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertensive heart disease, and cardiomyopathy, P<0.001. The percent increase in CHD mortality after redistribution was the highest in Mississippi (12%) and lowest in Maryland (1.6%), with variations by year, race, and sex. Redistribution proportions for CHD were similar to CHD death classification by a panel of expert reviewers in the ARIC study.CONCLUSIONS:Redistribution of ill-defined UCD would improve the accuracy and comparability of mortality statistics used to allocate public health resources and monitor mortality trends.

Mortality statistics are much used although their accuracy is often questioned. Producers of mortality statistics check for errors in death certification but current methods only capture obvious mistakes. This thesis investigates whether non-obvious errors can be found by linking death certificates to hospital discharge data. Data: 69,818 deaths in Sweden 1995. Paper I: Analysing differences between the underlying cause of death from the death certificate (UC) and the main discharge condition from the patient’s last hospitalization (MDC). Paper II: Testing whether differences can be explained by ICD definitions of UC and MDC. Paper III: Surveying methods in 44 current studies on the accuracy of death certificates. Paper IV: Checking death certificates against case summaries for: i) 573 deaths where UC and MDC were the same or the difference could be explained; ii) 562 deaths where the difference could not be explained. Results: In 54% of deaths the MDC differed from the UC. Almost two-thirds of the differences were medically compatible since the MDC might have developed as a complication of the UC. Of 44 recent evaluation studies, only 8 describe the methods in such detail that the study could be replicated. Incompatibility between MDC and UC indicates a four-fold risk that the death certificate is inaccurate. For some diagnostic groups, however, death certificates are often inaccurate even when the UC and MDC are compatible. Conclusion: Producers of official mortality statistics could reduce the number of non-obvious errors in the statistics by collecting additional information on incompatible deaths and on deaths in high-risk diagnostic groups. ICD conventions contribute to the quality problem since they presuppose that all deaths are due to a single underlying cause. However, in an ageing population an increasing number of deaths are due to an accumulation of etiologically unrelated conditions.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper presents the design for secure IP multicasting in an iNet environment using public key cryptography. Morgan State University has been conducting research to improve the telemetry network by improving network performance, implementing IP (Internet Protocol) multicasting and providing a stronger security system for the iNet environment. The present study describes how IP multicasting could be implemented to provide more secure communication in the iNet environment by reducing traffic and optimizing network performance. The multicast of data is closely tied to the key management center for secure applications. This paper develops a means of delivering keys between two or more parties showing a relationship between the multicast network and the Key Management Center (KMC). The KMC is an element of the system which distributes and manages session keys among multicast members. A public key encryption method is used to address the distribution of session keys in the multicast network. The paper will present a system level design of multicast and key management with dual encryption of session keys for the iNet system.

Tiek atskiro žmogaus, tiek ir šalies gyvenime saugumas – pamatinė vertybė, kuri yra neatsiejama bei labai svarbi ir šių dienų informacinių technologijų pasaulyje. Todėl, natūralu, kad informacijos saugumas tampa vis aktualesne problema. Organizacijose vykstančių procesų saugumui užtikrinti kuriami įvairūs saugumo įrankiai, kurie turi užtikrinti vartotojų ar paslaugų identiškumą (autentifikaciją), apsaugoti bendravimo vientisumą, privatumą, apibrėžti kam yra leidžiama kokius veiksmus vykdyti ir informacijos išteklius naudoti (autorizacija) ir kita. GRID sistemos suteikia galimybę naudotis WS (interneto paslaugų) pagrindu ir ne WS pagrindu paremta autentifikacija ir autorizacija GSI (GRID saugumo infrastuktūrai) užtikrinti. Abu metodai yra pagrįsti tokia pačia baze, t.y. paremti X.509 galinės esybės ir proxy sertifikatų standartu, kuris yra naudojamas identifikuojant pastovias esybes, tokias kaip vartotojai ir paslaugos, be to, leidžia priskirti laikinas privilegijas kitoms esybėms. Darbo tikslas – ištirti sertifikatų sistemą, šios sitemos komponentus, kurie yra diegiami į GRID sistemas bei pasiūlyti savo metodus ar modelius, kaip būtų galima pašalinti esamų sistemų saugumo trūkumus. Uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti GRID saugumo infrastruktūros elementus ir suformuluoti egzistuojančias saugumo problemas. 2. Išanalizuoti suformuluotų problemų sprendimo būdus. 3. Remiantis problemų sprendimo būdais, suprojektuoti sertifikatų centro modelį ir proxy sertifikatų valdymo mechanizmą. 4... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Both in the persons and in the country's life security - the underlying value, which in these days is an integral and very important in information technology world. It is therefore natural that information security is becoming increasingly urgent problem. To ensure the safety of organizations processes the various security tools are being developed. They should ensure the identity of users or services (authentication), to protect communication integrity, privacy, to define who is allowed to carry out all activities and information resources to use (authorization) and the other. GRID system provides ability to use the WAS (Web Services) and non-WS based authentication and authorization to ensure the GSI (GRID Security infrastructure). Both methods are based on the same basis - X.509 end entity certificates and proxy certificates standard, which is used to identify end entities such as users and services, in addition, allows to assign privileges to other temporary end entities. The aim of the work – investigate a system of certificates, components of these system, which is introduced into GRID systems and to offer the methods or models how to eliminate security weaknesses in existing systems. The tasks: 1. To analyze the GRID security infrastructure elements and to formulate the existing safety problems. 2. To analyze formulated problem-solving techniques. 3. On the basis of problem-solving techniques to design certificate center model and proxy certificates management... [to full text]

