The charter market of the airline industry has progressively grown from an insignificant segment in international traffic to a relatively significant one during the last decade. What affect has the growth of the international charter market had on scheduled operations? The scheduled operators state that charters divert a substantial amount of passenger traffic away from them thereby jeopardizing their cross-subsidization system. On the other hand, charter operators claim that not only do they serve an entirely different market segment of demand for air travel thereby causing no diversion but that they in fact generate additional business for the airline industry as a whole. The purpose of this paper then, is to attempt to determine the impact, if any, that charter carriers may have on scheduled operations. A number of hypotheses were developed which, when investigated, would indicate whether or not charter flights divert passengers away from scheduled flights. Data to test these hypotheses were obtained from questionnaires distributed, during the summer of 1970, to trans-Atlantic passengers on charter and scheduled flights. The sample size consisted of 182 charter passengers and 100 scheduled passengers. The general conclusion was that charter and scheduled passengers have different demographic characteristics. This implies that charter carriers may serve a different market segment of demand for international air travel. However, when the charter passengers, notwithstanding their demographic characteristics, were asked if they would still take this trip to Europe, either now or in the near future, if they had to fly on a scheduled airliner and pay the regular fare, almost fifty percent responded in the affirmative. Therefore, it appears that, over the trans-Atlantic route, charter carriers divert a substantial amount of passenger traffic away from scheduled carriers. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

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4 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

3 pp. / REPLACES 182: MAKING THE BEST YOUTH BETTER: PIECING TOGETHER THE 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE YOUTH / Youth development is the continual growth process in which all youth are invested in meeting their basic personal and social needs to feel safe, well cared for, valued, useful, and emotionally grounded. Scientists have long studied what youth need to be successful and contributing adults. The purpose of this set of fact sheets is to provide research based information to youth development professionals, volunteers and youth on the four essential elements of positive youth development.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise dos fatores que influenciam o valor de frete no transporte marítimo de petróleo e seus derivados, no mercado spot de curto prazo. A análise levará em conta fatores específicos da indústria, como por exemplo estoques de petróleo nos Estados Unidos, preço de compra de navio, bem como fatores mais genéricos, como temperatura, PIB, taxas de câmbio, entre outros. Embora a parcela de frete seja relativamente pequena em relação ao preço do produto transportado (varia usualmente entre 3% e 10%), ele é fator decisivo na composição da margem de lucro. Muitas vezes seu preço faz a diferença entre um negócio ser lucrativo ou não, pelo fato das margens de negociação de petróleo e seus derivados serem bastante restritas devido à forte competição. Entender como se comporta esse mercado é de grande utilidade para as empresas participantes desse mercado. A atividade de afretamento é responsável por grande parte dos custos logísticos das empresas da indústria, logo uma melhor performance nessa atividade certamente trará resultados sensivelmente positivos ao resultado global dessas empresas. / [en] This dissertation presents an analysis of the variables that influence the freight rate of the maritime transportation industry of liquid bulk cargoes, on the spot market in the short term. This analysis will consider both the specific variables of the industry, such as crude oil inventories in United States, price of a vessel, as well as generic variables, such as temperatures, GDP, exchange rates, among others. Although the freight rates usually have small participation comparing with the product`s price (often between 3% and 10%), it is very important when considering profits. Frequently the freight rate will make the whole difference, and will tell if the business was profitable or not, because margins in the crude oil and derivates trade are very tight, due to the strong competition. Understanding how this industry works is of great value for the players of this market. Chartering is responsible for a big share of the logistical costs of oil companies, thus a better performance of this activity will surely bring better global results for them.