CXCR3 appartient à la famille des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G. Avec ses ligands, les chimiokines CXC, CXCR3 régule diverses fonctions biologiques et participe à de nombreux processus comme l’angiogenèse, l’inflammation et le cancer. La complexité de CXCR3 provient de son épissage alternatif qui conduit à des isoformes distinctes. CXCR3-A est reconnu pour promouvoir la prolifération, la survie et la migration cellulaire tandis que CXCR3-B induit des signaux inhibiteurs de la croissance cellulaire.Le modèle cellulaire U87, dérivé d’un glioblastome humain, a été utilisé afin d’étudier les mécanismes moléculaires régulant l'activité et le trafic des isoformes de CXCR3 dans les cellules tumorales. CXCR3 est le récepteur fonctionnel de l’activité angiostatique de CXCL4 et son variant CXCL4L1. En fonction de leur état d'oligomérisation, ces deux chimiokines ont des interactions préférentielles avec les isoformes de CXCR3. L’activation de CXCR3-A conduit à un important changement conformationnel et induit des voies de signalisation pro-migratoires. L’étude du trafic souligne l’importance de la clathrine et du réseau Trans-Golgi dans l’internalisation et le recyclage de CXCR3-A. Pour la première fois, LRP-1 a été identifié comme nouveau partenaire de CXCR3-A. LRP1 n’est pas seulement reconnu comme un récepteur de l’endocytose mais également comme une protéine de la signalisation. LRP1 interagit avec CXCR3-A au niveau extracellulaire et régule sa conformation, son trafic et son activité pro-tumorale.L'utilisation de modèles cellulaires d'adénocarcinome pancréatique a permis de caractériser CXCL4L1 comme facteur pro-tumoral, via l’activation de CXCR3-A dans les cellules tumorales. CXCL4L1 apparait pour la première fois comme un biomarqueur important dans la progression du cancer pancréatique.Dans les différents modèles, les signalisations chimiokines CXC/CXCR3-A induisent une augmentation des propriétés invasives tumorales. Au niveau moléculaire, l’association de CXCR3 à diverses protéines (ligands et partenaires) est essentielle pour réguler les fonctions biologiques de la cellule tumorale.Les nanoparticules sont désormais connues comme une nouvelle génération d'anticorps thérapeutiques présentant de nombreux avantages par rapport aux anticorps conventionnels. Ainsi, le développement de nanoparticules associées à des inhibiteurs de CXCR3 apparaît comme une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique anti-tumorale prometteuse. / CXCR3 belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptors family. With its ligands, the CXC chemokines, CXCR3 regulates several biological functions and plays important roles in angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. The interaction with CXCR3 is rather complex due to the presence of distinct spliced isoforms. CXCR3-A is known to promote cell proliferation, survival, and migration while CXCR3-B leads to cell growth inhibition.The human glioblastoma cell model, U87, was used to study the molecular mechanisms regulating the activity and trafficking of CXCR3 isoforms in tumor cells. CXCR3 has been reported as the functional receptor for the angiostatic activity of CXCL4 and its variant CXCL4L1. Depending on their oligomerization status, these two chemokines present preferential interaction with CXCR3 isoforms. Activation of CXCR3-A leads to an important conformational change and induces pro-migratory signaling pathways. Studies on the vesicular trafficking highlight the importance of the clathrin and the Trans-Golgi network for both internalization and recycling of CXCR3-A. For the first time, LRP-1 is identified as a new partner of CXCR3-A. LRP1 is not only recognized as an endocytic receptor but also as a signaling protein. LRP1 interacts with CXCR3-A via its extracellular α subunit and regulates CXCR3-A conformation, trafficking and pro-tumoral activity.Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell models were used to characterize CXCL4L1 as a pro-tumoral factor that activates CXCR3-A in tumor cells. For the first time, CXCL4L1 appears as an important biomarker for pancreatic cancer progression.In the different cell models, signaling pathways of CXC chemokine/CXCR3-A lead to an increase in tumor invasive properties. At the molecular level, the association of CXCR3 with various proteins (ligands and partners) is essential to regulate tumor cell biological functions.The nanoparticles are now known as a new generation of therapeutic antibodies with many advantages over conventional antibodies. Thus, the development of nanoparticles associated to CXCR3 inhibitors appears as a new promising pharmacological targeted strategy to treat cancer.

