"Thesis submitted for the degree of B.S.A."

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 105 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 adriano_e_me_botfca.pdf: 660248 bytes, checksum: b78236767080a845ff7e3cae1f588e01 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A aceroleira é uma planta de clima tropical que produz frutos ricos em vitamina C. Esta fruta é comercializada principalmente na forma de polpa congelada e fruto in natura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fenologia, produção e qualidade dos frutos da aceroleira cv. Olivier. Para tanto foi implantado um experimento em pomar comercial no município de Junqueirópolis-SP, no ano agrícola de 2009/2010. Foram avaliados dois ciclos reprodutivos: setembro e janeiro. Para avaliação fenológica, em cada época foram marcados 40 botões florais em 10 plantas, totalizando 400 botões. O ciclo foi dividido em estádios fenológicos, sendo avaliada a duração dos estádios, taxa de frutificação e crescimento dos frutos. Na avaliação da produção os frutos maduros foram colhidos e pesados. Para análise qualitativa foram coletadas amostras de frutos e avaliados o peso médio de fruto, cor de fruto e as características químicas da polpa: teor de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, açúcares redutores, ‘ratio’ e teor de ácido ascórbico. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a duração dos estádios é influenciada pela temperatura ambiente, sendo mais curto em condições de altas temperaturas. A elevada incidência de precipitações interfere negativamente na fixação dos frutos da aceroleira, prejudicando a produção. Também pode-se observar que o maior índice de abortamento ocorre no estádio de perda de pétala. Com relação ao desenvolvimento dos frutos, apesar da diferença na velocidade de crescimento e tamanho dos frutos, em ambas as avaliações pode-se observar que houve um mais acentuado nos primeiros 8 dias, seguindo depois um padrão linear. Para os dados de produção e qualidade dos frutos pode-se concluir que houve influência da época... / The barbados cherry tree is a tropical plant that produces fruits rich in vitamin C. This fruit is marketed mainly in the form of frozen pulp and fresh fruit. The present study aimed to evaluate the reproductive phenology, production and fruit quality of barbados cherry trees cv. Olivier at different times. Thus an experiment was deployed in the city of orchard Junqueirópolis-SP, in the agricultural year 2009/2010. Were evaluated two reproductive cycles: September and January. To evaluated of phenology in each times were marked 40 buds on 10 plants, totaling 400 buttons. The cycle was divided at different phenological stages, were evaluated for the duration of the stage, rate of fruit and fruit growth. Measuring the output ripe fruits were harvested and weighed. For qualitative analysis of fruit samples were collected and evaluated the average fruit weight, fruit color and chemical characteristics of pulp: soluble solids, pH, acidity, reducing sugars, 'ratio' and ascorbic acid. The results showed that the duration of the stages is influenced by temperature, being shorter in high temperature conditions. The high incidence of rainfall impacts negatively on fruit set of barbados cherry trees, hurting production. One can also observe that the highest rate of abortion occurs the stage of petal loss. In relation to fruit development, despite the difference in growth rate and fruit size in both assessments can be observed that there was a more pronounced during the first 8 days and then follows a linear pattern. For data production and fruit quality can be concluded that there was influence of the time, with production in September was higher, but the fruits harvested in January showed a higher average fruit weight. There were differences in pulp quality parameters of two times, with the fruits of the harvest in September... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Five virus isolates RS 2, RS 25, RS 26, RS 28 and RS 29, were transmitted by juice-inoculation technique from sour and sweet cherry trees to cucumber. Four isolates were obtained from trees growing in the Kootenay cherry district of British Columbia. Another one was isolated from a tree growing in the coastal area of this province. Viruses known to occur in the source trees are Necrotic Ring Spot Virus, Sour Cherry Yellows Virus, Twisted Leaf Virus and Little Cherry Virus. The relationship and the complexity of the virus isolates was studied with herbaceous hosts, using a mechanical transmission technique. Pincherry (Prunus pennsylvanica L.) was inoculated by the same technique as a means for provisional identification of the virus isolates. The cucumber