Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. The present study investigated the association of parental educational background and social support with children’s weight status, and assessed whether parental depression influences the association of educational background and social support with children’s weight status. The study included data from 175 children in Stockholm County aged 4–6 years with obesity and a mean body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) of 3.2; 45% of the cohort were male. Data included information provided by 98 mothers and 93 fathers. Forty-four percent of mothers had a university education, 66% were overweight or obese, and 77% displayed minimal depression symptoms. Forty-six percent of fathers had a university education, 52% were overweight or obese, and 87% displayed minimal depression symptoms. The association between parental educational background and social support and child BMI SDS was investigated using regression analysis for mothers and fathers. Results showed that educational level reported by fathers was negatively associated with high BMI SDS among children. Even after controlling for covariates, a low level of paternal education remained associated with a high BMI SDS among the children. Neither social support nor parental depression modified the effect of parental education on child BMI SDS.

Childhood obesity is a serious health problem in the United States. Numerous weight management programs attempt to address this issue. However, attrition poses significant treatment efficacy challenges. Understanding attendance and attrition from childhood obesity programs is crucial for effective and appropriate resource utilization. NOURISH+ is a community-based treatment program for parents of overweight and obese children (age 5–11 years, BMI ≥ 85th percentile). The current study investigated attrition from NOURISH+ to enhance understanding of pediatric obesity treatment retention factors. NOURISH+ participants (n=70) completed a questionnaire assessing barriers to adherence and general program feedback. Data were analyzed using frequencies, descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and qualitative analyses. Practical barriers were commonly endorsed attendance impediments. This study highlights the significant barriers parents must overcome to partake meaningfully in a group parenting obesity intervention. Results could inform the delivery, acceptability, and feasibility of parent-focused interventions for overweight or obese children in urban environments.

The topic of this diploma thesis is based on European study: Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). It is WHO Europe project. In the Czech Republic is this project lead by Institute of Endocrinology. The goal of this work is to determine childhood obesity prevalence and to monitor prevalence in relation to family and school environment. Obesity in children is an important health problem, accelerating throughout the world with particularly alarming trends in Europe. It causes a wide range of serious health and social consequences and increases the likelihood of morbidity in children and adults such as dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulimia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, early atherosclerosis etc. Obesity is also strongly associated with orthopaedic problems and mental disorders, therefore, it is very important to monitor obesity prevalence in childhood. The goal of the work is to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 7-year children in the year 2010 (WHO classification and classification method of Czech republic). Another goal is to find a relation of the anthropometric data to environmental factors - identified by parents of children and representatives of schools (socioeconomic characteristics, eating habits, physical activities etc.). In this diploma thesis were measured 2594...