Vaikai – viena labiausiai pažeidžiamų visuomenės grupių, todėl vis didesnis dėmesys skiriamas vaikų padėčiai ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir visame pasaulyje. Nuolatiniai pokyčiai įvairiose valstybės, visuomenės ir kiekvieno jos nario gyvenimo srityse, nauji laikmečio iššūkiai, reikalauja pokyčių vaiko teisių apsaugos srityje, skatina peržiūrėti taikomus ir ieškoti naujų būdų ir priemonių gerinti ir stiprinti vaiko teisių apsaugą. Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti vaiko teisių apsaugos politikos įgyvendinimą Plungės rajono savivaldybėje ir apibrėžti jo tobulinimo galimybes. Pirmiausia darbe, analizuojant mokslinę literatūrą ir dokumentus, atskleidžiama vaiko teisių apsaugos politikos samprata, nagrinėjamas šios politikos įgyvendinimas tarptautiniu, nacionaliniu ir vietos lygmenimis. Darbe analizuojamas Lietuvos vaiko teisių apsaugos teisinis reglamentavimas ir sukurta institucijų sistema. Atlikus dokumentų analizę, matyti, kad Lietuvoje svarbiausią vietą vaiko teisių apsaugos institucijų sistemoje užima savivaldybių vaiko teisių apsaugos skyriai. Atliekant tyrimą buvo pasirinkti du tyrimo metodai – dokumentų analizė bei interviu. Šiais metodais siekta nustatyti kokią veiklą Skyrius vykdo ir su kokiomis problemomis susiduria įgyvendindamas vaiko teisių apsaugos politiką. Apibendrinant tyrimo rezultatus, paaiškėjo, kad didžiausios vaiko teisių apsaugos skyriaus problemos, įgyvendinant vaiko teisių apsaugos politiką, yra žmogiškųjų išteklių stoka, dideli darbo krūviai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Children are one of the most vulnerable groups of society; therefore, the increasing attention is paid to the situation of children not only in Lithuania, but also in all over the world. Permanent changes in various states, society and each of its member’s life, the challenges of the new era, require changes in the protection of child rights, promote to review applicable and new ways and means to improve and strengthen the protection of child rights. The objective of the Bachelor’s thesis is to analyse the implementation of the protection of child rights policies in Plunge District Municipality and define the opportunities for the improvement. First of all, by analysing the scientific literature and documents, the protection of child rights policy concept is disclosed, the implementation of this policy at the international, national and local levels is analysed. The thesis analyses the protection of child rights legal regulation in Lithuania and the system created by the institutions. After the analysis of documents, it appeared that in Lithuania the most important place, in the protection of child rights institutional system, takes the local child protection departments. During the study, two methods were chosen – analysis of documents and interviews. By using these methods, it is tried to identify the activities implemented by department and the problems faced in implementing the protection of child rights policies. Summary of the research results showed, that the largest... [to full text]

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The objective of this diploma thesis is to describe and to complexly evaluate Chinas one child policy from its introduction in 1979 till its abandonment in 2015. Theoretical part of thesis offers a detailed description of the policy, its application in real life, circumstances and aims that led to the implementation of the policy. Applied part of thesis analyses its effect on the fertility rate, population growth and economic growth. According to the results of this analysis one child policy helped to decline Chinas fertility rate and population growth, however its impact is just partial. The decline of Chinese population growth then contributed to the economic growth; my estimate is that it composed 40 % of average annual growth of real GDP per capita. One child policy is also responsible for raising sex ratio and ageing of population in China. These demographic problems let to its replacement by two child policy that probably wont solve these problems.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22949号 / 経博第624号 / 新制||経||294(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 安井 大真, 教授 照山 博司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Evaluation of China's population policy Abstract This thesis discusses China's population policy and its aim is to evaluate various programs and analyze their effectiveness. The methodological part describes the base of data and indicators by which the influence of population policy can be measured. The literary review is followed by an analytical part that deals with the development of fertility in the context of population policies, postponing marriage and changing reproductive plans, which are crucial for future policy development. The effectiveness of these programs in China is assessed by comparing the effectiveness of policies in Vietnam and Japan, as well as using selected indicators. An integral part of the thesis is an analysis of the consequences of policies and an outline of possible future development. Based on the results of the analysis, China's population policy has been effective as it has achieved its goal of reducing fertility. On the other hand, the one-child policy has caused many negative consequences, which the new universal two-child policy introduced in 2016 aims to reduce. Key words: population policy, one-child policy, universal two-child policy, reproduction plans, effectiveness of programs, negative consequences

