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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Controle eletroquimico de acido humico e algas usando um reator com eletrodo de filme de diamante / Electrochemistry control of humic acid and algae using a reactor with diamond film electrode

Liao, Andrea Alexandra 13 July 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liao_AndreaAlexandra_M.pdf: 1150415 bytes, checksum: 7f49849ec15d16947244acfe4ba5c384 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A presença de ácidos húmico e o crescimento de algas em água de abastecimento e de piscinas geram subprodutos que são prejudiciais à saúde. Para controlar a concentração de ácidos húmico e algas, este trabalho apresenta um processo de eletro-oxidação usando anodos de diamante dopado com boro (DDB). Neste tratamento, a solução aquosa é percolada através de um reator tipo filtro-prensa, com anodo de DDB polarizado a corrente constante. Para caracterizar a eficiência do tratamento, foram monitoradas as concentrações de carbono orgânico total (COT), fenóis totais (FT), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), atividade algal através da clorofila a e remoção da cor via UV-Vis. Nos experimentos iniciais, foi utilizada uma solução contendo apenas fenol. O reator foi operado em condições de controle da velocidade da reação de oxidação por transporte de massa. Com isso, obteve-se o coeficiente de transporte de massa do reator eletroquímico da ordem de 10-5 m s-1. A seguir, foram realizados experimentos em modo galvanostático, com volume de 3 L de água destilada, vazão de 820 L h-1, densidade de corrente constante igual a 30 mA cm-2, pH 7,2, temperatura de 30ºC, com adição de K2SO4 para obter uma condutividade de 20 mS. Neste eletrólito foram adicionados 50 mg L-1 de ácido húmico. Nestas condições, o acompanhamento dos valores de COT, DQO, FT e cor mostrou um decaimento seguindo uma cinética de pseudo-primeira ordem. Como experimentos finais, utilizou-se a água de lagoa com adição de ácido húmico sem, no entanto, fazer a correção da condutividade que ficou em 3,5 ms. Observou-se reduções significativas dos parâmetros analisados e o mesmo tipo de cinética / Abstract: The presence of humic acids and algae in supplying water and swiming pools may be harmful to the health. This work reports the results obtained in electrooxidation of humic acid and algae using a boron doped diamond (BDD) anode. In this treatment, the solution is percolated through a filter press reactor with a BDD anode polarized at constant current. The efficiency of the treatment was characterized by following concentrations of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), algae activity by a-chlorophyll indicator, Total Phenols (TP) and color by UV-Vis. In the first experiments a phenol solution was used and the reactor was operated in conditions of mass transfer control. Calculated mass transfer coefficients were around 10-5 m s-1. Then, experiments were run at controlled current with 3 L of destilled water, pH 7.2, in which 50 mg L-1 of humic acid was added plus K2SO4 for conductivity of 20 mS. Reactor flow rate of 820 L h-1, current density of 30 mA cm-2 and temperature of 30ºC were used. TOC, COD, TP and color were followed and concentrations decay showed a pseudo-first order kinetic. As final experiments, no corrections on the original conductivity solution values (3.5 mS) were done with pond water. By following the same parameters, substantial concentrations reduction were observed and the same type of kinetic / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
122

Estudo de algoritmos estocásticos de otimização para avaliação da oxidação de etanol a acetaldeído / Study of stochastic optimization algorithms for the evaluation of oxidation of acetaldehyde