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CELINA KASSUMI KUNIEDA SUZUKI.pdf: 2013145 bytes, checksum: c807ebe49c872194bb7af7cd6bb5d17f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / The increased prevalence of childhood obesity in recent years suggests the existence of a genetic predisposition or susceptibility to conditioning factors for obesity which act on the environmental factors related to lifestyle involving diet and physical activity. Food education programs and physical activities have been developed in order to reverse this situation. The chewing is considered one of the early stages of the digestive process and therefore primordial important because performing correctly promotes natural hunger satiety as well as a healthy digestion. The aim of this study is to investigate the polymorphism of the TNF-α and DRD2 genes and the influence of masticatory profile in childhood obesity to enable the preparation of proposals for more effective interventions to control weight gain. For this purpose the study has been divided into two articles. ARTICLE 1: This study evaluated the profile of the obese child chewing through survey and evaluation of clinical history miofunctional from the protocols of MgBr and AMIOFE-A (attached) in 11 normal children representing the control population (Group I) and 16 obese children (Group B) participating in the CAIS Group of Obesity in Goiânia Municipal and School of Clinical Speech Therapy PUC Goiás aged between 6 and 13 years for both sexes. According to the findings obtained in the research, it is concluded that obese group (OB) presents an incision chewing food made with the central and lateral incisors with the majority labial sealing with or without excessive movement, unilateral pattern, with higher presence of altered behaviors in chewing and shorter chewing time. ARTICLE 2: This study evaluated the genetic polymorphism of TNF-α gene (G308A) and DRD2 (Taq1α - C32806T) in 27 patients with childhood obesity (16) and controls (11) using the method ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively, in peripheral blood samples. The results suggest that the genetic polymorphism of Taq1α (C32806T) in the DRD2 gene was associated with the increase of obesity in the childhood. Still genetic variants of the SNP G308A TNF-α gene is not possible to confirm it s influence on children s weight gain. Understanding how genetic variations affect the tendency to become or remain obese is an important step to comprehend the mechanisms that lead to obesity. / O aumento da prevalência da obesidade infantil nestes últimos anos sugere a existência de predisposição ou suscetibilidade genética como fatores condicionantes para a obesidade, sobre a qual atuam fatores ambientais relacionados ao estilo de vida, que envolvem hábitos alimentares e atividade física. Programas de educação alimentar e de atividades físicas foram desenvolvidos visando reverter este quadro. A mastigação é considerada uma das fases iniciais do processo digestório e de primordial importância, pois quando realizada de forma correta, promove a saciedade natural da fome, bem como uma digestão saudável. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o polimorfismo dos genes TNF-α e DRD2 e a influência da mastigação na obesidade infantil para possibilitar a elaboração de propostas de intervenções mais eficazes para o controle do ganho de peso Para esta finalidade, o estudo foi dividido em dois artigos. ARTIGO 1: Este estudo avaliou o perfil mastigatório da criança obesa, por meio de levantamento de histórico clínico e avaliação miofuncional orofacial a partir dos protocolos do MGBR e AMIOFE-A (anexos), em 11 crianças eutróficas representando a população controle (Grupo EU) e 16 crianças obesas (Grupo OB) participantes de Grupo de Obesidade dos CAIS Municipais da cidade de Goiânia e da Clínica- Escola de Fonoaudiologia da PUC Goiás, com idade entre 6 e 13 anos de ambos os sexos. Conforme os achados obtidos na pesquisa, conclui-se que o grupo obeso (OB) apresenta uma mastigação com incisão do alimento feito com os incisivos centrais e laterais, sendo a maioria com vedamento labial sem ou com movimentação excessiva, padrão unilateral, com maior presença de comportamentos alterados na mastigação e tempo de mastigação reduzido. ARTIGO 2: Este estudo avaliou o polimorfismo genético dos genes TNF-α (G308A) e DRD2 (Taq1α - C32806T) em 27 pacientes com obesidade infantil (16) e de controle (11), utilizando o método de ARMS-PCR e PCR-RFLP, respectivamente, em amostras do sangue periférico. Os resultados sugerem que o polimorfismo genético em Taq1α (C32806T) no gene DRD2 apresentou associação com o incremento na obesidade infantil. Por outro lado, as variantes genéticas do SNP G308A do gene TNF-α não permitiram confirmar sua participação no ganho de peso em crianças. Entender como variações genéticas afetam a obesidade consiste em um passo importante na compreensão dos mecanismos desencadeadores da obesidade.

