Nos últimos anos, pesquisas sobre a produção de nanocristais de amido (NCA) receberam interesse crescente devido a suas diversas aplicações, principalmente como material de reforço de matrizes poliméricas. Nesse contexto, o amido de quinoa (AQ) apresenta características desejáveis na produção de NCA tais como tamanho de grânulo pequeno e conteúdo de amilose relativamente baixo. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi produzir NCA de quinoa (NCAQ) por hidrólise ácida em diferentes temperaturas (30, 35 e 40) °C. Além disso, foi estudado o efeito da adição dos NCAQ nas propriedades estruturais e físicas de filmes de amido de mandioca. O AQ apresentou diferentes percentagens de hidrólise, no quinto dia, 63%, 73% e 91% para (30, 35 e 40) °C, respectivamente. O AQ (k = 0,59 dias-1) foi hidrolisado mais rápido que o amido de milho ceroso (k = 0,39 dias-1) a 40 °C. O rendimento dos NCAQ diminuiu com o incremento da temperatura de 30 a 40 °C; enquanto que a cristalinidade relativa dos NCAQ não foi alterada (~35%). A morfologia dos NCAQ produzidos a 30 °C foi irregular com tamanho micrométrico, enquanto que os produzidos a 35 e 40 °C apresentaram forma de paralelepípedo com tamanhos entre (50 e 100) nm e (400 e 900) nm (agregados). O diâmetro hidrodinâmico e as propriedades térmicas dos NCAQ diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura da hidrólise; enquanto que a intensidade das bandas FTIR e o potencial zeta aumentaram. As propriedades indicaram que NCAQ foram produzidos somente a (35 e 40) °C com rendimentos de 22,7% e 6,8%, respectivamente. Dessa forma, considerando o rendimento e a temperatura de transição, os NCAQ produzidos a 35 °C foram selecionados para aplicação em filmes de amido de mandioca. Os filmes foram preparados pela técnica do casting, com 4 g de amido de mandioca/100 g de dispersão filmogênica; 25 g glicerol/ 100 g de amido; e 0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5 g de NCAQ/ 100 g de amido. Os difratogramas de raios X confirmaram a presença dos NCAQ nos filmes. A adição de NCAQ nos filmes aumentou a rugosidade e o ângulo de contato em concentrações de 5% e 7,5%, a resistência à tração e o módulo elástico, os parâmetros de cor L* e a* em concentrações 7,5%, e a opacidade; enquanto que diminuiu a deformação na ruptura, a permeabilidade ao vapor de água na concentração de 5%, e o brilho. Outras propriedades dos filmes como espessura, umidade, solubilidade, propriedades térmicas não foram alteradas pela adição de NCAQ. Os resultados indicaram que os NCAQ produzidos a 35 °C podem ser usados como reforço em filmes nanocompósitos para melhorar suas propriedades mecânicas. / Recently researches on starch nanocrystals (SNC) production have become of interest due to their many applications, especially as reinforcement in polymeric matrices. Quinoa starch (QS) has desirable characteristics for SNC production such as small granule size and relatively low amylose content. Thus, the objective of this research was to produce quinoa SNC (QSNC) by acid hydrolysis at different temperatures (30, 35 and 40) °C. Furthermore, the effect of QSNC addition on the structural and physical properties of cassava starch films was studied. QS presented different percentages of hydrolysis on the fifth day, 63%, 73% and 91% for (30, 35 and 40) °C, respectively. QS (0.59 days-1) was hydrolyzed more rapidly than waxy maize starch (0.39 days-1) at 40 °C. QSNC yields decreased with temperature increase from (30 to 40) °C, while the relative crystallinity was not altered (~35%). The morphology of QSNC produced at 30 °C was irregular with micrometric size while those produced at 35 °C and 40 °C presented parallelepiped shapes with sizes between 50 nm and 100 nm and 400 nm to 900 nm (aggregates). The hydrodynamic diameter and the thermal properties of QSNC decreased with temperature increase, while the FTIR band intensities and the zeta potential increased. The properties indicated that quinoa QSNC were only obtained at (35 and 40) °C with yields of 22.8% and 6.8%, respectively. QSNC produced at 40 °C presented lower yield and crystallinity than waxy maize SNC, but a lower hydrodynamic diameter. Thus, based on the yield and transition temperature, QSNC produced at 35 °C was selected for application in cassava starch films. The films were prepared by casting technique, with 4 g of cassava starch / 100 g of film forming dispersion; 25 g glycerol / 100 g starch; and 0; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 g of QSNC / 100 g of starch. X-ray diffractograms confirmed the presence of QSNC in the films. Addition of QSNC to films increased the roughness and the contact angle at 5.0% and 7.5% concentrations, the tensile strength and elastic modulus, the color parameters L* and a* at 7.5% concentration, and the opacity; while decreasing deformation at break, water vapor permeability at 5.0% concentration, and