Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alba Barbosa Pessoa.pdf: 7322164 bytes, checksum: e13a4bd359cd5dc19c6af8a3269d420d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Trying to contribute for the childhood history in Amazonas State, the present research aims to identify the social space taken by Manaus children over the period called Belle Époque . Manaus city over this period was passing through an intense process of transformation. The rubber export business provides intense contact with new ideas brought by the modernity, imposing not only architectural changes in the city, as well as in the custom and habits of the population. In this historical context in which the city goes through, this work intends to identify the spaces taken by children in the work world in Manaus city. The child labor was present all over the city and the preparation of the labor force was possible thanks to educational institutions whose objective was to give assistance to children who came from poor families, concerning to the learning of a work skill. The press had an important role on the spread of ideas which associated the lack of work to idleness, cristalizing the distinction between the terms minor and child. Thus, different political policies are implemented aiming at making possible a greater recruitment of child labor force. / Procurando contribuir para uma história da infância no Amazonas, a presente pesquisa procura identificar o espaço social ocupado pelas crianças na cidade de Manaus durante a chamada Belle Époque . Durante esse período a cidade está passando por um intenso processo de transformação. O comercio de exportação da borracha lhe propicia intenso contato com as novas idéias trazidas pela modernidade, impondo mudanças não só arquitetônicas da cidade, bem como nos costumes e hábitos da população. Será nesse contexto histórico pelo qual passa a cidade que nos propomos a identificar os espaço ocupados pelas crianças nos mundos do trabalho na cidade de Manaus. O trabalho infantil estava presente nos diversos cantos da cidade e a preparação dessa mão-de-obra foi possível graças a criação de instituições educacionais que tinham por finalidade dar assistência às crianças filhas das famílias pobres, concomitante ao ensino de um ofício. A imprensa teve importante participação na propagação de idéias que associavam a falta de trabalho à vadiagem, cristalizando a distinção entre os termos menor e criança. Assim, diversas políticas públicas são implementadas com a finalidade de possibilitar um maior aproveitamento da mão-de-obra infantil.

This research examines intrahousehold resource allocation in rural Ethiopia with a focus on education and asset investments in children. Throughout our work we look for potential causes and signs of gender bias in childhood investments. In particular, we first look at whether poverty constrained households substitute the provision of asset and education transfers to their children. For this purpose we use a two-stages-least-squares model of educational demand which controls for the endogeneity of asset transfers. We find a trade-off mechanism between endowments of human capital and bequests to girls but not to boys. Secondly, we investigate the effect of parental transfers on the postmarital residence of children. We look at whether transfers induce old age security from children in the form of a postmarital residence close to the parents. We model postmarital residence using a multinomial logit which controls for the endogeneity of transfers. Our results show that off-springs who receive more assets are more likely to live close to their parents after marriage. On the contrary, more education induces children to leave their home at marriage. Finally, we analyze household choices between education and farm employment of children. We model these choices jointly while looking at how ability affects them. Our findings suggest that in the long-run, more able children accumulate more schooling and less farming experience. However, the latter only applies to boys; farming decisions regarding girls are independent of their ability. In summary, our research addresses four important factors affecting the welfare of children and young people in rural Ethiopia: educational investments, asset transfers, old age security mechanisms and child work decisions.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

[pt] Essa dissertação é resultado de um estudo sobre o trabalho infantil da zona sul do município do Rio de Janeiro, realizado junto a um grupo de crianças e adolescentes participantes do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) do CEMASI Maria Lina de Castro Lima. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar as especificidades deste tipo de trabalho infantil, tendo como base indicadores sócio-econômico e cultural das famílias atendidas pelo Programa. Desta forma, utilizou-se como técnica, a pesquisa documental, a observação e as entrevistas com as crianças, os adolescentes e seus responsáveis. Como ponto de partida, procedeu-se um resgate da trajetória do trabalho infantil no Brasil e no Rio de Janeiro, bem como da atuação do governo brasileiro no enfrentamento desta problemática, identificando seus marcos legais e as estratégias governamentais utilizadas, com destaque para a implementação do PETI e suas reformulações atuais. Quanto aos resultados da pesquisa que subsidiaram esta dissertação, estes reforçam os estudos sobre trabalho infantil no Brasil, os quais, além da questão da pobreza, apresentam outros determinantes para explicar a incidência do trabalho precoce de crianças e adolescentes. / [en] This dissertation is the result of a study about child work in the south zone of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, held with a group of children and adolescents, who took part in the Program of Eradication of Child Work (PETI) of CEMASI Maria Lima de Castro. The study had as an objective the identification of the features of this type of child work, based on socio-economic and cultural indicators of the families assisted by the Program. In this way, documental research, observation, and interviews with the children, adolescents and their parents were used as technique. As a starting point, a rescue of the trajectory of child work in Brazil was carried out, as well as the Brazilian government acting in the confrontation of this problematic, identifying its legal marks and governmental strategies used, with emphasis on the implementation of PETI and its current reformulations. As for the results of the research which helped this dissertation, these reinforce the studies about child work in Brazil, which, aside from the issue of poverty, present other determinants to the incidence of precocious work of children and adolescents.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IzabelCNF.pdf: 632045 bytes, checksum: 9eef0c87588f2dad81b836e90fa2b407 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Attempts to explain child labor, for the most part, have been reduced to the economic aspect, looking to establish a causal relationship between work and poverty. Without disregarding this aspect, we intend to approach this phenomenon considering other aspects that could be contributing towards its maintenance. We seek, above all, to articulate it with the concepts of disciplinary power and ideology. The present study, therefore, tries to consider these aspects with the intention of learning the reasons that the mothers and the teachers produce concerning child labor in the cultivation of vegetables. We elected these participants because we considered that child labor has been reinforced by the disciplinary institutions and proponents of ideology, the family and the school, here represented, respectively, by the mothers and the teachers. To affect this study, we created focused groups with the mothers whose children are students and work in the cultivation of vegetables in Gramorezinho (neighborhood situated in the northern part of Natal, RN) and with the teachers of the neighborhood school (Escola Lourdes Goudeiro). The discussion of the participants was handled according to the perspective of discursive practices, attempting to articulate them with the notions of ideology and disciplinary power. In general, we perceived how much ideology and discipline are immersed in the discursive practices of the participants. Whereas, even though in some moments the reference to work as being something that takes time from the child to study and play is apparent, the participants attribute great importance to child labor. Both for the teachers and for the mothers, work is something that can free the children from laziness, from becoming criminals and from using drugs. It too constitutes an important alternative to idleness and to the permanence of the child in the streets / As tentativas de explica??o do trabalho infantil, na maioria das vezes, resumem-se ao aspecto econ?mico, procurando estabelecer uma rela??o de causalidade entre trabalho e pobreza. N?o desconsiderando este aspecto, pretendemos abordar o fen?meno refletindo sobre outros aspectos que podem estar contribuindo para a sua manuten??o. Buscamos, sobretudo, articul?-lo com os conceitos de poder disciplinar e de ideologia. O presente estudo, portanto, tenta considerar estes aspectos se propondo a apreender os sentidos que as m?es e os professores produzem acerca do trabalho infantil no cultivo de hortali?as. Elegemos tais atores por considerarmos que a m?o-de-obra infantil vem sendo refor?ada pelas institui??es disciplinadoras e propagadoras da ideologia, a fam?lia e a escola, aqui representadas, respectivamente, pelas m?es e pelos professores. Para efetivar este estudo, realizamos grupos focais com as m?es, cujas crian?as estudam e trabalham no cultivo das hortas em Gramorezinho (bairro situado na zona norte de Natal-RN) e com os professores da escola do bairro (Escola Lourdes Goudeiro). As falas dos sujeitos foram tratadas segundo a perspectiva das pr?ticas discursivas, tentando articul?-las com a no??o de ideologia e poder disciplinar. De um modo geral, percebemos o quanto a ideologia e a disciplina est?o imersas nas pr?ticas discursivas dos sujeitos. Pois, embora apare?a, em alguns momentos, a refer?ncia ao trabalho como algo que tira o tempo de estudar e de brincar da crian?a, os sujeitos atribuem ao trabalho infantil uma grande import?ncia. Tanto para os professores como para as m?es, o trabalho ? algo que pode livrar as crian?as da vagabundagem, da criminalidade e do uso de drogas. Tamb?m constitui-se como uma alternativa importante para combater a ociosidade e a n?o perman?ncia das crian?as nas ruas

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Many international conventions concern child labour and child work and this practice tend to often be viewed as a violation of child rights. However, the discourse has changed and a tension among universalistic and relativistic scholars risen. The former tends to condemn child work under the age of 14 and the latter claims that culture needs to be taken into account arguing that child work, is not necessarily a violation of rights.  This study analyses narratives from former child workers in Cochabamba, Bolivia. It aims to increase the understanding of experiences from child workers and how it relates to Child Rights from a universalistic and relativistic perspective and to identify reasons for child work.  The findings demonstrate that the experiences vary a lot and that there is a complexity in the practice of child work. The respondents have experienced violation of rights at their work, but on the other hand, has the income enabled them to fulfil other rights. The relativistic and universalistic perspective both serve to gain a deeper understanding of child work and its complex relationship of Child Rights. This argue for that one should strive to use both perspectives rather than embrace one and condemn the other. Economic need was identified as the main reason to why children were working.