Instrumentos de avaliação psicológica constituem-se em métodos sistemáticos de investigação e de compreensão de componentes estruturais e funcionais do comportamento humano, com diversificados objetivos e estratégias técnicas, respeitando-se especificidades das etapas do desenvolvimento. Em processos de avaliação psicológica de características da personalidade, os métodos projetivos, como o Método de Rorschach e o Desenho da Figura Humana, são recursos amplamente utilizados, contribuindo para a compreensão e elaboração de intervenções terapêuticas em variados campos de aplicação, como na área da obesidade infantil. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e comparar características psicológicas de crianças com obesidade em relação a eutróficas, a partir de métodos projetivos de investigação da personalidade. Foram examinadas 60 crianças de sete a 11 anos de idade, sendo 30 crianças diagnosticadas como obesas e em tratamento específico para o transtorno (Grupo 1 - G1) e 30 crianças com peso normal (Grupo 2 - G2), sem atraso acadêmico, sem limites cognitivos e sem histórico de outras doenças físicas. Os participantes de G1 foram recrutados em instituições de saúde voltadas ao tratamento da obesidade infantil e G2 foi constituído a partir de parceria estabelecida com instituição de ensino bem como a partir de contatos informais da pesquisadora e de seu grupo de pesquisa (técnica da \"bola de neve\"), buscando-se balanceamento dos grupos por sexo e idade. Os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram aplicados individualmente nas crianças: Teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (critério de seleção de participantes, incluindo-se na amostra apenas crianças com resultados intelectuais médios ou superiores), o Desenho da Figura Humana e o Método de Rorschach (Escola Francesa). Os pais das crianças participantes responderam ao Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) para caracterização da amostra. Os resultados foram examinados conforme padronização específica dos respectivos manuais técnicos dos instrumentos, realizando-se análises descritivas e inferenciais, a fim de examinar possíveis associações entre variáveis clínicas e demográficas e indicadores de características de personalidade das crianças. Foram efetuadas análises correlacionais entre resultados no DFH e no Rorschach, considerando também a classificação nutricional da criança. Os achados permitem compreender características do funcionamento psíquico envolvidas na obesidade infantil, de modo a favorecer estratégias futuras de intervenção terapêutica com crianças. (CAPES) / Psychological assessment instruments consist in methods of systematic research and of understanding the structural and functional components of human behavior, with diverse goals and technical strategies, respecting the specificities of the development. Projective techniques such as the Rorschach Method and the Human Figure Drawing are widely used resources in psychological evaluation processes of personality characteristics, contributing to the understanding and development of therapeutic interventions in various application fields, such as in the childhood obesity area. In this context, this study aimed to identify and compare psychological characteristics of children with obesity compared with those of normal weight, using projective methods of personality assessment. In this study were examined 60 children aged seven to 11 years old, 30 children diagnosed as obese and under specific treatment for the disorder (Group 1 - G1) and 30 children with normal weight (Group 2 - G2), with no academic delay, without cognitive limitation and with no history of other physical ailments. G1 participants were recruited from health institutions devoted to treatment of childhood obesity and G2 was formed by a partnership established with a teaching institution and a research group, intending to balance some characteristics of the two groups (sex and age). The following psychological assessment instruments were applied individually in children: Raven´s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test (constituted on selection criteria of participants, being included only the children sample with average intellectual results or higher), the Human Figure Drawing (DFH) and the Rorschach Method (French School). The parents of children answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to characterize the sample. The results were examined according to specific standardization of the respective technical manuals of the instruments. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed in order to examine possible associations between clinical and demographic variables and indicators of personality characteristics of the children. Correlation analyzes were made of the main results in DFH and Rorschach in accordance with the child\'s nutritional classification. The findings illuminate possible features of psychic functioning involved in childhood obesity process in order to facilitate future strategies for therapeutic intervention with children. (CAPES)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Tereza Monteiro da Cruz.pdf: 720629 bytes, checksum: 9c998f6ac23ccc85cbef13c3ea91f12b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evaluate a program of token economy to modify the behavior of obese children. Two male youngsters aged 10 and 11 years old and an adolescent girl aged 15 years old participated in the research, all of whom where above the desired weight and sought a non-profitable organization aimed at treating childhood obesity and their mothers. The researcher lent a movie camera to the participants