gloss. Other film properties such as thickness, moisture content, solubility, thermal properties were not affected by QSNC addition. The results indicated that the QSNC produced at 35 ° C can be used as reinforcement in nanocomposite films to improve their mechanical properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Aline Egewarth.pdf: 1031281 bytes, checksum: 13977263780f2836022b87b186b94f53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The consumption of quinoa is growing in the world because of its high nutritional value and genetic variability and may be an alternative for the diversification of production, however studies in culture are still restricted to the Cerrado region, making it necessary to provide cultivars adapted to southern Brazil . This study was conducted in order to characterize and analyze the adaptability and stability quinoa Willd genotypes belonging to the Quinoa Improvement Program, State University of Paraná West - UNIOESTE. Four experiments were conducted three of them in the experimental field of Entre Rios do Oeste and one in Rondon. The experimental design was randomized blocks, composed of thirteen (only the first experiment) and sixteen genotypes of C. quinoa selected within populations of Royal Quinoa, Cherry Vanilla, Brilliant Rainbow Quinoa and Orange, in three replications. The parameters evaluated were: number of days to flowering, plant height at flowering, cycle, plant height at maturity, the first inflorescence insertion height, plant population, productivity, saponin content and moisture. the methodologies were used: Eberhart and Russell, Lin and Binns, adapted by Aries, and the Integrated Method for determination of stability and phenotypic adaptability productivity. Plant height at flowering ranged from 0.75 to 1.09 m, and 0.80 to 0.91m in the experiments, respectively. In the first experiment the Q13-17 genotype with higher productivity, only took 46.57 days after sowing to flower, and time below the eleven genotypes. All genotypes are considered bitter, presented early cycle and height of the first inflorescence enough to allow mechanized harvesting. The Q13-04 genotypes, Q13-20, Q13-21, Q13-24 and Q2014 were classified as stable by the methods proposed by Eberhart and Russell and Lin and Binns adapted by Carneiro. There was agreement between the methods of Eberhart and Russell and Integrated for Q13-01 genotypes, Q13-06, Q13-10, Q13-18 and Q13-20, which have high adaptability to the environments studied. All methods showed the Q13-02 genotype as the least adaptability and phenotypic stability, which is subject to disposal quinoa Improvement Program. The Q13-04, Q13-06 genotypes, Q13-17, Q13-21 and Q2014 have agronomic characteristics such as yield potential, early cycles, and time of the first inflorescence enough to allow mechanized harvesting, as well as stability and phenotypic adaptability to environmental conditions the Western Region of Paraná and may be released as new varieties adapted to areas with environmental conditions similar to the study / O consumo de quinoa vem crescendo no mundo devido seu alto valor nutricional e variabilidade genética, podendo ser uma alternativa na diversificação da produção, entretanto os estudos com a cultura ainda estão restritos à região do cerrado, tornando necessário disponibilizar cultivares adaptadas à região sul do Brasil. Assim, este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de caracterizar e analisar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de Chenopodium quinoa Willd pertencentes ao Programa de Melhoramento de Quinoa da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos sendo três deles no campo experimental de Entre Rios do Oeste e um em Marechal Cândido Rondon. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, composto de treze (apenas o primeiro experimento) e dezesseis genótipos de C. quinoa selecionados dentro das populações de Quinoa Real, Cherry Vanilla, Brilliant Rainbow e Quinoa Orange, em três repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: número de dias para a floração, altura de plantas na floração, ciclo, altura de plantas na maturação, altura de inserção da primeira inflorescência, população de plantas, produtividade, teor de saponina e umidade. Utilizaram-se as metodologias: Eberhart e Russell, Lin e Binns, adaptado por Carneiro, e o Método Integrado para determinação da estabilidade e adaptabilidade fenotípica da produtividade. A altura de plantas na floração variou de 0,75 a 1,09 m e de 0,80 a 0,91 m nos experimentos, respectivamente. No primeiro experimento o genótipo Q13-17, com a maior produtividade, levou apenas 46,57 dias após a semeadura para florescer, sendo tempo inferior à outros onze genótipos. Todos os genótipos avaliados são considerados amargos, apresentam ciclo precoce e altura da primeira inflorescência suficiente para possibilitar