Heart transplantation (HTx) is now an established therapy for end-stage cardiac failure not responding to medical treatment. Recent decades have seen improved outcome following HTx due to more effective and targeted immunosuppressive therapy. However, acute and chronic rejection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. At the same time, immunosuppressive strategies are associated with significant side effects, including development of tumours. Hence, the induction of immunologic tolerance to alloantigen is considered the “holy grail” of transplant research. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that appear to suppresscytotoxic cell and initiate tolerance to foreign tissues. The Tregs suppresscytotoxic cells through specific cytokine pathways and cell-cell contact. In-vivo T reg migration has been a matter of debate in recent years. Treg trafficking is governed by chemokines, which are small secreted proteins, acting via their distinct trans-membrane serpentine receptors. Experimental work has demonstrated an involvement of distinct chemokine pathways in Tregs migration and localization following cardiac transplantation; however, there is paucity of data in humans. I investigated the effects of chemokines on Tregs in heart transplant recipients through a series of observational studies. My study demonstrated that acute rejection following heart transplantation is associated with a significant elevation of peripheral blood Th1 chemokine levels. I hereby further show that peripheral blood Treg counts in stable heart transplant recipients are not affected by immunosuppression but are significantly lower in patients taking statins. I have demonstrated via in-vitro chemotaxis assays a specific pattern of chemotactic response for Tregs and the effector T cells. Using double immunofluorescence staining and immunostaining, I show for the first time that Tregs may migrate to the allograft under the influence of CCL17.

Cell fate decisions in many physiological processes, including embryogenesis, stem cell niche homeostasis and wound healing, are regulated by secretion of small signaling proteins, called cytokines, from source cells to their neighbors or into the environment. Concentration level and steepness of the resulting paracrine gradients elicit different cell responses, including proliferation, differentiation or chemotaxis. For an in-depth analysis of underlying mechanisms, in vitro models are required to mimic in vivo cytokine gradients. We set up a microparticle-based system to establish short-range cytokine gradients in a threedimensional extracellular matrix context. To provide native binding sites for cytokines, agarose microparticles were functionalized with different glycosaminoglycans (GAG). After protein was loaded onto microparticles, its slow release was quantified by confocal microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Besides the model protein lysozyme, SDF-1 was used as a relevant chemokine for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) chemotaxis. For both proteins we found gradients ranging up to 50 µm from the microparticle surface and concentrations in the order of nM to pM in dependence on loading concentration and affinity modulation by the GAG functionalization. Directed chemotactic migration of cells from a hematopoietic cell line (FDCPmix) and primary murine HSPC (Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48-) toward the SDF-1-laden microparticles proved functional short-range gradients in a twodimensional and three-dimensional setting over time periods of many hours. The approach has the potential to be applied to other cytokines mimicking paracrine cell-cell interactions in vitro