Molano, Leonel Moreno 16 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Caliane Bastos Borba Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Molano_LeonelMoreno_M.pdf: 2461312 bytes, checksum: 18c74e0ebd9c33e7cf133f1cb02b9064 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A utilização de rotas verdes para obtenção de químicos é hoje uma área de grande interesse mundial. A necessidade de se desenvolver e estudar processos químicos que sejam, em sua integridade, independentes da via petroquímica são prementes. O etanal (acetaldeído), importante componente em diversos processos químicos, pode ser obtido pela oxidação do bioetanol. Entretanto, a conversão de bioetanol a acetaldeído é fortemente dependente da razão ar/etanol na alimentação e da temperatura. A baixas razões ar/etanol na alimentação, a conversão é mais baixa, mas a separação da corrente de produtos é menos custosa, em termos energéticos, pela inserção de menos nitrogênio no processo. Para obtenção de maiores conversões, altas razões de alimentação são requeridas, o que insere bastante nitrogênio ao processo, encarecendo a etapa de separação. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou estudar a otimização do processo de obtenção de acetaldeído via oxidação do bioetanol em catalisador Fe-Mo. Para tanto, utilizou-se de modelagem já desenvolvida para o reator (em programação FORTRAN) e de simulador comercial para simular a etapa de separação da corrente de produtos. Visto que a modelagem do processo é não linear, algoritmos de otimização estocásticos foram utilizados na busca pela condição operacional. Os algoritmos estocásticos utilizados foram algoritmo genético, enxame de partícula e colônia de formigas, os quais foram usados e comparados, obtendo resultados das condições ótimas, tendo uma temperatura alimentação de 156,27°C , relação molar ar/etanol 16,60 e usando uma velocidade mássica de gás na alimentação de 3660 kg/m2h, requerendo uma energia especifica de 99,07 kJ/kg de acetaldeído para a separação dos produtos / Abstract Green routes used for the production of chemical products are nowadays of great interest worldwide. The need to develop and study chemical processes which are entirely independent on petrochemical route is urgent. Acetaldehyde is an important component in many chemical processes, and can be obtained by the oxidation of bioethanol. However, the conversion of bioethanol to acetaldehyde is highly dependent on the air/ethanol ratio and temperature in the reactor feed. At low air/ethanol ratios, the conversion is lower, but the separation of products is cheaper, in energetic terms, due to the lower insertion of nitrogen into the process. To obtain higher conversions, high feed ratios are required, but it turns more expensive the separation process because of the great amount of nitrogen in the process. The present work deals with the conceptual design of an optimized acetaldehyde production plant, through the oxidation of bioethanol at Fe-Mo catalysts. In order to perform the plant design and optimization, a detailed mathematical model is used to simulate the reactor, in FORTRAN language. To calculate the separation energy cost, designed with the commercial simulator. The optimization of operating conditions was made with Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Algorithm and Ant Colony Optimization stochastic methods, due to the fact that the problem constraints are non-linear. In general, proves are search space for an optimal value function and used as operating conditions the temperature in the feeding of 156,27°C, Molar ratio Air / ethanol 16.6 0 and gas flow in the feeding of 3660 kg/m2h, requiring 99,07 kJ /kg of acetaldehyde to separate the products / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
123

Síntese, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos de Ti/Pb/B-PbO2 na oxidação eletroquímica de compostos orgânicos / Synthesis, characterization and aplication of electrodes Ti/Pb/B-PbO2 in electrochemical oxidation of organic