a colheita mecanizada. Os genótipos Q13-04, Q13-20, Q13-21, Q13-24 e Q2014 foram classificados como estáveis pelos métodos propostos por Eberhart e Russell e o de Lin e Binns adaptado por Carneiro. Houve concordância entre os métodos de Eberhart e Russell e Integrado para os genótipos Q13-01, Q13-06, Q13-10, Q13-18 e Q13-20, os quais possuem adaptabilidade geral aos ambientes estudados. Todos os métodos apontaram o genótipo Q13-02 como o de menor adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica, sendo este passível de descarte do Programa de Melhoramento de quinoa. Os genótipos Q13-04, Q13-06, Q13-17, Q13-21 e Q2014 apresentam características agronômicas como potencial produtivo, ciclos precoces, e altura da primeira inflorescência suficiente para possibilitar a colheita mecanizada, além de estabilidade e adaptabilidade fenotípica às condições ambientais da Região Oeste do Paraná, podendo ser lançadas como novas variedades adaptadas à regiões com condições ambientais semelhantes ao do estudo

Nos últimos anos, pesquisas sobre a produção de nanocristais de amido (NCA) receberam interesse crescente devido a suas diversas aplicações, principalmente como material de reforço de matrizes poliméricas. Nesse contexto, o amido de quinoa (AQ) apresenta características desejáveis na produção de NCA tais como tamanho de grânulo pequeno e conteúdo de amilose relativamente baixo. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi produzir NCA de quinoa (NCAQ) por hidrólise ácida em diferentes temperaturas (30, 35 e 40) °C. Além disso, foi estudado o efeito da adição dos NCAQ nas propriedades estruturais e físicas de filmes de amido de mandioca. O AQ apresentou diferentes percentagens de hidrólise, no quinto dia, 63%, 73% e 91% para (30, 35 e 40) °C, respectivamente. O AQ (k = 0,59 dias-1) foi hidrolisado mais rápido que o amido de milho ceroso (k = 0,39 dias-1) a 40 °C. O rendimento dos NCAQ diminuiu com o incremento da temperatura de 30 a 40 °C; enquanto que a cristalinidade relativa dos NCAQ não foi alterada (~35%). A morfologia dos NCAQ produzidos a 30 °C foi irregular com tamanho micrométrico, enquanto que os produzidos a 35 e 40 °C apresentaram forma de paralelepípedo com tamanhos entre (50 e 100) nm e (400 e 900) nm (agregados). O diâmetro hidrodinâmico e as propriedades térmicas dos NCAQ diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura da hidrólise; enquanto que a intensidade das bandas FTIR e o potencial zeta aumentaram. As propriedades indicaram que NCAQ foram produzidos somente a (35 e 40) °C com rendimentos de 22,7% e 6,8%, respectivamente. Dessa forma, considerando o rendimento e a temperatura de transição, os NCAQ produzidos a 35 °C foram selecionados para aplicação em filmes de amido de mandioca. Os filmes foram preparados pela técnica do casting, com 4 g de amido de mandioca/100 g de dispersão filmogênica; 25 g glicerol/ 100 g de amido; e 0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5 g de NCAQ/ 100 g de amido. Os difratogramas de raios X confirmaram a presença dos NCAQ nos filmes. A adição de NCAQ nos filmes aumentou a rugosidade e o ângulo de contato em concentrações de 5% e 7,5%, a resistência à tração e o módulo elástico, os parâmetros de cor L* e a* em concentrações 7,5%, e a opacidade; enquanto que diminuiu a deformação na ruptura, a permeabilidade ao vapor de água na concentração de 5%, e o brilho. Outras propriedades dos filmes como espessura, umidade, solubilidade, propriedades térmicas não foram alteradas pela adição de NCAQ. Os resultados indicaram que os NCAQ produzidos a 35 °C podem ser usados como reforço em filmes nanocompósitos para melhorar suas propriedades mecânicas. / Recently researches on starch nanocrystals (SNC) production have become of interest due to their many applications, especially as reinforcement in polymeric matrices. Quinoa starch (QS) has desirable characteristics for SNC production such as small granule size and relatively low amylose content. Thus, the objective of this research was to produce quinoa SNC (QSNC) by acid hydrolysis at different temperatures (30, 35 and 40) °C. Furthermore, the effect of QSNC addition on the structural and physical properties of cassava starch films was studied. QS presented different percentages of hydrolysis on the fifth day, 63%, 73% and 91% for (30, 35 and 40) °C, respectively. QS (0.59 days-1) was hydrolyzed more rapidly than waxy maize starch (0.39 days-1) at 40 °C. QSNC yields decreased with temperature increase from (30 to 40) °C, while the relative crystallinity was not altered (~35%). The morphology of QSNC produced at 30 °C was irregular with micrometric size while those produced at 35 °C and 40 °C presented parallelepiped shapes with sizes between 50 nm and 100 nm and 400 nm to 900 nm (aggregates). The hydrodynamic diameter and the thermal properties of QSNC decreased with temperature increase, while the FTIR