syndrome of isolate RS 25 was very mild, that of isolate RS 2 mild, that of isolate RS 29 was of medium severity and those of isolates RS 26 and RS 28 were very severe. Inoculates RS 2 and RS 29 varied greatly in symptom expression on cucumber, whereas the symptom expression of the other isolates was less variable. Isolate RS 29 was characterized by symptomless systemic infection of Nemesia sp.. var. Triumph. Isolates RS 26 and RS 28 both infected Petunia hybr., var. Blue Bee, without expressing symptoms, whereas the other isolates did not infect this species. Other host species too carried the isolates without expressing symptoms, whereas symptoms were produced on cucurbit hosts. Isolates RS 2, RS 26, RS 28 and RS 29 appeared to consist of more than one virus. Strains of a virus P occur in all isolates and isolate RS 25 itself is also a strain of this virus. All five strains of virus P express similar very mild symptoms on cucumber, whereas a characteristic severe savoying type of symptom is produced on squash (var. Table Queen). Species susceptible to virus P are cucumber, pincherry, squash, sweet pea, tobacco (under conditions of long day) and other species. Lathyrus odoratus L. and Lens culinaris Medic. are species useful in separating virus P from the other viruses occurring in isolates RS 2, RS 26, RS 28 and RS 29. It is possible that virus P is related to cucumber-mosaic virus as suggested by symptoms on squash and tobacco. In previous work by other investigators a strain of cucumber-mosaic virus was also isolated from Prunus hosts. On pincherry (P. pennsylvanica L.) isolate RS 28 caused acute symptoms of necrosis and shothole. The plants recovered but symptoms of mottling were systemic. Necrotic Ring Spot Virus caused similar symptoms on Prunus hosts and this virus and Sour Cherry Yellows Virus was present in the original source tree. The other isolates in pincherry all caused similar symptoms of mottling on the young leaves. A few necrotic lesions were produced also. On reisolation from pincherry virus P was obtained in case of isolates RS 2, RS 26 and RS 29. No virus was reisolated in the case of isolate RS 25. The complete parent isolate was reisolated in case of isolate RS 28. The results with pincherry suggest that virus P is responsible for the mild symptoms whereas virus P in conjunction with an additional virus as in isolate RS 28 incites the severe shock symptoms. The identification of the viruses present in the isolates can be carried out by scion inoculation of a set of suitable Prunus indicator hosts. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Variation in pollen viability and the meiotic behaviour of sweet cherry Prunus avium L. cv. Lambert were studied. Pollen viability was estimated using aceto-carmine. Three types of pollen grain were observed; large, triangular; small, aborted; and intermediate. Only the first type were considered to have been viable at time of blossom harvest. No significant differences were detected between trees, between branches, or within branches, except for a North and South branch of one tree. Highly significant differences were detected among blossoms in a bud. The relative frequency of abnormal pollen was 42.26 per cent. Premeiotic budwood was stored at -5°C. Subsequent forcing at 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°C to bring the buds to meiosis, and staining in alcoholic hydrochloric acid-carmine, revealed meiotic abnormalities at all temperatures except 15°C. Early meiotic division stages of additional material forced at this temperature were synchronous, but asynchrony developed after first metaphase. The first meiotic division was characterized by the frequent presence of a single pair of univalents, which appeared to arise from desynapsis of a bivalent in diplotene. Meiotic abnormalities associated with the univalents were observed at later division stages. The metaphase-anaphase division was typified by sequential disjunction of the bivalents, characteristic for sweet cherry meiosis. The relative frequency of abnormal first meiotic divisions was 45.49 per cent. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The sweet cherry crop has always been the number one fruit crop in Utah until the last three or four years when it shifted to second place due to severe spring frosts. However, the outlook for its continued success is still very good. Even though there are drawbacks such as virus infestations, spring frosts, nutritional disorders, cracking, doubling, and bird injury, new plantings are being made each year in each of the important fruit producing counties. Utah is also important in the national production of sweet cherries and is presently sixth in the nation.