Mobile agent technology presents an attractive alternative to the client-server paradigm for several network and real-time applications. However, for most applications, the lack of a viable agent security model has limited the adoption of the agent paradigm. This thesis presents a security model for mobile agents based on a security infrastructure for Computational Grids, and specifically, on X.509 Proxy Certificates. Proxy Certificates serve as credentials for Grid applications, and their primary purpose is temporary delegation of authority. Exploiting the similarity between Grid applications and mobile agent applications, this thesis motivates the use of Proxy Certificates as credentials for mobile agents. A new extension for Proxy Certificates is proposed in order to make them suited to mobile agent applications, and mechanisms are presented for agent-to-host authentication, restriction of agent privileges, and secure delegation of authority during spawning of new agents. Finally, the implementation of the proposed security mechanisms as modules within a multi-lingual and modular agent infrastructure, the Distributed Agent Delivery System, is discussed.

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Information and Communication Technology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences - Vaal University of Technology / Research has found that learners find it difficult to solve programming problems in a logical way, therefore the failure rate in Programming I is high. The Entry-level Certificate in Information Technology was introduced as an intervention to address this problem. Four aspects were focused on in the Entry-level Certificate in Information Technology, namely English comprehension, academic competency, numerical skills and the problem-solving skills of learners. Basic computer literacy was the common theme used throughout the Information Technology Boot Camp (ITBC) to address the above-mentioned aspects, in order to broaden access to the Vaal University of Technology (VUT). The research indicates that English comprehension is a very important component of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) modules, and that it is important for learners to have an English proficiency level of grade 12 before enroUing for a diploma in I CT. The ICT and numerical skills modules also narrowed the gap between secondary and tertiary education, by equipping the learners with prior knoWJledge that is crucial for being successful in the ICT diploma. To conclude access was broadened to the VUT and the intervention of the ITBC did impact positively on the cognitive functioning of learners.

Os óbitos de mulheres em idade reprodutiva correspondem a 16% do total de óbitos femininos em todo o Brasil, indicando a dificuldade dos serviços de saúde em implementar ações baseadas na atenção integral à saúde da mulher no Sistema Único de Saúde, sob o enfoque ampliado da assistência, incorporando a perspectiva de gênero. Objetivo: analisar óbitos de mulheres em idade reprodutiva, residentes em Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de 2007 a 2009, com ênfase nas causas de morte. Método: foram analisadas 532 Declarações de Óbito (DO) de mulheres de 10 a 49 anos residentes no município de Ribeirão Preto/SP que foram a óbito no período de 2007 a 2009, obtidas por meio do Comitê Municipal de Prevenção da Mortalidade Materna para transcrição integral dos dados. As mortes foram classificadas em maternas declaradas, não maternas e presumíveis. Procedeu-se com a análise dos dados com o software STATA, codificação das causas de acordo com a CID 10 e seleção da causa básica de óbito. Resultados: Os principais grupos de causas de morte foram: neoplasias 137 (26%), doenças do aparelho circulatório 94 (18%), doenças infecciosas e parasitárias 67 (13%) e causas externas 65 (12%). As mortes por causas maternas representaram a antepenúltima causa de óbito. Foram identificadas, após análise dos campos preenchidos na DO, 467 (88%) mortes não maternas, 5 (1%) mortes maternas declaradas e 60 (11%) mortes maternas presumíveis. Conclusão: O padrão de mortalidade do município é semelhante ao do país, apontando a necessidade de incrementar ações nas três esferas de governo voltadas para a saúde da população feminina. Conhecer o perfil de mortalidade de mulheres em idade reprodutiva possibilita a compreensão de suas principais demandas e problemas de saúde oferecendo subsídios para o planejamento de ações focadas em reduzir mortes por causas evitáveis. / The deaths of women in reproductive age represent 16% of all female deaths in Brazil, indicating the difficulty of health services to implement actions based on comprehensive health care of women in the National Health System, under the approach extended care, incorporating a gender perspective. Objective: To analyze deaths of women in reproductive age residing in Ribeirao Preto-SP, in the period of 2007 to 2009, focusing on causes of death. Method: We analyzed 532 Death Certificates of women aged 10 to 49 years residing in Ribeirao Preto - SP who died in the period 2007 to 2009, obtained through the Municipal Committee for the Prevention of Maternal Mortality for transcription full of data. The deaths were classified as declared maternal, not maternal and presumed. Proceeded with the analysis of the data with STATA software, coding causes according to ICD 10 and selecting the underlying cause of death. Results: The main groups of causes of death were neoplasms 137 (26%), circulatory diseases 94 (18%), infectious and parasitic diseases 67 (13%) and external causes 65 (12%). Deaths from maternal causes represented the antepenultimate cause of death. Were identified after analysis of the fields filled in Death Certificates, 467 (88%) not maternal deaths, 5 (1%) declared maternal and 60 (11%) presumed maternal deaths. Conclusion: The pattern of mortality in the municipality is similar to the country, pointing to the need for increased action in the three spheres of government focused on the health of the female population. Knowing the profile of women mortality in reproductive age furthers our understanding of their main demands and health problems, offering support for the planning of actions focused on reducing deaths from preventable causes.