Existe uma vasta literatura evidenciando os determinantes que repercutem negativamente na acumulação de capital humano do menor de idade. O trabalho infantil seria uma dessas causas. Outros trabalhos mostram que um choque de renda sofrido pelas famílias pode estar por trás da oferta de trabalho de outros membros da família (esposa e filhos). Tal efeito é conhecido na literatura como efeito trabalhador adicional e pode estar relacionado, pelo menos no Brasil, à restrição de liquidez das famílias. O objetivo deste trabalho é averiguar o impacto de um choque de renda representado pela perda de emprego do chefe da família sobre a alocação do tempo dos filhos em idade escolar entre escola e mercado de trabalho. Para realizarmos este trabalho usamos dados da Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego, do IBGE, entre 2003 e 2012. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o tratamento, ou melhor, o choque de renda representado perda de emprego do chefe da família não possui impacto significativo sobre a escolha das famílias de manter o filho apenas na escola ou de enviar o filho para o mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, nos casos em que o efeito do tratamento é persistente percebemos um impacto sensivelmente maior, apesar de ainda não ser estatisticamente diferente de zero. Na última subseção reproduzimos nosso modelo com dados da PME antiga com o intuito de checar a interferência da diferença de metodologia entre a PME antiga e a nova nos resultados. Notamos que com nosso desenho de modelo não encontramos os mesmos resultados de Duryea et al. (2007). / There is a vast literature demonstrating the determinants that negatively affect the human capital accumulation of child under eighteen. Child labor would be one of these causes. Other studies show that an income shock suffered by families may be behind the labor supply of other family members (spouse and children). This effect is known in the literature as additional worker effect and may be related, at least in Brazil, the liquidity constraint of households. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of an income shock represented by the loss of employment of head of household on the time allocation of schoolage children between school and the labor market. To accomplish this work we use data from the Monthly Employment Survey, IBGE, between 2003 and 2012. According to the results, treatment, or better, the income shock represented by of the household head\'s job loss has no significant impact on the families\' choice to keeping the child in school or just send the child to the market job. However, in cases where the treatment effect is persistent, we noticed a substantially greater impact, although not statistically different from zero. In the last subsection we applied our model using the old PME data base aiming to check if the methodological differences interfere with the results. We noted that using our new model design, we didn\'t find out the same results as Duryea et al. (2007).

Existe uma vasta literatura evidenciando os determinantes que repercutem negativamente na acumulação de capital humano do menor de idade. O trabalho infantil seria uma dessas causas. Outros trabalhos mostram que um choque de renda sofrido pelas famílias pode estar por trás da oferta de trabalho de outros membros da família (esposa e filhos). Tal efeito é conhecido na literatura como efeito trabalhador adicional e pode estar relacionado, pelo menos no Brasil, à restrição de liquidez das famílias. O objetivo deste trabalho é averiguar o impacto de um choque de renda representado pela perda de emprego do chefe da família sobre a alocação do tempo dos filhos em idade escolar entre escola e mercado de trabalho. Para realizarmos este trabalho usamos dados da Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego, do IBGE, entre 2003 e 2012. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o tratamento, ou melhor, o choque de renda representado perda de emprego do chefe da família não possui impacto significativo sobre a escolha das famílias de manter o filho apenas na escola ou de enviar o filho para o mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, nos casos em que o efeito do tratamento é persistente percebemos um impacto sensivelmente maior, apesar de ainda não ser estatisticamente diferente de zero. Na última subseção reproduzimos nosso modelo com dados da PME antiga com o intuito de checar a interferência da diferença de metodologia entre a PME antiga e a nova nos resultados. Notamos que com nosso desenho de modelo não encontramos os mesmos resultados de Duryea et al. (2007). / There is a vast literature demonstrating the determinants that negatively affect the human capital accumulation of child under eighteen. Child labor would be one of these causes. Other studies show that an income shock suffered by families may be behind the labor supply of other family members (spouse and children). This effect is known in the literature as additional worker effect and may be related, at least in Brazil, the liquidity constraint of households. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of an income shock represented by the loss of employment of head of household on the time allocation of schoolage children between school and the labor market. To accomplish this work we use data from the Monthly Employment Survey, IBGE, between 2003 and 2012. According to the results, treatment, or better, the income shock represented by of the household head\'s job loss has no significant impact on the families\' choice to keeping the child in school or just send the child to the market job. However, in cases where the treatment effect is persistent, we noticed a substantially greater impact, although not statistically different from zero. In the last subsection we applied our model using the old PME data base aiming to check if the methodological differences interfere with the results. We noted that using our new model design, we didn\'t find out the same results as Duryea et al. (2007).

A number of studies have been conducted about policy failures in Nigeria; however, little is known about the state of stakeholders' readiness to implement any government policy. Using the functionalist theory of Durkheim and the infrastructure theory of Frischmann, the purpose of this exploratory case study was to evaluate the level of preparedness of the education sector to implement the Nigerian policy on child labor, which was adopted on September 11, 2013, by the federal executive council of Nigeria. Preparedness in this study was conceptualized as the ability of the education sector to absorb children of school-going-age who quit all forms of child labor activities and return to formal education in schools. Open-ended interviews elicited narratives from 30 participants purposefully drawn from the Northern, Central, and Southern Uruan Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State. Interview data were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emergent themes. The findings revealed that schools were evenly dispersed within the Uruan Local Government Area. However, the state of infrastructure in the schools, particularly in the rural communities, was in a condition of neglect with a high teacher-pupil ratio. There was a low incidence of child labor but a weak government enforcement strategy, particularly in the interior/riverine areas of the research population. This study leads to positive social change by creating awareness among policy makers that the various stakeholders in any public policy need to be equipped with adequate resources to minimize the incidence of policy failure in Nigeria.