I dagsläget pågår reglering gällande hållbarhetsrapportering inom redovisningsområdet i syfte att uppnå harmonisering och jämförbarhet. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns problem med att uppnå jämförbarhet då det finns en flexibilitet i regleringen gällande innehållet i rapporterna som lämnar möjligheter att tillämpa cherry picking. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att öka förståelsen för vilken inverkan lagstiftning kan ha på företags hållbarhetsrapportering. I syftet ingår att särskilt granska potentiella effekter av reglerad hållbarhetsrapportering med avseende på jämförbarhet och cherry picking. Studien klassificeras som tolkande forskning där forskningsansatsen växlar mellan deduktiv och induktiv ansats. Studien kan i huvudsak kategoriseras som en kvalitativ dokumentstudie eftersom empirisk datainsamling sker genom innehållsanalys av remissvar. Även juridisk metod tillämpas då förstudie av lagstiftning presenteras.Teorin består av en allmän referensram, en teoretisk referensram samt tidigare forskning. Den empiriska sammanställningen bygger på kategorier i form av frågeställningar och i analysen ställs teori mot empiri med hjälp av en analysmodell. Både teori och empiri tyder på att det finns begränsningar med att reglera hållbarhetsrapportering som kan ha negativ inverkan på transparens och jämförbarhet i hållbarhetsrapporterna. Det uppmärksammas att flexibilitet i lagstiftning är nödvändig, men att företags möjligheter att välja ut (cherry pick) innehåll i hållbarhetsrapporter bör begränsas, vilket aktualiserar behov av övervakning. Ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv belyser denna studie behovet av att reglera kvalitetssäkring av hållbarhetsrapporter som en övervakningsmekanism. Ur ett praktiskt perspektiv visar studien att företag som omfattas av lag om hållbarhetsrapportering fortfarande kommer att kunna välja vad som lyfts fram i hållbarhetsrapporterna, men att det kan ha negativ inverkan på jämförbarhet. Då studien endast kan bidra med potentiella effekter av lagstiftning kan det vara intressant att i framtida studier utvärdera vilka faktiska effekter som reglerad hållbarhetsrapportering haft på jämförbarhet och cherry picking. / Currently there is an ongoing regulation process of sustainability reporting in order to achieve harmonization and comparability of non-financial information. Previous research indicates that there is a problem with achieving comparability when there is a regulatory flexibility regarding the content in the sustainability reports. The aim of this study is therefore to increase understanding of what impact regulation may have on sustainability reporting. The aim is particularly to review the potential impact of regulated sustainability reporting in terms of comparability and cherry picking. The study is classified as interpretive research and the research approach alternates between deductive and inductive approach. Qualitative document analysis is applied, where the empirical data is collected using content analysis of consultation responses. A pilot study based on legislation has been carried out, which makes legal methodology applicable. The theoretical framework consists of general concepts and notions, established theory formations and previous research. The empirical compilation is based on categories composed as questions and the empirical results are analyzed using an analytical model. Both previous research and empirical results suggest that when it comes to regulation of sustainability reporting there are limitations which can result in a negative impact on transparency and comparability. It has been noted that flexibility in legislation is necessary, but the opportunities for companies to choose (cherry pick) content of sustainability reports should be limited, which raises the need for monitoring mechanisms. From a theoretical perspective, this study highlights the need to legislate quality assurance of sustainability reports as a monitoring mechanism. From a practical point of view, the study shows that companies subject to the legislation of sustainability reporting still will be able to choose what content to emphasize. However, this may result in difficulties considering the comparability between reports.  As the study only can highlight potential effects of legislation, it may be interesting in future studies to evaluate the actual impact of regulated sustainability reporting in terms of comparability and cherry picking.

The aim of the research. To evaluate the genetic diversity in sweet and sour cher-ry populations, to characterize the injuries to blossoms and fruits caused by blossom blight brown rot, to identify the species composition of Monilinia patho-gens and to analyse the DNA polymorphism within and among pathogens popula-tions. Main tasks: 1. To analyse the genetic diversity of sweet and sour cherry cultivars and wild cherry population, growing in west Lithuania, using molecular marker methods (AFLP and SSR). 2. To determine factors affecting injuries caused by blossom blight. 