Pereira, Júlio Fabbri, 1978- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_JulioFabbri_D.pdf: 3150048 bytes, checksum: a6e8c86adf90e906935345fabd317f0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo eletrodo de PbO2 eletrodepositado em titânio com uma pré camada de chumbo. As melhores condições para a obtenção da camada ativa e da pré camada foram exploradas em diferentes densidades de corrente, o tempo de cada processo foi alterado de maneira que a mesma carga fosse transferida. A solução utilizada na eletrodeposição foi 1 mol.L-1 Pb(NO3)2, acidificada com HNO3 até pH 1, na temperatura de 65 °C. A mesma solução foi utilizada para a deposição da pré camada de chumbo com uma corrente catódica e a deposição do revestimento de PbO2 com uma corrente anódica. As melhores condições de preparação foram obtidas à - 15 mA.cm-2 por 600 segundos, seguida por 30 mA.cm-2 por 1800 segundos. Com esses parâmetros o eletrodo apresentou um melhor desempenho no teste acelerado de tempo de serviço, principalmente quando comparado a um eletrodo onde a camada de PbO2 é eletrodepositada diretamente em titânio. Em comparação a um eletrodo com uma intercamada de platina, o sistema composto de Ti/Pb/PbO2 não apresentou diferenças significativas quanto aos valores das capacitâncias totais, 77 mF.cm-2 e 55 mF.cm-2 respectivamente. Além disso, o sistema sem Pt apresentou um melhor desempenho na degradação de uma solução contendo o corante preto remazol, uma característica atribuída à maior rugosidade ou "porosidade eletroquímica (?= 0,71)". A área ativa do eletrodo apresentou ser 3,5 vezes maior que sua área geométrica, uma grande vantagem para processos de eletroxidação de compostos orgânicos. O desempenho do sistema Ti/Pb/PbO2 foi melhor quando comparado ao eletrodo comercial de Ti/TiO2(0,7)/RuO2(0,3) (ADE) fornecido pela DeNora do Brasil na degradação de uma solução composta por um fármaco comercial com o princípio ativo amoxicilina. O decaimento da concentração do composto orgânico foi 2 vezes mais rápido em um densidade de corrente 3 vezes menor. O reator eletroquímico em fluxo de placas paralelas e auto bombeável foi projetado e montado com um anodo de Ti/Pb/PbO2 com 75 cm2. Soluções de glicerol e amoxicilina foram eletro degradadas nessa etapa do estudo. O decaimento do carbono orgânico total foi acompanhado, realizada a análise cinética obteve se constantes de velocidade para uma reação de primeira ordem. As constantes cinéticas obtidas nesses experimentos estão de acordo com os valores esperados, com uma ordem de grandeza de 10-6 m.s-1. As figuras de mérito em transferência de massa também foram obtidas por correlações de números adimensionais de Reynolds, Sherwood e Schimidt. O reator de placas paralelas e auto bombeável se apresentou como uma alternativa de configuração para reatores eletroquímicos / Abstract: We have developed a new PbO2 electrode by electrodeposition on titanium with a lead interlayer. Different current densities were used for obtaining the active layer and the lead interlayer, although the same charge was transferred by selecting the appropriate time interval. The solution used for electrodeposition was 1 mol l-1 Pb(NO3)2, acidified to pH 1 with HNO3 at 65 °C. The same solution was used for the deposition of the lead interlayer with a cathodic current and the deposition of the PbO2 coating with a anodic current. Best preparation conditions were obtained at - 15 mA.cm-2 for 600 seconds, followed by 30 mA.cm-2 for 1800 seconds. With these parameters the electrode showed better performance on an accelerated service life test, especially when compared to an electrode where the PbO2 layer was electroplated directly on titanium. Compared to the electrode with a platinum interlayer, the system Ti/Pb/PbO2 showed no significant differences in the values of total capacitance, 77 mF.cm -2 and 55 mF.cm-2 respectively. Furthermore, the system without Pt showed better performance in the degradation of a solution containing the dye Remazol black, a feature attributed to the higher roughness or "electrochemical porosity" (? = 0.71). The active surface area of the Ti/Pb/PbO2 electrode was 3,5 times greater than its geometric area, a great advantage for electrooxidation processes of organic compounds. The performance of the system Ti/Pb/PbO2 was better when compared to a commercial DSA type Ti/TiO2(0.7)/RuO2(0.3) supplied by DeNora of Brazil in the degradation of a solution containing amoxicillin. Concentration decay of the organic compound was 2 times faster at a current density 3 times smaller. A self pumped parallel plates flow electrochemical reactor was designed and mounted with a 75 cm2 Ti/Pb/PbO2 anode. Glycerol and amoxicillin solutions were electro-degraded in this experimental set up. Concentration decay of total organic carbon were followed and a kinetic analysis were performed which resulted in the calculation of first order rate constants. Kinetic constants obtained in these experiments are in agreement with the expected values with an order of magnitude of 10-6 m.s-1. Mass transfer figures of merit were also obtained by correlation of dimensionless numbers of Reynolds, Sherwood and Schimidt. The self pumped parallel plate reactor appears as an alternative configuration for flow electrochemical reactors / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
124

Confecção e caracterização de eletrodos tridimensionais de PbO2 e PbO2/SnOx produzidos por anodização para decomposição de compostos organicos / Preparation and characterization of three-dimensional electrodes of PbO2 and PbO2/SnOx produced by anodizing for decomposition of organic compounds