band intensities and the zeta potential increased. The properties indicated that quinoa QSNC were only obtained at (35 and 40) °C with yields of 22.8% and 6.8%, respectively. QSNC produced at 40 °C presented lower yield and crystallinity than waxy maize SNC, but a lower hydrodynamic diameter. Thus, based on the yield and transition temperature, QSNC produced at 35 °C was selected for application in cassava starch films. The films were prepared by casting technique, with 4 g of cassava starch / 100 g of film forming dispersion; 25 g glycerol / 100 g starch; and 0; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 g of QSNC / 100 g of starch. X-ray diffractograms confirmed the presence of QSNC in the films. Addition of QSNC to films increased the roughness and the contact angle at 5.0% and 7.5% concentrations, the tensile strength and elastic modulus, the color parameters L* and a* at 7.5% concentration, and the opacity; while decreasing deformation at break, water vapor permeability at 5.0% concentration, and gloss. Other film properties such as thickness, moisture content, solubility, thermal properties were not affected by QSNC addition. The results indicated that the QSNC produced at 35 ° C can be used as reinforcement in nanocomposite films to improve their mechanical properties.

OLIVEIRA FILHO, Antonio Francelino de. Produção e qualidade de sementes de quinoa em função do arranjo espacial. 2017. 62 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia/Fitotecnia)–Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Deocleciano Xavier (dixavier.ufc@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T18:04:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_PRONTA_BIBLIOTECA_QUINOA_FRANCELINO.pdf: 1780684 bytes, checksum: bc807ab2bcbe87bcf5f09b0ffe7d59da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-08-01T18:21:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_PRONTA_BIBLIOTECA_QUINOA_FRANCELINO.pdf: 1780684 bytes, checksum: bc807ab2bcbe87bcf5f09b0ffe7d59da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T18:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_PRONTA_BIBLIOTECA_QUINOA_FRANCELINO.pdf: 1780684 bytes, checksum: bc807ab2bcbe87bcf5f09b0ffe7d59da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect over two years of population arrangements on vegetative characteristics, production components and physiological potential in seeds of the quinoa ‘BRS Piabiru’. The experiments were carried out in the experimental area of the agriculture sector of the Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Ceará Pici Campus, in Fortaleza, Ceará, during the agricultural years 2014/2015 (from October to February) and 2015/2016 (from September to January). The treatments were the result of a 3 x 3 factorial scheme (row spacings: 20, 40 and 60 cm, and plant spacings within a row: 10, 15 and 20 cm), with the treatments distributed over four replications. Vegetative characteristics were evaluated by plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, specific leaf area, leaf area index and shoot dry weight. For the production characteristics, the panicle length, seed to panicle ratio, productivity, 1000-seed weight and seed oil content were evaluated. The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated by tests of germination and vigour (percentage germination, germination speed index, mean germination time and accelerated ageing). The experiments were analysed jointly in relation to cycle for seed production and quality. Population arrangement and planting cycle interact on the vegetative characteristics and yield of the quinoa, with the combination of 20 x 10 cm producing around 10 ton.ha-1 shoot dry weight, and 1,162.12 kg.ha-1 seeds. The physiological quality of the seed is dependent on the density within the row, where spacings of 15 and 20 cm promote greater percentage germination (over 84%). An increase in planting density gives a reduction in panicle size of more than 18 cm for some combinations, but this is compensated for by an increase in seed productivity. The agricultural year affected seed quality within the various plant populations, which may be related to climatic factors. / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos dos arranjos populacionais nas características vegetativas, componentes de produção e potencial fisiológico de sementes da cultivar de quinoa BRS Piabiru em dois anos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do setor de agricultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, em Fortaleza, CE durante os anos agrícolas 2014/2015(de outubro a fevereiro) e 2015/2016 (de setembro a janeiro). Os tratamentos resultaram de um esquema fatorial 3x3 (espaçamentos entre fileiras: 20; 40 e 60 cm e espaçamentos entre plantas dentro da fileira: 10; 15 e 20 cm), sendo esses tratamentos distribuídos em quatro repetições. As características vegetativas foram avaliadas através da altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de ramificações, área foliar específica, índice de área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea, já para as características de produção verificou-se o comprimento de panícula, relação semente panícula, produtividade, massa de 1000 sementes e teor de óleo nas sementes. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi avaliado pelos testes de germinação e vigor (percentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado). Os experimentos foram analisados de forma conjunta em relação ao ciclo para a produção e qualidade de sementes. O arranjo populacional e ciclo de plantio interagem sobre as características vegetativas e o rendimento de quinoa, com a combinação de 20 x 10 cm produzindo 10 ton ha-1 de massa seca da parte aérea e 1.162,12 kg ha-1 de sementes. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes é dependente da densidade no interior da fileira, sendo o espaçamento de 15 e 20 cm os que promovem maiores percentuais de germinação (acima de 84%). O aumento da densidade de plantio proporciona redução acima de 18 cm no tamanho das panículas em algumas combinações, porém é compensado pelo aumento da produtividade de sementes. O ano agrícola afeta a qualidade de sementes dentro das diversas populações de plantas, devido às condições meteorológicas.

Le genre Chenopodium comprend environ 150 espèces réparties sur l'ensemble du globe et établies dans une large gamme de milieux. En Amérique du Sud, différentes espèces, cultivées comme C. quinoa Willd. et C. pallidicaule Aellen, ou sauvages comme C. hircinum Schrader, sont distribuées sur des gradients pédoclimatiques allant du niveau de la mer au Chili, jusqu'à plus de 4000 m d'altitude sur l'altiplano boliviano-péruvien, sur des sols plus ou moins profonds et riches en nutriments, et sous des climats allant du tropical humide jusqu'au froid aride. Ces espèces sont phylogénétiquement apparentées, et on admet généralement que C. quinoa a été domestiqué à partir de C. hircinum et qu'une partie de son génome proviendrait de C. pallidicaule. Leur large distribution dans des écosystèmes naturels ou agricoles et leur plus ou moins grande tolérance aux contraintes du milieu, font de ce groupe d'espèces un modèle intéressant pour examiner la diversité des réponses des plantes, notamment face à la faible disponibilité en eau dans le sol. La totalité de l'eau nécessaire à la vie de ces plantes passant par le système racinaire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux variations intra- et interspécifiques de l'architecture et de la croissance des racines et à leurs réponses au déficit hydrique, en faisant l'hypothèse que les plantes provenant d'un milieu aride ou d'un système de culture à faible usage d'intrants, ont développé des traits racinaires qui leurs permettent d'accroître l'acquisition des ressources du sol. Pour tester cette hypothèse nous avons comparé la croissance et le développement racinaire de plantes de deux écotypes de C. quinoa de régions plus ou moins arides, et de populations de C. pallidicaule et de C. hircinum, placées dans des conditions de culture contrôlées non limitantes ou déficitaires en eau, en pots et en rhizotrons. Les principaux résultats de ce travail de thèse montrent que, malgré de grandes différences dans la production de biomasse et la morphologie aérienne, les populations étudiées présentent toutes la même typologie racinaire. Elles diffèrent entre elles par plusieurs traits d'architecture et de morphologie racinaire qui déterminent la capacité d'exploration et d'exploitation des ressources du sol. Certains de ces traits, comme la vitesse d'élongation de la racine principale, présentent une grande plasticité de réponse au déficit hydrique. D'autres traits, comme la longueur spécifique des racines, sont moins plastiques mais présentent des différences interspécifiques importantes. Ces variations de l'architecture des plantes forment des syndromes adaptatifs favorisant la survie des plantes dans les milieux les plus contraignants. Mots clés : Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule, système racinaire, architecture racinaire, topologie racinaire, ontogénie, rhizotron, élongation racinaire, analyses de croissance, espèces cultivées, espèces sauvages, croissance racinaire, morphologie racinaire. / The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species distributed all around the world and over a wide range of environments. In South America, differents species, either cultivated as C. quinoa Willd. and C. pallidicaule Aellen, or wild as C. hircinum Schrader, are distributed over pedoclimatic gradients from the sea level in Chile, up to an altitude of 4000 m in the altiplano of Bolivia and Peru, on soils more or less thick and rich in nutrients, and under climates from tropical humid to arid