3. To investigate characteristics of brown rot agent M. fructigena development in sweet and sour cherry cultivars differing in resistance to brown rot. 4. To identify species composition of Monilinia spp. in IH LRCAF stone fruit collection based on PCR methood and to evaluate inter- and intraspecific DNA polymorphism of Monilinia spp. based on AFLP method. / Tyrimų tikslas. Įvertinti trešnės ir paprastosios vyšnios populiacijų ge-netinę įvairovę, ištirti trešnės ir paprastosios vyšnios žiedų bei vaisių užsikrėtimo kaulavaisinių monilioze mechanizmus, nustatyti šios ligos sukėlėjų Monilinia rūšinę sudėtį bei išanalizuoti jų tarprūšinį ir vidurūšinį DNR polimorfizmą. Tyrimų uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti skirtingų pagal atsparumą moniliozinei degligei LAMMC SDI kaulavaisinių kolekcijoje augančių trešnės ir vyšnios veislių ir Vakarų Lietuvo-je augančios laukinės trešnės populiacijos genetinę įvairovę, naudojant molekuli-nius metodus (SSR ir PFIP) bei palyginti PFIP pradmenų kombinacijų informaty-vumo rodiklius. 2. Nustatyti žiedų pažeidimo moniliozine deglige (M. laxa) veiksnius: ištirti žiedo da¬lių atsparumą moniliozinei degligei, nustatyti kuriame žiedo raidos tarpsnyje jie yra jautriausi, įvertinti, ar kuokelių mechaninis pašalinimas (kastravimas) turi įtakos užsikrėtimui moniliozine deglige ir nustatyti ar žiedų ap-dulkinimas gali aktyvuoti augalo imunines reakci¬jas ir užkirsti kelią patogenui patekti į žiedo vidų. 3. Ištirti rudojo puvinio sukėlėjo M. fructigena vystymosi ypatumus kontrastinėse pa¬gal atsparumą rudajam puviniui trešnės ir vyšnios veislėse. Nusta-tyti, ar vaisiai jautresni patogenui yra nokimo pradžioje ar techninės brandos (skynimo) metu, įvertinti vaisių mechani¬nio pažeidimo poveikį užsikrėtimui ruduo-ju puviniu. 4. Identifikuoti Monilinia spp. LAMMC SDI kaulavaisinių kolekcijos augyne rūšinę sudėtį PGR... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:18:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_AlessandraSantos_D.pdf: 3488044 bytes, checksum: f87fb3e276cf6bc8933b4387bcc1c4bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) é um fruto nativo das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, e muito pouco investigado cientificamente. Graças às suas qualidades vitamínicas e sensoriais, a pitanga foi o principal objeto de estudo deste trabalho de tese. A acerola, excelente fonte de vitamina C, também foi abordada neste trabalho. O estudo da acerola consistiu basicamente na avaliação da polpa como matéria-prima para a indústria de néctares mistos, objetivando o enriquecimento em vitamina C do néctar de pitanga. Em relação aos processos tecnológicos aplicados às polpas e néctares, foram estudados os processos de extração de polpa e os métodos de conservação tradicionais: congelamento e pasteurização térmica. Como conseqüência lógica, também foi avaliada a estabilidade dos produtos processados com o intuito de determinar a ocorrência de alterações físicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais. O estudo do processo de extração de polpa (Capítulo 2) foi realizado em dois diferentes tipos de despolpadores: despolpador de escovas inclinado e despolpador de pás horizontal. Para os frutos de pitanga, os equipamentos de escovas e pás apresentaram rendimentos de polpa de 58,47±3,92% e 46,61±1,80%, respectivamente. A polpa obtida no despolpador de pás apresentou uma diferença total de cor (.E*) em relação aos parâmetros de cor L*, a* e b* dos frutos in natura, significativamente superior (p¡Ü0,05) a polpa processada no despolpador de escovas. Por isso, o despolpador de escovas se mostrou mais eficiente que o despolpador de pás para obtenção de polpa de pitanga, devido ao maior rendimento e menor .E*. No estudo de estabilidade da polpa de pitanga preservada por congelamento (Capítulo 3) durante 90 dias, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a reação cinética da degradação dos parâmetros de cor a* e diferença total de cor (.E*) se ajustaram aos modelos cinéticos de 1a ordem e zero ordem, respectivamente. Ao mesmo tempo, houve uma forte queda na aceitabilidade sensorial e na atitude positiva de compra do néctar formulado com a polpa de pitanga armazenada por 90 dias a ¿18oC, devido às significativas mudanças na qualidade física do néctar formulado com a polpa de pitanga congelada. No estudo de pasteurização térmica da polpa de pitanga (Capítulo 4) foi empregado um planejamento composto central (22), onde as variáveis independentes foram os parâmetros tempo e temperatura de processamento, e as variáveis dependentes foram cor instrumental (a*, b* e .E*) e atividade enzimática. O binômio tempo-temperatura de pasteurização térmica mais adequado para a conservação da polpa de pitanga foi de 59 a 68s a 90oC, considerando as mínimas alterações de cor instrumental e a inativação das enzimas presentes. O estudo do comportamento reológico da polpa de pitanga (Capítulo 5) na faixa de temperatura de pasteurização de 83 a 97oC determinou que a polpa de pitanga apresentou comportamento pseudoplástico e o modelo de Herschel-Bulkley foi considerado o mais adequado. Os índices de comportamento de fluido (n), variaram na faixa de 0,448 a 0,627. O efeito da temperatura sobre a viscosidade aparente pôde ser descrito pela equação análoga à de Arrenhius, observando-se a diminuição da viscosidade aparente com o aumento da temperatura. A energia de ativação do escoamento viscoso da polpa de pitanga, para a taxa de deformação de 100s-1, foi de 2,947 Kcal.gmol-1. No estudo de avaliação dos processos de despolpamento e estabilidade da polpa de acerola (Capítulo 6) preservada por congelamento durante 180 dias, foi determinado que o despolpador mais adequado para a extração da polpa de acerola foi o extrator de escovas, pois apresentou um maior rendimento (62,83%) e menor alteração da cor instrumental. No