Figueiredo, Raul Sebastião, 1981- 28 August 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:35:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_RaulSebastiao_D.pdf: 4040065 bytes, checksum: 3400db86cd1264a10105354e1cc73250 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho investiga o desempenho do chumbo anodizado e de uma mistura de óxidos de chumbo / estanho para uso em processos de eletro-oxidação. Os eletrodos foram preparados por anodização do chumbo e ligas de chumbo/estanho previamente laminados na forma de placas para obter os filmes de óxido. A camada ativa era constituída por uma película de PbO2 e PbO2/SnOx formado durante a aplicação de uma densidade de corrente de 15 mA.cm-2, o qual a polarização foi invertida a cada 1 hora , durante o processamento , a 65 ° C em 10 % ( v / v ) H2SO4 solução. A morfologia dos revestimentos foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios-X, que foi usada para identificar as fases presentes nas camadas de anodizadas. Voltametria cíclica foi realizada para obter o intervalo de potencial entre o hidrogênio e as reações de desprendimento de oxigênio. Área ativa dos eletrodos também foi determinada usando a equação Cottrell aplicada à reação de oxidação do ferro em uma solução de ferrocianeto de potássio. Os filmes formados foram utilizados para a eletro-oxidação do glicerol em que a concentração de carbono orgânico total foi seguida. Na sequência, esponjas de chumbo foram preparadas por prensagem do chumbo derretido em meio a partículas de cloreto de sódio. Três porosidades de esponjas foram obtidas por meio de três tamanhos de partículas de NaCl . Depois, o cloreto de sódio foi removido em água por 24 h. As esponjas foram então anodizadas em ácido sulfúrico e montadas em um reator eletroquímico de fluxo de compartimentado único com placas paralelas. O reator foi usado para experimentos de eletro-oxidação em correntes constantes para a degradação dos compostos orgânicos corante laranja 2- naftol e diazepam em soluções. As variáveis estudadas foram porosidade ânodo, vazão e densidade de corrente. O decaimento da concentração dos compostos orgânicos e de carbono orgânico total foram seguidos e análises da cinética foram realizadas . Foram calculadas as constantes de velocidade de ordem zero e de pseudo-primeira ordem. O reator através de dados obtidos de transferência de massa, pode ser correlacionando com parâmetros adimensionais como Re, Sh e números Sc . A técnica utilizada para a obtenção de eletrodos porosos PbO2 provou ser eficiente. A maioria das experiências mostrou 85 % de conversão de compostos orgânicos para o CO2 após 1 h de tratamento, a baixos valores de densidades de corrente / Abstract: This work investigates the performance of anodized lead and lead/tin alloy for using in electro-oxidation processes. The electrodes were prepared by anodizing lead and lead/tin alloy rolled plates to obtain the oxide films. The active layer was constituted by a film of PbO2 and PbO2/SnOx formed during the application of a current density of 15 mA.cm-2 which polarity was inverted every 1 h during the processing at 65 oC in a 10% (v/v) H2SO4 solution. The coatings morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the X-ray diffraction was used to identify the phases present in the layers. Cyclic voltammetry was used to obtain the potential interval between the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Active area of the electrodes was also determined using Cottrell equation applied to the oxidation reaction of iron in a potassium ferrocyanide solution. The films were used for the electro-oxidation of glycerol during which the total organic carbon concentration was followed. In the sequence, lead sponges were prepared by pressing molten lead with sodium chloride particles. Three different sponges' porosities were obtained by using three NaCl particules sizes. After, sodium chloride was removed in water by 24 h. The sponges were then anodized in sulfuric acid and mounted in a single compartmented flow electrochemical reactor with parallel plates. The reactor was used for electro-oxidation experiments at constant currents for the degradation of an orange dye 2-naphtol solution and a diazepam solution. Variables were anode porosity, flow rate and current density. The concentration decay of the organic compounds and of total organic carbon was followed and kinetic analysis was performed. Zero and first order rate constants were calculated. Mass transfer figures of merit of the reactor were obtained by correlating dimensionless parameters such as Re, Sh and Sc numbers. The technique used for obtaining porous PbO2 electrodes proved to be efficient. Most of the experiments showed 85% of conversion of organic compounds to CO2 after 1 h of processing, at low values of current densities / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
125

Análise de fluxos metabólicos aplicada à biossíntese do polímero biodegradável poli-3-hidroxi-butirato P(3HB) por Burkholderia sacchari. / Metabolic flux analysis applied to the biosynthesis of the biodegradable polymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) produced by Burkholderia sacchari.