and cold. These species are phylogenetically related, and it is generally admitted that C. quinoa was domesticated from C. hircinum and that part of its genome comes from C. pallidicaule. Their wide distribution in natural and crop ecosystems and their more or less strong tolerance to environmental constraints, make this group of species an interesting model for examining the diversity of responses of the plants, in particular facing a low disponibility of resources in the soil. As all the water necessary for the life of the pass through the root system, we focused our interest in the intra- and interspecific variations in the root growth and architecture, and their responses to the water deficit, with the hypothesis that plants from arid habitats or from low-input agrosystems, developed root traits that allowed them to increase the acquisition of resources in the soil. To test this hypothesis we compared the root growth and development in plants of two ecotypes of C. quinoa from more or less arid regions, and of populations of C. pallidicaule and C. hircinum, placed under non-limiting or water deficit growth conditions, in pots and in rhizotrons. The main results of this research show that, despite large differences in biomass production and morphology of the aerial plant part, the studied populations showed the same root typology. They differed by several traits of root architecture and morphology which control the capacity of the plant to explore and exploit the soil resources. Some of these traits, such as the taproot elongation rate, showed a high plasticity in response to the water deficit. Other traits, like the specific root length, were less plastic but showed large interspecific differences. These variations in plant root architecture conforms adaptive syndromes that favor the plant survival in the most limiting environments. Key words : Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule, root system, root architecture, topological index, ontogeny, rhizotron, root elongation, plant growth analysis, cultivated species, wild species, root growth, root morphology.

Dans les hauts plateaux des Andes entre le Pérou et la Bolivie, à 3 800 mètres d’altitude s’étend le lac Titicaca, berceau des civilisations précolombiennes et l’un des principaux centres mondiaux de domestication des espèces végétales cultivées pour l’agriculture. Cette région est reconnue comme le centre d’origine du quinoa, C. quinoa Willd. Elle concentre la plus grande diversité génétique du quinoa, tant pour les variétés paysannes cultivées que pour les espèces sauvages apparentées. Notre recherche a été conduite dans la région de Puno, Pérou, qui reste l’une des principales régions productrices de quinoa au monde. Le quinoa y présente une distribution spatiale selon un gradient climatique nord-sud et une différenciation en zones agroécologiques liée à l’altitude. Actuellement, sept principales espèces de parents sauvages du quinoa y sont présentes : C.ambrosioides L., C.incisum Poiret, C.pallidicaule Aellen, C.petiolare Kunth, C.hircinum Schrad., C.quinoa ssp. melanospermum Hunz. et C.carnosolum Moq. Cette diversité de ressources génétiques a une grande valeur pour l’évolution adaptative du quinoa notamment face aux effets du changement climatique. Notre thèse s’inscrit dans l’importance économique et culturelle du quinoa, étant à la fois une ressource alimentaire des régions andines et l’objet des marchés internationaux du fait de ses qualités nutritives. Cette opportunité économique peut avoir des impacts en termes de sécurité alimentaire, d’agrobiodiversité, et de gestion de l’agroécosystème. Cette thèse a analysé comment les communautés agricoles andines intègrent la présence des espèces de parents sauvages dans leurs pratiques de gestion et leurs pratiques agricoles autour du quinoa. Des cartographies participatives et des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été réalisées avec les membres de six villages choisis selon des critères biogéographiques. La modélisation chorématique a été appliquée à deux périodes, avant et après 1970, année charnière au Pérou pour l’agriculture, dans le but de montrer comment les dynamiques socio-spatiales du milieu andin se modifient, notamment en lien avec l’évolution de la culture du quinoa. La distribution des espèces de parents sauvages du quinoa apparaît fortement liée à l’organisation socio-spatiale de l’agroécosystème. Ces espèces sont maintenues par les villageois pour leurs multiples usages alimentaires, médicinaux et culturels, dans des espaces naturels, des zones pâturées, aux abords et également à l’intérieur des champs cultivés. Ceci est à la fois le résultat de la gestion dynamique organisée par les communautés rurales et des savoirs liés à ces espèces qui se transmettent de génération en génération. Cependant cette gestion est en train de changer sous la pression d’enjeux globaux