and asked that P1 filmed lunch and dinner five times a week and asked that P2 and P3 filmed breakfast, lunch and dinner every day of the week. The videos were delivered weekly to the researcher, who categorized the adherence to the food orientation provided by the nutritionist from the non-profitable organization in three classes: total adherence, partial adherence and non-adherence. An independent observer categorized 20% of each participant s videos to calculate the agreement between the researchers. Initially, it was only taken observation and register of the adherence to the nutritional orientation for all the participants. Besides the video analysis, the researcher interviewed the participants three times a week, asking about the quality and quantity of the food and number of meals made on the day before. After the adherence to the nutritional orientation reached stability in lunch and dinner for P1, eventually reaching stability on the three filmed meals for P2 and P3, their mothers received instruction to give tokens to their children when they served themselves according to the nutritional orientation then exchanging the tokens for tangible items preferred by de youngsters. After P1 adhered to the nutritional orientation, his mother received instruction to give tokens for the adherence to the morning and afternoon snacks according to the Multiple Base Line design and to suspend the tokens in the lunch and dinner. P1 s mother suspended their participation in the study before it was possible to observe any weight loss. P2 and P3 were submitted to the Base Line and Reinforcement phase of the adherence to the nutritional orientation in breakfast, lunch and dinner. The results showed a better quality of food consumption for all participants after the token delivery for the adherence to the nutritional orientation. Despite that, P1 gained weight during the study, remaining in the obesity classification. P2 lost weight but not enough to abandon the obese classification. P3 was the participant who lost the largest amount of weight, reaching a normal weight for his age. The intra-subject applied also showed the necessity to create a individualized procedure, considering the idiosyncrasies of the participants. The data also showed the importance of the family, offering adequate food, avoiding excessive caloric food and with low nutritional quality and reinforcing healthy feeding behavior / O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar um programa de economia de fichas para modificar o comportamento de crianças obesas. Participaram do estudo dois jovens do sexo masculino com idades de 10 e 11 anos uma adolescente com 15 anos, todos apresentavam peso excessivo para a idade e freqüentavam uma ONG voltada para o tratamento da obesidade infantil e suas mães. A pesquisadora emprestou uma filmadora para os participantes e solicitou que P1 filmasse o almoço e o jantar cinco vezes por semana e P2 e P3 filmassem o café da manhã, almoço e jantar todos os dias da semana. Os filmes eram entregues semanalmente à pesquisadora que categorizava a adesão ao plano alimentar elaborado pela nutricionista da ONG em três classes: adesão total, adesão parcial ou não aderiu. Um observador independente categorizou 20% das filmagens de cada participante para calcular a concordância com a pesquisadora. Primeiramente, ocorreu apenas a observação e o registro da adesão ao plano alimentar para todos os participantes. Além de analisar os filmes, a pesquisadora entrevistava-os, três vezes por semana, questionando a respeito da qualidade e da quantidade de alimento e do número de refeições feitas no dia anterior. Depois que a adesão ao plano alimentar atingiu a estabilidade no almoço e no jantar para P1, vindo a atingir também a estabilidade nas três refeições filmadas para P2 e P3, as mães passaram a receber instrução para fornecer fichas para os filhos quando se serviam de acordo com o plano alimentar e depois trocá-las por itens preferidos pelos jovens. Após P1 passar a aderir ao plano alimentar, sua mãe recebeu instrução para fornecer-lhe fichas pela adesão aos lanches da manhã e da tarde segundo o delineamento de Linha de Base Múltipla e suspender o fornecimento de fichas no almoço e no jantar. A mãe de P1 interrompeu a participação no estudo antes que pudesse ter sido observada uma perda de peso dele. P2 e P3 foram submetidos apenas às fases de Linha de Base e Reforçamento da adesão ao plano alimentar no café, almoço e jantar. Os resultados mostraram que para todos os participantes houve melhora na qualidade da alimentação após o fornecimento de fichas para a adesão ao plano alimentar. Apesar disso, P1 ganhou peso durante o estudo, mantendo-se dentro da classificação de obesidade. P2 perdeu peso, porém não o suficiente para deixar de ser considerada obesa. P3 foi o participante que mais perdeu peso, atingindo um peso considerado normal para a sua idade. O delineamento intrasujeito empregado evidenciou a necessidade de criar um procedimento individualizado, considerando as idiossincrasias dos participantes. Os dados também apontaram a importância da família, disponibilizando alimentos adequados, evitando alimentos excessivamente calóricos e com baixa qualidade nutricional e reforçando os comportamentos alimentares saudáveis