Das Chemokin SDF-1 spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Hämatopoese, bei Immunreaktionen sowie bei der Entwicklung des Herzens, der Extremitätenmuskulatur und des zentralen und peripheren Nervensystems. Lange Zeit galt CXCR4 als der einzige Chemokinrezeptor für SDF-1, bis vor wenigen Jahren CXCR7 als ein alternativer Rezeptor für SDF-1 identifiziert wurde. Da alle Zelltypen des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) sensitiv für SDF-1 sind, sollte in dieser Arbeit die Funktion der beiden Rezeptoren in primärer Mikroglia und primären Astrozyten untersucht werden. Bisher konnte CXCR7 nur als Scavenger-Rezeptor für SDF-1 oder als atypischer Chemokinrezeptor nachgewiesen werden. Die Untersuchungen ergaben einen mitogenen und chemotaktischen Effekt von SDF-1 auf primäre Mikroglia, wobei sowohl CXCR4 als auch CXCR7 für das SDF-1-Signalverhalten essentiell sind. Nach Aktivierung von Mikroglia in vitro und in vivo wurden beide Rezeptoren verstärkt expremiert. In primären Astrozyten ergab sich ein ligandenabhängiges Signalverhalten von CXCR7. So führte die Bindung von SDF-1 an CXCR7 zu einer Aktivierung von G-Proteinen, während die Kopplung von interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), als zweiten Liganden von CXCR7, eine Signalweiterleitung über ß-Arrestin2 zur Folge hatte. Zudem konnte die G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptorkinase (Grk)2 als ein positiver Regulator des SDF-1-CXCR7-Signalverhaltens in Astrozyten identifiziert werden.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19560号 / 医博第4067号 / 新制||医||1013(附属図書館) / 32596 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川口 義弥, 教授 小川 修, 教授 長澤 丘司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20265号 / 医博第4224号 / 新制||医||1021(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳田 素子, 教授 武田 俊一, 教授 野田 亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Chemokines are important chemical signals that guide lymphocyte movement within the immune system and promote the organization and functions of germinal centers (GCs) in the secondary lymphoid tissues. Previous studies have shown that GC T cells exhibit high expression of chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4, but that these cells are unable to migrate to the ligand for this receptor, the chemokine CXCL12. This “migratory paralysis” to CXCL12 was found to be correlated with the expression of two Regulators of G-protein Signaling, RGS13 and RGS16 in the GC T cells. The objective of my research was to determine whether RGS13 and RGS16 expression were associated with CXCL12-mediated CD4+ T cell migration. Because human GC T cells are rare and vary from one individual to another, I utilized two human neoplastic CD4+ T cell lines (i.e. Hut78 and SupT1) to facilitate and standardize my research. I also confirmed my observations using primary CD4+ T cells. Hut78 cells behaved similarly to GC T cells interms of CXCL12-mediated migration and RGS13 and RGS16 expression, while SupT1 cells appeared similar to CD4+ T cells that resided outside of GCs. The effect of RGS13 and RGS16 expression in the various CD4+ T cells was examined by altering the natural levels of these genes using RNA-mediated silencing and/or gene overexpression analysis after which, I examined the ability of the cells to migrate to CXCL12. RNA-mediated silencing of RGS16-, but not RGS13-, expression in Hut78 T cells resulted in a doubling of the migration rate in response to CXCL12. Over-expression of RGS13 or RGS16 in SupT1 and primary CD4+ T cells resulted in migration that was decreased by fifty percent. Because GC T cells demonstrated decreased migration to CXCL12 signals that may help them leave the GC, I reasoned that these cells may have an increased opportunity over other CD4+ T cells to become infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) trapped on Follicular Dendritic Cells in the GCs of infected subjects. Examination of GC T cells obtained from HIV-infected subjects indicated that these cells were more frequently infected by HIV than other CD4+ T cells thereby confirming my postulate. My research indicated that RGS13 and RGS16 were associated with CXCL12-mediated CD4+ T cell migration and suggests that these molecules may play an important role in HIV pathogenesis within the GC.

No description available.

The mechanisms of how obesity contributes to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases are not entirely understood. Obesity is frequently associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by, e.g., adipocyte hypertrophy, ectopic fat accumulation, immune cell infiltration, and the altered secretion of adipokines. Factors secreted from adipose tissue may induce and/or maintain a local and systemic low-grade activation of the innate immune system. Attraction of macrophages into adipose tissue and altered crosstalk between macrophages, adipocytes, and other cells of adipose tissue are symptoms of metabolic inflammation. Among several secreted factors attracting immune cells to adipose tissue, chemotactic C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (also described as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) has been shown to play a crucial role in adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on CCL2 with a focus on its role in linking obesity to cardio-metabolic diseases.