liés au marché international du quinoa, dont les exigences impliquent de réduire la présence de parents sauvages dans les champs cultivés. En conclusion, la thèse aborde la durabilité des pratiques de gestion et des pratiques agricoles dans un objectif de conservation dynamique in situ de la biodiversité sauvage et cultivée. Une mise en perspective historique des résultats nous a permis de questionner l’évolution des pratiques de gestion de ces différentes espèces par les communautés locales. En termes d’implication, deux types de projets pourraient être réfléchis. Le développement de projets prenant en compte le maintien de la présence des parents sauvages du quinoa dans le champ cultivé est favorable à l’introduction de gènes d’intérêt pour aider le quinoa à s’adapter à des conditions écologiques changeantes sous les effets du changement climatique. Egalement, des projets spécifiques de conservation in situ de l’agrobiodiversité, qui considèrent l’espace naturel et l’espace cultivé comme un ensemble cohérent, représentent une voie de gestion de pools de gènes importante pour l’agriculture et l’alimentation mondiale / Lake Titicaca, the cradle of pre-Columbian civilizations and one of the world’s main centres of domestication for farmed plant species, lies 3,800 m above sea level in the central Andean Highlands between Peru and Bolivia. The region is acknowledged as the centre of origin of quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. The greatest genetic diversity of quinoa and its wild relatives is concentrated there. Our research was conducted in the Puno region (Peru), which remains one of the main quinoa producing regions in the world. Quinoa displays spatial distribution along a North-South climate gradient in the region, with differentiation into mostly elevation-related, agro-ecological zones that explain its genetic diversity. Seven main quinoa crop wild relatives currently exist there: C. ambrosioides L., C. incisum Poiret, C. pallidicaule Aellen, C. petiolare Kunth, C. hircinum Schrad., C. quinoa ssp. melanospermum Hunz. and C. carnosolum Moq. This diversity of plant genetic resources is of great value for the adaptive evolution of quinoa, especially under the effect of climate change. This PhD thesis deals with the economic and cultural importance of quinoa, which is both a food resource in the Andean regions and an international commodity due to its exceptional nutritional qualities (protein-rich). This economic opportunity may have impacts on local food security, agrobiodiversity and agro-ecosystem management. One way of investigating this issue is to examine how the distribution of crop wild relatives is linked to the way quinoa cultivation is spatially organized. The thesis analysed how Andean farming communities incorporate the presence of wild relatives in their quinoa-related management and farming practices. Participatory mapping and ethnobotanical surveys were carried out with members of six villages chosen according to biogeographical criteria along a North South gradient, combined with data related to elevation and the proximity to Lake Titicaca. In order to show how the socio-spatial dynamics of the Andean environment are changing, notably linked to changes in quinoa growing, chorematic modelling was applied to two periods, before and after 1970, which was a pivotal year for Peruvian farming (agrarian reform, territorial rights of indigenous communities). The distribution of quinoa crop wild relatives seems to be closely linked to how the agro-ecosystem is spatially organized. Local communities keep these species for their multiple food, medicinal and cultural uses in natural areas, grazing areas, around and in farmed fields. This results from the dynamic management organized by rural communities, and from knowledge of those species passed down through the generations, by both women and men. However, management is changing under the pressure of global challenges arising from the international quinoa market, which calls for fewer wild parents in farmed fields. To conclude, the thesis looks at the sustainability of management and farming practices with a view to dynamic in situ conservation of wild and cultivated biodiversity. Choremes are used to place the results in historical perspective, to see how the management of these different species by local communities is evolving. In terms of implications, two types of project could be considered. Developing projects that keep quinoa crop wild relatives in farmed fields promotes the introduction of genes of interest, helping quinoa to adapt to ecological conditions being modified by climate change. Likewise, specific projects for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity, which consider natural and cultivated areas as a coherent whole, are a way of managing gene pools that is important for agriculture and for feeding the world.