Débora Vieira Parrine Sant'Ana 29 November 2013 (has links)
Este trabalho utiliza a Análise de Fluxos Metabólicos para estudar o aumento da eficiência da linhagem Burkholderia sacchari (LFM101) na produção de PHB. Foram avaliadas as eficiências de conversão de açúcares em PHA de LFM101. Esta também foi cultivada em batelada alimentada em reator, apresentando o máximo teórico durante um estado pseudo-estacionário sob oferta de glicose. Estes dados, submetidos ao software Metatool, resultaram em mapa metabólico contendo os fluxos das reações centrais ede PHA ocorrido no experimento. Através do cultivo de LFM101 e C. necator sob oferta de glicose marcada com 13C, determinou-se que estas utilizam as mesmas vias para produção de PHA, não justificando a baixa eficiência de LFM101. Em um projeto paralelo, estudou-se a eficiência da produção de PHB utilizando melaço de cana, glicerol cru e acetato, em produtores de hidrogênio e PHA, onde verificou-se não apenas o aumento de PHA em mutantes nifh- de R. capsulatus mas a interação dos parâmetros luz e nitrogênio a partir das metodologias DOE e RSM. / This work applies Metabolic Flux Analysis to discuss the eficiency of Burkholderia sacchari (LFM101) in PHA production from sugars . Conversion yields of LFM101 and Cupriavidus necator from carbohydrates to PHA were assessed. LFM101 was also grown in reactor fed-batch cultivations, and presented the theoretical maximum in a pseudo-steady stage while grown on glucose. These data were submitted to Metatool and resulted in a metabolic network containing the experimental fluxes of central and PHA metabolism. Cultivation of LFM101 and C. necator under 13C- labeled glucose showed that both species use the same metabolic pathways for the biodegradable polymer synthesis. On a parallel project, the efficiency of biopolymer production from molasses, raw glycerol and acetate in strains producing hydrogen and PHA was tested. Results showed that there was not only an increase in PHA production by R. capsulatus nifH- mutants but also the interaction of light and nitrogen effects were studied by DOE and RSM.
126

Simulation and optimisation of industrial steam reformers. Development of models for both primary and secondary steam reformers and implementation of optimisation to improve both the performance of existing equipment and the design of future equipment.

Dunn, Austin J. January 2004 (has links)
Traditionally the reactor is recognised as the `heart' of a chemical process system and hence the focus on this part of the system is usually quite detailed. Steam reforming, however, due to the `building block' nature of its reaction products is unusual and generally is perceived as a `utility' to other reaction processes and hence the focus is drawn " towards the 'main' reaction processes of the system. Additionally as a `mature' process, steam reforming is often treated as sufficiently defined for the requirements within the overall chemical process. For both primary and secondary steam reformers several models of varying complexity were developed which allowed assessment of issues raised about previous models and model improvements; drawing on the advancements in modelling that have not only allowed the possibility of increasing the scope of simulations but also increased confidence in the simulation results. Despite the complex nature of the steam reforming systems, a surprisingly simplistic model is demonstrated to perform well, however, to improve on existing designs and maximise the capability of current designs it is shown that more complex models are required. After model development the natural course is to optimisation. This is a powerful tool which must be used carefully as significant issues remain around its employment. Despite the remaining concerns, some simple optimisation cases showed the potential of the models developed in this work and although not exhaustive demonstrated the benefits of optimisation.
127