estudo de estabilidade da polpa de acerola, obtida no extrator de escovas, foi verificado que a mesma apresentou ótima estabilidade física, físico-química e sensorial até o final do experimento, exceto para o parâmetro de cor instrumental .E* (diferença total de cor), que variou significativamente (p¡Ü0,05) durante o período de estocagem da polpa de acerola. Paralelamente, foi observado um decréscimo significativo estatisticamente (p¡Ü0,05) no teor de antocianinas totais (16,23%). De acordo com a análise sensorial do atributo cor, a variação no teor de antocianinas totais não comprometeu significativamente (p>0,05) a aceitabilidade da polpa de acerola estocada por 180 dias a ¿18oC. No estudo de formulação e pasteurização térmica de néctar misto através da metodologia de superfície de resposta (Capítulo 7), foi verificada a maior aceitabilidade das formulações com maiores proporções de polpa de pitanga (26,4% a 32,9%). Na etapa de pasteurização do néctar misto foi determinada que na faixa de tempo entre 39s a 60s em temperaturas que variam de 83oC a 85oC, os néctares mistos pasteurizados de acerola e pitanga apresentaram as menores alterações sensoriais, e conseqüentemente maior a aceitabilidade / Abstract: Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a native fruit of the southern and south-eastern regions of Brazil, little studied scientifically. Pitanga was the main objective of this thesis due to its vitamin content and sensory qualities. West Indian cherry, an excellent vitamin C source, was also included in the study. The research on West Indian cherry was basically the evaluation of its pulp as a raw material for the mixed nectar industry, aiming to enrich the pitanga nectar with respect to vitamin C. The technological processes applied to the pulps were the extraction processes and the traditional methods of preservation: freezing and heat pasteurisation. As a logical sequence, the stability of the processed pulps was also evaluated, checking for physical, physicochemical and sensory alterations. The extraction process (Chapter 2) was carried out with two types of pulper: an inclined brush pulper and a horizontal blade pulper. For pitanga, the brush and blade pulpers gave pulp yields of 58.47±3.92% and 46.61±1.80% respectively and the pulp obtained using the blade pulper presented a significantly greater (p¡Ü0.05) total difference in colour (.E*) with respect to the colour parameters L*, a* and b* as compared to the in nature fruits, than that obtained using the brush pulper. Thus the brush pulper was shown to be more efficient due to a greater yield and smaller .E*. The study of pitanga pulp stability during 90 days of frozen storage (Chapter 3) showed that the degradation kinetics of the parameters a* and .E* fitted the 1st and zero order kinetic models respectively. At the same time there was a distinct loss in sensory acceptance and in the positive attitude to buying the nectar formulated with the pitanga pulp stored for 90 days at ¿18ºC, due to significant changes in the nectar formulated with this pulp. A 2² central composite experimental design was used in the study of the heat pasteurisation of pitanga pulp (Chapter 4), the independent variables being the process parameters of time and temperature and the dependent variables, the instrumental colour (a*, b* and .E*) and enzyme activity. The most adequate time-temperature binomial for the preservation of pitanga pulp by heat pasteurisation was from 59 to 68s at 90ºC, when considering minimal alterations in instrumental colour and inactivation of the enzymes. A study of the rheological behaviour of the pitanga pulp (Chapter 5) in the pasteurisation temperature range (83 to 97ºC) showed that it presented pseudoplastic behaviour, adjusting best to the Herschel-Bulkley model. The fluid behaviour index (ç) varied from 0.448 to 0.627. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity could be described by the Arrenhius analogical equation, the apparent viscosity decreasing with increase in temperature. The activation energy for viscous flow of the pitanga pulp was 1.947 Kcal.gmol-1 for a deformation rate of 100s-1. In the study on extraction procedures and stability of West Indian cherry pulp (Chapter 6) stored frozen for 180 days, the brush pulper was shown to be more adequate, giving a higher yield (62.83%) and lower alteration in instrumental colour. The West Indian cherry pulp extracted with the brush pulper showed excellent physical, physicochemical and sensory stability up to the end of the experiment, with the exception of the parameter .E*, which varied significantly during frozen storage. In parallel, a statistically significant (p¡Ü0.05) decrease in total anthocyanins was observed. According to the sensory analysis of the attribute colour, the variation in anthocyanin content did not significantly compromise the acceptability of the West Indian cherry pulp after 180 days of storage at ¿18ºC. In the study on the formulation and heat pasteurisation of the mixed nectar using response surface methodology (Chapter 7), a greater acceptance of the formulations containing higher proportions of pitanga pulp (26.4% and 32.9%) was observed. With respect to heat pasteurisation, temperatures between 83 and 85ºC for 39 to 60s presented the smallest sensory alterations and consequently the greatest acceptability of the mixed pitanga and West Indian cherry nectars / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos