BACKGROUND: Many women of reproductive age are employed in industries involving exposure to organic solvents. Animal toxicological studies and human case reports demonstrate that exposure to organic solvents can cause neuropsychological deficits in exposed offspring; however, there is limited data from prospective controlled human studies. OBJECTIVE: To compare neuropsychological functioning between children whose mothers were occupationally exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy with a non-exposed matched comparison group. METHODS: Participants were 48 women who had previously contacted the Motherisk Program in Toronto, Canada during pregnancy regarding occupational exposure to organic solvents and a matched comparison group of women with no known exposure to teratogens during pregnancy. Children (18 months to 8 years 11 months at time of study) were compared in areas of cognitive, language, motor, and behavioral functioning. RESULTS: Children whose mothers were exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy displayed a lower level of functioning when compared with their matched peers in areas of cognitive, language, motor, and behavioral domains. Although the scores on measures of behavioral functioning were not in the clinical range, the mothers of exposed children reported more challenging behavioral problems. In order to determine whether exposure predicted neuropsychological outcomes above and beyond maternal intellectual functioning, hierarchical regressions were run with maternal IQ and maternal education at Step 1and exposure status added at Step 2. In utero exposure to organic solvents predicted lower sores on global measures of Verbal IQ, receptive and expressive language scales above and beyond maternal intellectual functioning. Factors associated with higher levels of exposure (detecting odor, longer duration and total number of toxicity symptoms) was associated with poorer outcome on behavioral and motor functioning tests. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that the exposed mothers experienced minimal symptoms of toxicity, detrimental effects were still evident in their offspring. Current safety standards for exposure were designed for adults and need to be reevaluated. Further studies addressing exposure to specific organic solvents, dose, and gestational timing of exposure are warranted.

O sistema hormônio de crescimento (GH) / fator de crescimento insulina- símile tipo 1 (IGF-1) é o principal determinante e regulador do crescimento linear pósnatal. O GH é codificado pelo gene Growth Hormone 1 (GH1). Mutações no GH1 com efeito dominante negativo e herança autossômica dominante são as principais causas monogênicas de deficiência isolada de hormônio de crescimento (DIGH), enquanto deleções ou mutações de ponto no GH1 causam formas raras autossômicas recessivas de DIGH. No grupo de pacientes com DIGH do ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foram identificadas apenas deleções em homozigose no GH1 mesmo após estudo criterioso deste gene. Esta diferença em relação aos dados descritos na literatura poderia ser justificada pelo critério diagnóstico para a DIGH adotado pelo nosso grupo, sendo utilizado pico de GH em teste de estímulo inferior a 3,3 ug/L, em contraste com os valores de corte descritos na literatura que variam de 7 a 10 ug/L. Devido a esse fator, pacientes com mutações no GH1 com herança autossômica dominante poderiam estar sendo erroneamente diagnosticados como portadores de baixa estatura familiar ou idiopática (BEI) em nosso serviço. Adicionalmente, mutações que originam moléculas de GH biologicamente inativas também poderiam estar presentes nestes pacientes. Pelos fatores acima apresentados, expandimos o estudo do GH1 para um grupo de crianças classificadas como BEI. Foram selecionadas 98 de 487 crianças avaliadas em nosso serviço com baixa estatura utilizando os seguintes critérios: peso e comprimento normais para idade gestacional ao nascimento, escore-Z da altura < -2, escore-Z do IGF-1 < -1 e pico de resposta de GH >= 3,3 ug/L no teste de estímulo. DNA foi extraído de leucócitos periféricos desses pacientes para rastreamento de mutações no gene GH1. Realizamos estudo molecular por reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciamento automático de toda a região codificadora do GH1. Segregação familiar foi realizada para as variantes alélicas identificadas. Em nossa casuística, foram identificadas 10 variantes alélicas nos éxons 4 e 5 e no íntron 4 do GH1, sendo três variantes ainda não descritas na literatura (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr e c.456+19G > T). A análise in silico de todas as variantes identificadas indicou ausência de predição de efeito deletério sobre a proteína do GH. Estudo complementar realizado pelo nosso grupo identificou em crianças diagnosticadas com DIGH grave apenas uma paciente com mutação no GH1 responsável pela forma dominante desta doença. Em conclusão, mutações no GH1 causadoras da forma autossômica dominante de DIGH ou Tipo II não foram encontradas em nossa casuística, o que sugere que estas mutações sejam infrequentes em nossa população / The growth hormone (GH) / insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is the most important hormonal regulator of post-natal linear growth. GH is encoded by the Growth Hormone 1 gene (GH1). Mutations in GH1 with dominant inheritance, which exerts a dominant negative effect on the bioactive GH isoforms, are the main causes of monogenic isolated deficiency of growth hormone (IGHD), while deletions or point mutations in GH1 are responsible for a rare autosomal recessive form of IGHD. However, only homozygous deletions were identified in patients with IGHD from Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, even after detailed investigation of GH1. This difference regarding to literature can be caused by different criteria used to diagnose IGHD in our group, which adopted the cutoff value of peak GH < 3.3ug/L in response to stimulation test, in contrast to literature that describes other groups that use the cutoff peak value of the 7 - 10ug/L. Consequently, patients with autosomal dominant inheritance mutations in GH1 could be being erroneously diagnosed, as having idiopathic short stature (ISS) in our group. Additionally, mutations that cause biologically inactive GH can also be responsible for short stature in these patients. Due to the factors described above, we decided to screen mutations in GH1 in a group of children classified as ISS. We selected 98 of 487 children followed in our department with short stature according to the following criteria: normal birth weight and length for gestational age, height SDS <= -2, IGF-1 SDS < -1 and peak GH in stimulation test >= 3.3 ug/L. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of the patients to screen for mutations in GH1. We performed molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction and automated sequencing of the entire coding region of the GH1. Segregation analysis was performed in the presence of allelic variations. In our casuistic, we identified 10 allelic variants in exon 4, exon 5 and intron 4 of GH1, three of which have not been described (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr and c.456+19G >T). In silico analysis predicted that none of the mutant alleles would result in deleterious effect on the GH protein. An additional study in children diagnosed with severe IGHD, identified just one patient with the pathogenic GH1 mutation responsible for the dominant form of this disease. In summary, defects in GH1 responsible for the autosomal dominant form of IGHD or Type II were not found in our cohort of Brazilian patients, suggesting that these mutations are infrequent in our population

The literature directly comparing the epidemiology of MRSA among adult and pediatric hospitalized patients is strikingly minimal. The objective of this thesis was to identify any differences between these two patient groups. The Canadian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Program MRSA data (1995 to 2007: n=1,262 pediatric and 35,907 adult cases) were used to compare MRSA clinical and molecular characteristics and rates. Hospital characteristics were modeled using repeated measures Poisson regressions. The molecular and epidemiological characteristics of MRSA differed significantly between adults and children. Compared to children, MRSA in adults was more likely to be healthcare-associated, colonization, SCCmec type II, PVL negative, and resistant to most antibiotics. Rates of MRSA in Canada increased in both populations over time but were significantly higher in adults. The hospital characteristics associated with increased MRSA rates differed in adult and pediatric facilities. Implications for infection prevention and control strategies are discussed.

O sistema hormônio de crescimento (GH) / fator de crescimento insulina- símile tipo 1 (IGF-1) é o principal determinante e regulador do crescimento linear pósnatal. O GH é codificado pelo gene Growth Hormone 1 (GH1). Mutações no GH1 com efeito dominante negativo e herança autossômica dominante são as principais causas monogênicas de deficiência isolada de hormônio de crescimento (DIGH), enquanto deleções ou mutações de ponto no GH1 causam formas raras autossômicas recessivas de DIGH. No grupo de pacientes com DIGH do ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foram identificadas apenas deleções em homozigose no GH1 mesmo após estudo criterioso deste gene. Esta diferença em relação aos dados descritos na literatura poderia ser justificada pelo critério diagnóstico para a DIGH adotado pelo nosso grupo, sendo utilizado pico de GH em teste de estímulo inferior a 3,3 ug/L, em contraste com os valores de corte descritos na literatura que variam de 7 a 10 ug/L. Devido a esse fator, pacientes com mutações no GH1 com herança autossômica dominante poderiam estar sendo erroneamente diagnosticados como portadores de baixa estatura familiar ou idiopática (BEI) em nosso serviço. Adicionalmente, mutações que originam moléculas de GH biologicamente inativas também poderiam estar presentes nestes pacientes. Pelos fatores acima apresentados, expandimos o estudo do GH1 para um grupo de crianças classificadas como BEI. Foram selecionadas 98 de 487 crianças avaliadas em nosso serviço com baixa estatura utilizando os seguintes critérios: peso e comprimento normais para idade gestacional ao nascimento, escore-Z da altura < -2, escore-Z do IGF-1 < -1 e pico de resposta de GH >= 3,3 ug/L no teste de estímulo. DNA foi extraído de leucócitos periféricos desses pacientes para rastreamento de mutações no gene GH1. Realizamos estudo molecular por reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciamento automático de toda a região codificadora do GH1. Segregação familiar foi realizada para as variantes alélicas identificadas. Em nossa casuística, foram identificadas 10 variantes alélicas nos éxons 4 e 5 e no íntron 4 do GH1, sendo três variantes ainda não descritas na literatura (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr e c.456+19G > T). A análise in silico de todas as variantes identificadas indicou ausência de predição de efeito deletério sobre a proteína do GH. Estudo complementar realizado pelo nosso grupo identificou em crianças diagnosticadas com DIGH grave apenas uma paciente com mutação no GH1 responsável pela forma dominante desta doença. Em conclusão, mutações no GH1 causadoras da forma autossômica dominante de DIGH ou Tipo II não foram encontradas em nossa casuística, o que sugere que estas mutações sejam infrequentes em nossa população / The growth hormone (GH) / insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is the most important hormonal regulator of post-natal linear growth. GH is encoded by the Growth Hormone 1 gene (GH1). Mutations in GH1 with dominant inheritance, which exerts a dominant negative effect on the bioactive GH isoforms, are the main causes of monogenic isolated deficiency of growth hormone (IGHD), while deletions or point mutations in GH1 are responsible for a rare autosomal recessive form of IGHD. However, only homozygous deletions were identified in patients with IGHD from Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, even after detailed investigation of GH1. This difference regarding to literature can be caused by different criteria used to diagnose IGHD in our group, which adopted the cutoff value of peak GH < 3.3ug/L in response to stimulation test, in contrast to literature that describes other groups that use the cutoff peak value of the 7 - 10ug/L. Consequently, patients with autosomal dominant inheritance mutations in GH1 could be being erroneously diagnosed, as having idiopathic short stature (ISS) in our group. Additionally, mutations that cause biologically inactive GH can also be responsible for short stature in these patients. Due to the factors described above, we decided to screen mutations in GH1 in a group of children classified as ISS. We selected 98 of 487 children followed in our department with short stature according to the following criteria: normal birth weight and length for gestational age, height SDS <= -2, IGF-1 SDS < -1 and peak GH in stimulation test >= 3.3 ug/L. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of the patients to screen for mutations in GH1. We performed molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction and automated sequencing of the entire coding region of the GH1. Segregation analysis was performed in the presence of allelic variations. In our casuistic, we identified 10 allelic variants in exon 4, exon 5 and intron 4 of GH1, three of which have not been described (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr and c.456+19G >T). In silico analysis predicted that none of the mutant alleles would result in deleterious effect on the GH protein. An additional study in children diagnosed with severe IGHD, identified just one patient with the pathogenic GH1 mutation responsible for the dominant form of this disease. In summary, defects in GH1 responsible for the autosomal dominant form of IGHD or Type II were not found in our cohort of Brazilian patients, suggesting that these mutations are infrequent in our population

The literature directly comparing the epidemiology of MRSA among adult and pediatric hospitalized patients is strikingly minimal. The objective of this thesis was to identify any differences between these two patient groups. The Canadian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Program MRSA data (1995 to 2007: n=1,262 pediatric and 35,907 adult cases) were used to compare MRSA clinical and molecular characteristics and rates. Hospital characteristics were modeled using repeated measures Poisson regressions. The molecular and epidemiological characteristics of MRSA differed significantly between adults and children. Compared to children, MRSA in adults was more likely to be healthcare-associated, colonization, SCCmec type II, PVL negative, and resistant to most antibiotics. Rates of MRSA in Canada increased in both populations over time but were significantly higher in adults. The hospital characteristics associated with increased MRSA rates differed in adult and pediatric facilities. Implications for infection prevention and control strategies are discussed.