Process and reactor design study of lignin propoxylation

Barbero, Ana Maria 18 August 2009 (has links)
Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth following cellulose, can be described as a million-ton, low cost, under-utilized resource. The use of lignin in polymeric products adds the highest value to the raw material. Production of engineering plastics from lignin is an attractive approach to the utilization of lignin. The use of lignin in structural materials is limited by its insolubility and its failure to undergo melt flow. A promising method to overcome the limitations is to chemically modify lignin by reaction with a low modulus substance, like an aliphatic ether. The reaction of lignin with propylene oxide (PO) produces a copolymer, hydroxypropyl lignin (HPL). Extensive studies have been directed toward the understanding of the chemistry and properties of HPL. A study of the process design is necessary to examine the economics of lignin propoxylation. This work includes the chemical and kinetic analysis of the lignin propoxylation reaction as well as the modelling of a semibatch polymerization process; the design of a lignin propoxylation pilot plant; and a preliminary study of an industrial plant. Two models for the lignin propoxylation reaction are proposed and analyzed to produce a mathematical description of the reaction process. The design of the pilot plant involves (a) the process design, which includes a material balance, a flow sheet, and a listing of the equipment; and (b) the economic analysis in which estimates of capital cost and operating costs are discussed. The scale-up to industrial production gives an estimate of the characteristics of a continuous process. This study constitutes a substantial contribution to the development of a new technology dealing with Engineering Plastics from Lignin. / Master of Science
128

CFD simulation of transport and reaction in cylindrical catalyst particles

Taskin, Ertan M. 15 August 2007 (has links)
"Multitubular packed bed reactors with low tube-to-particle diameter ratios (N) are especially selected for strongly endothermic reactions such as steam reforming and propane dehydrogenation. For low N tubes, the presence of the wall causes changes in bed structure, flow patterns, transport rates and the amount of catalyst per unit volume. In particular, the particles close to the wall will behave differently to those inside the bed. The problem is that, due to the simplifying assumptions, such as uniform catalyst pellet surroundings, that are usual for the current pseudo-continuum reactor models, the effects of catalyst pellet design changes in the near-wall environment are lost. The challenge is to develop a better understanding of the interactions between flow patterns, species pellet diffusion, and the changes in catalyst activity due to the temperature fields in the near wall region for the modeling and design of these systems. To contribute to this improved understanding, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to obtain detailed flow, temperature, and species fields for near-wall catalyst particles under steam reformer and propane dehydrogenation reactor inlet conditions. As a first step, a reduced size model was generated by only considering a 120 degree segment of an N = 4 tube, and validated with a larger size complete bed model. In terms of the flow and temperature contours and profiles, the complete tubes can be represented well by the reduced size models, especially focusing on the center particles positioned in the middle of the near wall region. The methane steam reforming heat effects were implemented by a user-defined code with the temperature-dependent sinks in the catalyst particles, near to the pellet surfaces for different activity levels. For the sinks terms, bulk phase species concentrations were used in the reaction rates, and with the reaction heat effects inclusion, significant pellet sensitivity was observed with different activity levels. Furthermore, non-symmetric temperature fields in and around the near wall particles were noticed as contrary to the conventional approach. In order to focus on the 3D intra-pellet distributions of temperature and species, diffusion and reaction were coupled to the external flow and temperature fields by user-defined code. Strong deviations from uniformity and symmetry on the temperature and species distributions existed as a result of the strong wall heat-flux into the particles Additionally, the pseudo-continuum type of packed bed model was created, which considers the simplified environment for the reacting particles. The results obtained by the diffusion reaction application in the 3D discrete packing model could not be re-produced by the conventional simplified pseudo-continuum approach, no matter which parameter values were chosen for the latter. The significance of these observations is that, under the conventional assumption of symmetric particle surroundings, the tube wall temperature and reaction rates for catalyst particles can be incorrectly evaluated and important design considerations may not be well predicted, thus, negative consequences on the plant safety and efficiency may be observed. "
129

Βελτιστοποίηση συστημάτων αναερόβιας χώνευσης

Σταματελάτου, Αικατερίνη 14 December 2009 (has links)
- / -
130

Analise de sistemas multifasicos utilizando tomografia computadorizada gama monoenergetica e polienergetica / Monoenergetic and polyenergetic gamma ray computer tomography for multiphase systems analysis

SALVADOR, PABLO A.V. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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