<p>Over the past three decades, the phenomenon of children's health in China has been marked by a co-existence of overweight and underweight. As the primary institution for a child, family is an opportune place for child malnutrition intervention. By advancing a framework that addresses the contextual factors which shape the heterogeneity of socioeconomic gradients of child overweight/obesity, this dissertation has sought to understand the channels through which access to family resources influences child overweight/obesity in China. Based on these developed understandings, I identified the mechanisms by which having any younger siblings and three generation living together or proximately affect child malnutrition in China. Using data drawn from China Health and Nutrition Survey, this dissertation uncovered remarkable differences in multiple levels of contextual factors that shape a child's risk of overweight/obesity and underweight in China as compared to Western society. China's stage of economic development together with the drastically increasing income inequality has created an ever-increasing socioeconomic gap in child overweight/obesity, especially after 1997. This finding confirmed the position of the Ecological System framework that access to obesogenic environment is much more important than willpower based on knowledge in shaping one's obesity-related risk behavior. Although the fertility level has been lowered by One Child Policy, resource dilution effect still affects girls' nutrition status, especially for those exposed to poverty and food insecurity. Children in the care of grandparents are healthier, probably due to the generally low degree of access to obesogenic foods and a closer intergenerational relationship that facilitates effective communication and promotes healthy lifestyle formation.</p> / Dissertation

作為世界上人口最多的國家，中國曾經是世界上人口增長速度最快的國家之一。為了減輕人口過快增長對經濟社會發展的不利影響，中國在20世紀70年代開始實施旨在減少人口數量增長和提高人口素質的人口和計劃生育政策，這項政策的實施以及經濟社會的快速發展，使得中國在短短20多年的時間內走過了發達國家幾百年才能完成的人口轉變歷程。 本研究評估過去中共人口政策的演變，以及對各方面的正負面影響。中國經濟改革開放以後，提倡一胎化政策的實施對中國的人口發展有著重大影響。其最直接的影響是加快了中國人口由高增長向低增長方式的轉變，促進了中國生育率的下降。隨著生育率的下降，給中國的經濟增長帶也來了很強的效應。另外，提高婦女地位、就業壓力的減緩、健康、教育方面也有一定程度的改善。本文透過對人口問題的深入探討，找出問題存在的癥結。對當前經濟和社會發展影響最大的人口問題主要包括幾個：一是人口性別比例失調問題；二是年齡結構變化相伴隨的人口老齡化問題：三是與前兩個問題有密切關係的獨生子女問題：四是四二一綜合症。 / Abstract China is not only the most populous nation in the world, the country was also among one of the fastest population growing countries. To reduce and minimize the negative impacts to economic and society from rapid population growth, China started implementing various population policies to elevate population superiority by decelerating population growth in the late1970’s, after 20 years such policies allowed China made swift and significant economic and society progresses, which is unprecedented among the developed nations, such changes and swiftness might take few hundred years to transform and accomplish. This research evaluates the evolution in China’s population policies, and focus on the positive and negative aspects from implementing such policies. After China opened its door to the world, the realization of “one-child” policy has affected China’s population growth drastically. The one-child policy has directly impacted on the transformation from previous high population growth, to current low growth rate, it also, deceased the birth rate in China. The result of the birth rate reduction also facilitated the current China’s robust economic growth. Furthermore, it elevated women’s social status and lightened the employment competitiveness, and there are significant improvement in health and education. This paper, thoroughly analyze the predicaments in population and attempt to seek the rationale for their existence. The current economic and society issues involved the following: 1. population unbalance in male and female proportions, 2. the change in age structures towards majority elderly population, 3. problems from one-child policy, 4. issues with “four-two-one” syndrome.

As a Chinese filmmaker, I feel obligated to reveal a true story about Chinese international students. Through my subjects and my stories, I am planning to express the messages that both adapting to a new culture and paying the financial cost of a foreign education have never been simple, but we will never give up our dreams.