L’obésité commune chez l’enfant et l’adolescent constitue actuellement un problème de santé publique, tant dans les pays industrialisés qu’en développement et le caractère protéiforme de ses causes en font une pathologie multifactorielle. Les champs cliniques et neurobiologiques ont permis d’isoler certains facteurs psycho-affectifs et sociaux, des vulnérabilités psychopathologiques ou des particularités dans la régulation du comportement. Ce travail de thèse propose une approche intégrative de ces facteurs en vue d’appréhender les déterminants et/ou conséquences comportementales et psychopathologiques ainsi que leurs influences réciproques dans le contexte de l'obésité pédiatrique.Une investigation de la sphère psycho-affective(dépression, anxiété, estime de soi, insatisfaction corporelle et comportement alimentaire) et de la sphère cognitive (intelligence, fonctions exécutives), socio-cognitive et cognitivo-affective (alexithymie, régulation et traitement émotionnels, empathie) a été proposée à cet effet auprès d’adolescents sans surcharge pondérale ou souffrant d'obésité sévère. Pour ces derniers, les résultats soulignent la présence d’une symptomatologie psychopathologique aigüe hétérogène, des difficultés alexithymiques prononcées ainsi que des perturbations cognitives à dominance exécutive. Ces troubles ont, en outre, une influence directe sur le comportement alimentaire et l’image du corps, pouvant contribuer à la péjoration de la sphère psychoaffective. Cette approche intégrative permet de spécifier le profil cognitif et affectif des enfants souffrant d’obésité commune, en vue d’intégrer ou d’optimiser des pistes de remédiation aux prises en charge actuelles. / Childhood obesity is currently considered as a major public health concern with a multifactorial origin. Psychological, emotional, social or behavioral regulation disorders have emerged as potential determinants, through clinical and neurobiological researches on developmental obesity. This doctoral thesis will focus on those multiple factors as well as cognitive states through an integrative approach and their reciprocal influences on childhood obesity. We hence proposed an investigation of social, psychological and emotional life ( depression, anxiety, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction ),cognitive abilities ( intelligence, executive functions ),socio-cognitive and cognitive-affective processes ( alexithymia, emotional processing and regulation, empathy ) in children and adolescents with, versus without, severe obesity. Results show a growing and heterogeneous psychopathological symptomatology in adolescents with severe obesity, as well as high levels of alexithymia. We also find some significant cognitive difficulties, mostly executive, thereby contributing to psychological and emotional disorders. Lastly, results show these troubles have a severe impact on eating behavior and body dissatisfaction. This integrative approach highlights the need to adapt the current medical care of childhood obesity, considering the cognitive and affective profile of every child.

Introduction: Obesity development is one of the most obvious - and at the same time, one of the most neglected - public health problems (WHO, 2018). Objective: The primary purpose was to investigate the understanding of the factors behind childhood obesity in a limited group of participants living in three areas in Viña del Mar, Chile; Reñaca Alto, Santa Inés and Center. The secondary purpose of the study was to elucidate the perception of the authorities' health-promoting efforts among participants in different socio-economic groups in these areas. The two main research questions were: What are the views of the residents of Viña del Mar about the factors behind childhood obesity? What are the opinions of residents of Viña del Mar about measures to counteract the problem? Method: The study is a cross-sectional survey (n = 63) and the data were collected and analysed using SPSS statistical program and an Excel program. The results are presented through descriptive statistics, in the form of tables. Results: The survey was answered by 63 persons, representing 63 families, consisting of a total of 231 persons, divided into 156 adults and 75 children. The results show that 15% of the participants do not know the severity of child obesity. Furthermore, 88% of the participants perceive that the household economy is the main significant risk factor for child obesity, followed by a high consumption of sugar and sugar-containing products. In addition, participants perceive that it is possible to influence the childhood obesity epidemic and 84% of participants feel that the family can have a positive influence on childhood obesity, but more tools are needed in the form of knowledge and support. The results show that only 10% of the participants think that the authorities are making a considerable effort, while 49% (n = 25) think that they are not doing enough. Behaviour-changing measures show a better result in population groups with a high SEP (Socio Economic Position) than in those with a low, since the former are more influenced by the information. However, a multidisciplinary holistic perspective is needed on health promotion work. If the SES gap (Socio Economic Status) is reduced and SEP equated, more people can get advice and be given the opportunity to have a healthy lifestyle. Socioeconomic factors affect the risk of childhood obesity in particular in economic transition processes. If SEP and SES, both individually and socially, change from poor to rich, child obesity in society increases and Chile is an example of this phenomenon. The health promotion efforts in the country are multifaceted and innovative in many ways and there are many actors working with these. However, the question is how effective the efforts are when the work is done in many different forms and often without being anchored to one another. Finally, prevention efforts should be developed and implemented in collaboration with the target groups.

Childhood obesity is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and poses a health care burden. Child care facilities serve at the forefront in fighting childhood obesity among preschoolers. Since 2009, a significant shift has occurred in studying child care settings among children aged 3-5 in North Carolina and South Carolina in response to the rising rates of obesity in this population. Some of the hypothesized determinants of childhood obesity among preschoolers in North Carolina and South Carolina are outdoor activity, staff behavior, center's size and location. The purpose of this study was to investigate if significant relationships exist between childhood obesity and each one of these variables. This study was conducted within the framework of social cognitive theory within the contexts of the process of self-efficacy for realizing goals. A quantitative correlational design was used, while data were collected through Survey Monkey administering a closed end survey. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between childhood obesity and center size, location, outdoor activity and staff behavior. The Power analysis determined total of 110 participants (N=100) who worked in North and South Carolina Head Start facilities of preschool children aged 3-5. The multiple regression indicated significant contributions of the center size (â = .32, p = .001), the location (â = -.28, p = .002), the outdoor activity (â = -.25, p = .005), and staff behavior (â = .27, p = .008). Therefore, the overall null hypotheses were rejected. This study may help to effect positive social change through identifying the important barriers to minimizing the risk of obesity among preschool children, which in turn would help to inform policy for developing and implementing strategies to reduce risks of preschoolers' obesity.

The application of geographic information systems was used to map obesogenic conditions by zip code tabulation areas in Durham County, North Carolina and evaluated associations between those conditions and the understudied area of early childhood obesity. Of the thirty one percent of the children in Durham County, North Carolina who were considered obese in 2010, four hundred and thirty three (1:5) 2 - 4 year old children who received supplemental nutrition services for women, infants and children were obese with BMI levels greater or equal to the 95th percentile and were used as the criterion variable in the study (N=433). The study's research questions examined conditions of the neighborhood that impeded the weight status of young children. The theoretical framework included the environmental stress, socioeconomic, multiple exposures-multiple effects, and attachment theories. The twenty - six variables used in this secondary quantitative study included demographics on socioeconomic and education levels, home occupancy and vacancy rates, age of homes, and neighborhood accessibility features: access to parks; recreation facilities; grocery stores verses convenience stores; fast food restaurants; medical facilities; schools; day cares; and neighborhood incivilities such as numbers of reported crimes. The t - test were configured as Grouping Variables with the cut-point of 18.7% and with an Alpha of .05 and produced statistical significance on five of twenty - six variables. A mean rate of 19.3% yielded statistical significance on ten of twenty - six variables. The Levene's Test for Equality of Variances expressed assumptions on scores met for statistical significance on t-test at the Alpha = 0.05 level for twenty - four of the twenty - six variables. The results of this study would possibly increase the use of the innovative geographic information systems to inform policy decisions, environmental interventions and environmental design on obesogenic correlates between the understudied area of early childhood obesity and the built environment.