ABSTRACT Hotels and the hotel sector is one of the most uprising sector on the market and individuals travels more and in Sweden the capacity of logy and hotels continue to grow. The development of the industry increases the need to more capacity of hotel room in Sweden and in the destination in this study area Örnsköldsvik. The effects of higher competition along actors is an important subject to study because it is one industry that seams to grow with time. The results lead to guidance for similar destinations to see the effect of a changed market. Hotels is important for a destination to offer the potential tourist somewhere to stay and that leads to higher finance for the local area. Recent studies have shown that hotels can be a sign for a destinations welfare and economic stability and is one way for municipality to increase the interested for This thesis aims to describe and analyze the effect of a change market and what this means for the existing actors. Also what+ higher capacity of rooms make for a destination to reach some types of events and conference. To get the results for this study statistic from different database has been collected and is supplemented with interview with the municipality of Örnsköldsvik. It is proven in this study that hotel is important for the development of tourism and is one key factor to attract different events. Keywords: Interactions, Competition, Changed market

For life insurance and annuity products whose payoffs depend on the future mortality rates, there is a risk that realized mortality rates will be different from the anticipated rates accounted for in their pricing and reserving calculations. This is termed as mortality risk. Since mortality risk is difficult to diversify and has significant financial impacts on insurance policies and pension plans, it is now a well-accepted fact that stochastic approaches shall be adopted to model the mortality risk and to evaluate the mortality-linked securities. The objective of this thesis is to propose the use of a time-changed Markov process to describe stochastic mortality dynamics for pricing and risk management purposes. Analytical and empirical properties of this dynamics have been investigated using a matrix-analytic methodology. Applications of the proposed model in the evaluation of fair values for mortality linked securities have also been explored. To be more specific, we consider a finite-state Markov process with one absorbing state. This Markov process is related to an underlying aging mechanism and the survival time is viewed as the time until absorption. The resulting distribution for the survival time is a so-called phase-type distribution. This approach is different from the traditional curve fitting mortality models in the sense that the survival probabilities are now linked with an underlying Markov aging process. Markov mathematical and phase-type distribution theories therefore provide us a flexible and tractable framework to model the mortality dynamics. And the time-changed Markov process allows us to incorporate the uncertainties embedded in the future mortality evolution. The proposed model has been applied to price the EIB/BNP Longevity Bonds and other mortality derivatives under the independent assumption of interest rate and mortality rate. A calibrating method for the model is suggested so that it can utilize both the market price information involving the relevant mortality risk and the latest mortality projection. The proposed model has also been fitted to various type of population mortality data for empirical study. The fitting results show that our model can interpret the stylized mortality patterns very well.

For life insurance and annuity products whose payoffs depend on the future mortality rates, there is a risk that realized mortality rates will be different from the anticipated rates accounted for in their pricing and reserving calculations. This is termed as mortality risk. Since mortality risk is difficult to diversify and has significant financial impacts on insurance policies and pension plans, it is now a well-accepted fact that stochastic approaches shall be adopted to model the mortality risk and to evaluate the mortality-linked securities. The objective of this thesis is to propose the use of a time-changed Markov process to describe stochastic mortality dynamics for pricing and risk management purposes. Analytical and empirical properties of this dynamics have been investigated using a matrix-analytic methodology. Applications of the proposed model in the evaluation of fair values for mortality linked securities have also been explored. To be more specific, we consider a finite-state Markov process with one absorbing state. This Markov process is related to an underlying aging mechanism and the survival time is viewed as the time until absorption. The resulting distribution for the survival time is a so-called phase-type distribution. This approach is different from the traditional curve fitting mortality models in the sense that the survival probabilities are now linked with an underlying Markov aging process. Markov mathematical and phase-type distribution theories therefore provide us a flexible and tractable framework to model the mortality dynamics. And the time-changed Markov process allows us to incorporate the uncertainties embedded in the future mortality evolution. The proposed model has been applied to price the EIB/BNP Longevity Bonds and other mortality derivatives under the independent assumption of interest rate and mortality rate. A calibrating method for the model is suggested so that it can utilize both the market price information involving the relevant mortality risk and the latest mortality projection. The proposed model has also been fitted to various type of population mortality data for empirical study. The fitting results show that our model can interpret the stylized mortality patterns very well.