This thesis analyses the two-child limit policy in the United Kingdom which is codified in section 10 of the Welfare Reform Act 2012, amended in section 14 of the Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016, by utilising Carol Bacchi’s "What’s the Problem Represented to be?" (WPR) approach. The WPR approach draws on Foucauldian discourse theory and investigates the policy's implications by studying the problem presentations within it. The analysis identifies three core problems in the Welfare Reform and Work Bill’s impact assessment: the necessity to address the deficit by restructuring the welfare state, fairness towards working taxpayers versus benefit recipients, and the escalation of tax credit expenditure. It further uncovers five assumptions embedded within the policy, suggesting that UK citizens incorporate the policy into family planning, anticipate future social security needs, and make fertility decisions based on financial considerations, with the policy aimed at improving children's future prospects.Additionally, the study traces the ideological roots shaping welfare reform, highlighting the influence of Conservative Party ideologies from the Thatcher era and subsequent policies that reduced welfare support, contrasting with New Labour's interventionist approach and the media’s role in reinforcing negative welfare perceptions. The analysis uncovers several problem presentations in the policy and concludes that the government and media can craft narratives that shift the responsibility for child poverty from the state to parents, with enduring impacts on social discourse and policy direction, challenging future policy reversals.

一胎化政策起始於1978年，在改革開放政策的年代，作為一項跨時代的政策，它改變了中國人口、社會的發展，也撤徹底底的改變了中國婦女的生命面貌。政策的出發點是為了國家的需求，中共宣稱，一胎化政策不但可以解決中國社會沈重的人口壓力，也可以使婦女藉由降低再生產壓力而投入生產，從而提昇婦女地位。表面上看起來，國家發展需求與重視女性地位的性別意識型態需求在一胎化政策中得到很好的理論結合。 但是當我們進一步檢視這些政策時，卻發現有許多規定存在著矛盾之處，也許再生產和生產之間的關聯並不是這麼簡單的加減問題，政策中所呈現的婦女與國家關係也不如想見的客觀中立，在許多政策無法顧及或自圓其說之處，傳統的父權觀點隱隱然出現在政策的判準中發揮影響。本文企圖自女性主義立場論的觀點出發，以國家生物性發展需求、性別意識型態需求與文化上的父權需求這三股力量，討論一胎化政策中的矛盾與不協調性。發現在一胎化政策中存在著一個邏輯，它希望藉由婦女再生產的降低促進婦女進入公領域的生產，並進而提高婦女地位，如此一來，一胎化政策推行時所面臨到的性別選擇性問題也將因婦女地位提高而達到解決，即便是政策面臨到父權障礙時也是依循這樣的邏輯繼續進行。然而，這種以經濟角度出發的論述其實是一方面是以男性的標準判定性別的生育偏好來自於女性的生產力不足，另外一方面則窄化了再生產的意義，將再生產只等同於生育，忽略了婦女在私領域中所負擔的家務勞動以及人口撫養。國家自認為中立，藉由胎兒性別檢定的禁止將性別選擇性生育的責任移轉到個別的家庭，並且在生產力的論述上將偏好生育的問題本質化，而父權的壓力也至此被零碎化、個別化，成為個別婦女與家庭必須獨自面對的困境。這種過度將經濟與女性地位相聯繫的論述形成中共一胎化政策中一種自相矛盾的說法，無論中共多麼強調對於性別的重視與敏感，但這種矛盾若沒有進一步的解決與釐清，終將成為國家邁向性別主流化發展的障礙。 / One child policy have begin in 1978, in the era of reform and opening to the outside world, it have change the Chinese population, development of the society, and the life of Chinese women in the bottom completely. The starting point of the policy is for the demand of the country, the Communist Party of China declares, one child policy can solve Chinese society in population pressure ,also can make woman by is it produce and then pressure and put into production to reduce, thus promote the woman status . Seem on the surface, it have combined well in the One Child Policy and sex ideology demand that the country develops the demand and pays attention to women's status. But when we look over these policies further, it have a lot of regulation have contradictory place to find, perhaps it’s not such simple question of production and reproduction, the relationship between women and the state is not so good as the objective neutrality wanted to see in the policy, in the place where a lot of policies can't be taken into account or justified oneself, the traditional patriarchy view gives play to in the declaring accurate of the policy to influence indistinctly and rightly. This text attempts take the view of Standpoint Theory, discuss the contradiction and harmony in One Child Policy in three ways: country development, sex ideology and patriarchy in culture.There is a logic in the One Child Policy , it hopes to promote women to enter production of the public field with the reducing of the woman reproduction, improve woman status, thus,the sex selective birth would be solve by improving women status. However, this kind of argument is actually judging women’s production with the male standard , in the other hand, it is insufficient to explain the meaning of reproduction, only equates the reproduction with bearing, have neglected the house work and population that women bear in the private field.The country stand neutrality and transfer the responsibility that the sex selective birth to the specific family , and the pressure of the patriarchy is melted individually, become the predicament that specific woman and family must face alone.