This dissertation research addresses how to detect structural changes in stochastic linear models. By introducing a special structure to the design matrix, we convert the structural change detection problem to a variable selection problem. There are many existing variable selection strategies, however, they do not fully cope with structural change detection. We design two penalized regression algorithms specifically for the structural change detection purpose. We also propose two methods involving these two algorithms to accomplish a bi-level structural change detection: they locate the change points and also recognize which predictors contribute to the variation of the model structure. Extensive simulation studies are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in a variety of settings. Furthermore, we establish asymptotic theoretical properties to justify the bi-level detection consistency for one of the proposed methods. In addition, we write an R package with computationally efficient algorithms for detecting structural changes. Comparing to traditional methods, the proposed algorithms showcase enhanced detection power and more estimation precision, with added capacity of specifying the model structures at all regimes.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Allt mer av den palliativa vården bedrivs i hemmiljö. Sjuksköterskor träffar ofta närstående som vårdar svårt sjuka och döende personer i hemmet. Vården idag tar inte vara på de närståendes möjligheter och kunskaper. Vårdpersonalen fokuserar på den sjuke och glömmer bort de närståendes behov. Syfte: Var att belysa närståendes erfarenheter av att leva nära en svårt sjuk och döende person i hemmiljö Metod: Metoden som användes var en självbiografistudie, där materialet analyserades med en narrativ metod. Resultat: Ur datamaterialet framträdde tre kategorier såsom livet förändras, utsatthet och mod att våga leva här och nu med 10 underkategorier. Konklusion: För att vården av svårt sjuka och döende personer i hemmet ska fungera behöver sjukvården bli mer uppmärksam på de närståendes behov och hur deras resurser kan tas tillvara. / Introduction: Today it´s more common that next of kin´s take care of seriously ill an dying family members in their home. Nurses often encounter these relatives, and feel that healthcare doesn’t care enough about the next of kin’s possibilities and knowledge. The caregivers often focus on the ill person and forget the needs of the next of kin. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight next of kin´s experiences of living close to a seriously ill and dying person in their domestic environment. Method: The used method was a study of autobiographies. The analysis was performed with a narrative method. Result: From the analysis five categories emerged life changes, vulnerability and courage to live here and now with ten subcategories. Conclusion: Palliative care in the home requires that caregivers are more aware of the next of kin’s needs and how to make use of their resources.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. In order to analyze the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the author will take advantage of the constructivist approach and from that view the author will give the three specific issue areas to look at the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the nuclear weapon program, the possible reunification of two Koreas, the changed leadership in North Korea, respectively. Through these three specific issue areas, we can go tohave a general understanding about what is the People’s Republic of China’s governments’foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.  The conclusion will be made on the basis of the three specific events and through that we can realize and conclude the standpoints of the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

The main focus in this thesis lies in the observation of how the public debate is formulating and developing in Finland in relation to the current implementation of the Inquiry on historical child abuse and neglect in out-of-home care. This thesis analyses the testimonies published around the investigation and on historical child abuse, in the public domain. The release of two documentaries broadcasted on National TV (YLE TV1) in 2013 and 2014 triggered a, however scarce, online public discussion with few newspapers’ as well as magazines’ articles covering informatively the inquiry. The online debate has so far seen the participation mainly of the victims themselves of historical abuse. Generally, I found a confirmation that the Finnish individualistic culture is hardly prompt to open discussion on such topics. As S.N., a care leaver, explains in the second documentary: (Lehikoinen, Luurankokaappi, 2014) “the culture does not give space” though people have “the need to speak.” My thematic analysis on this debate has nonetheless disclosed an urge to come to terms with a past of institutional abuse, framed in a general context of public mistrust in the Child Welfare4 system. The care-leavers, narrating their stories in the two TV documentaries, disclosed memories of neglect, violence and systematical isolation of the Poor. Their stories are interpreted through the debate on the media as stories of injustice. Their narration portraits a concept of “child care” very far from nowadays’ standards of child welfare. Care-leaver H.S. points his finger on the Finnish child-care institution where he spent his childhood in the ‘50s: “Only a monster can send a child to such a place!” (Lehikoinen, Varastettu Lapsuus, 2013).

Vadovaujantis pacta sunt servanta principu, iš esmės kiekvienas sutarties neįvykdymas, lygiai kaip ir netinkamas vykdymas reiškia sutarties pažeidimą, už kurį atsakingas skolininkas. Tačiau ši taisyklė turi išimtį – ji netaikoma tuomet, kai sutarties vykdymui trukdo po sutarties sudarymo atsiradusios tam tikros teisiškai reikšmingos aplinkybės, nepapuolančios į nė vienos iš šalių rizikos sritį. Tokioms situacijoms spręsti užsienio, tarptautinėje ir nacionalinėje praktikoje įtvirtinami ir taikomi sutarties vykdymo neįmanomumo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių ir sutarties vykdymo apsunkinimo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių teisiniai institutai, įvairiais aspektais tiriami šiame magistriniame darbe. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamos sutarčių vykdymo pasikeitus aplinkybėms problemai spręsti skirtų teisinių institutų ištakos, samprata, pagrindiniai požymiai ir tarpusavio santykis. Nustatyta, kad institutai yra savarankiški, todėl negali būti taikomi paraleliai ar subsidiariai. Antroje dalyje istoriniu – lyginamuoju aspektu tiriami Vokietijos, Prancūzijos ir Anglijos pasirinkti sutarčių vykdymo pasikeitus aplinkybėms problemos sprendimo būdai. Analizė parodė, kad šiose valstybėse sutarčių vykdymo neįmanomumo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių situacijos sprendžiamos labai panašiai. Tačiau valstybių požiūris į sutarties vykdymo apsunkinimo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių teisinį institutą yra ganėtinai skirtingas. Trečioji darbo dalis skirta Lietuvai reikšminguose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to principle pacta sunt servanta, commonly each non-fulfilment of the contract as well as undue fulfilment is considered as an infringement, for which the promisor is liable. However, this rule has an exception – it is not applied, when performance of a contract is impeded by particular legally significant circumstances, which occurred after conclusion of a contract and the risk thereof was not assumed by either party. Such situations in foreign, international and national practice are dealt by applying legal institutes of impossibility of performance due to change of circumstances and hardship of performance due to change of circumstances, the various aspects whereof are analysed in the master thesis. First part of the thesis analyses origins, concepts, main features and correlation between the legal institutes, developed to deal with the problem of performance of contracts under changed circumstances. It has been found out that they are independent and, thus could not be applied simultaneously or subsidiary. In second part the author historically-comparatively reviews, how the problem of performance of contract under changed circumstances is dealt in Germany, France and England. The study has shown that these countries solve problem of impossibility to perform the contract due to changed circumstances in a very similar way. However, they have quite a different approach towards the legal institute of hardship of performance due to change of circumstances. Third... [to full text]

Bakgrund: Prostatacancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland män i västvärlden. Sjuksköterskan har till uppgift att stötta, vägleda, samt säkerställa att given information uppfattats korrekt, för att män med prostatacancer skall kunna fatta rationella beslut rörande eventuell behandling. Tidigare forskning visar att maskulinitet är ett komplext begrepp som kan ses ur olika vinklar och perspektiv. Upplevelsen av manlighet är en viktig komponent att ta hänsyn till i vården av patienter med prostatacancer. Syfte: Att beskriva hur män med prostatacancer upplever att sjukdomen och behandlingen påverkar deras kropp och manliga identitet. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt baserades på elva kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som har granskats och analyserats. De vetenskapliga artiklarna hämtades från databaserna Cinahl with fulltext, och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet bildar fem huvudteman: Behandlingens påverkan på mäns upplevelse av manlighet beskriver behandlingarnas biverkningar såsom impotens, förlust av libido och sexuella fantasier, mäns feminiserade kropp, samt hur dessa förändrade kroppsegenskapernas påverkade den manliga identiteten. Behandlingens påverkan på miktionen, rör biverkningarna inkontinens och miktionsproblematik och dess inverkan på mannens vardagliga liv. Mäns hantering av känslor och den förändrade kroppen beskriver hur män hanterade den nya livssituationen de ställts inför. Förändringar av mäns relationer och manlighet beskriver hur prostatacancer och behandlingar påverkade männens relationer till kvinnor och andra män, vilket i sin tur påverkade deras upplevelse av manlighet. Diskussion: Diskussionen utgår från Dahlberg och Segestens teori om ”den levda kroppen”. Ur detta perspektiv diskuteras hur den manliga identiteten påverkas av prostatacancer och dess behandlingar. Vidare diskuteras vikten av att se mannen som en individ med unika egenskaper och upplevelser, för att sjuksköterskan därigenom skall kunna ge relevant information och hjälpa mannen att finna strategier att hantera dessa förändringar. / Background: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer for men in the Western world. Nurses’ task is to support men who suffer from prostate cancer and to make sure they understand important information that’s been given, so that these men can make rational decisions concerning their eventual treatment. Further, previous research describes masculinity as a complex concept which can be viewed from different angles and perspectives. Men’s experience of masculinity seems to be an important issue to consider when treating patients with prostate cancer. Aim: To describe how men with prostate cancer experience how the disease and treatment change their body and masculine identity. Methods: The literature review was based on eleven qualitative articles that were examined and analyzed. The articles were gathered from the databases CINAHL with full text, and PubMed Results: The result was thematized into five main categories: The treatment’s impact on men’s experience of masculinity describes how the treatment side effects: impotence, loss of libido and sexual imaginations, and the feminized body, changed how the men experienced their masculinity. The treatment’s impact on men’s ability to urinate examines the treatment’s side effects of incontinence and urination disorders, and how this affected men in their everyday life. Men handling their feelings and changed body examines different strategies for how men handling their new life situation, and the changes of their bodies. Changes in men’s relations and masculinity describes how prostate cancer and treatment changed men’s relationships to woman and other men, and how this affected their experience of masculinity. Discussions: The discussion is proceed by Dahlberg & Segesten’s theory about the “the lived body”. From this point of view the discussion examines how the masculine identity is affected by prostate cancer and its’ treatments. Further, the need to see the man as one individual with unique qualities and experiences is described, which will ease the nurses’ task to provide relevant information, and help the man find strategies to handle the changed life situation.