The aim of the study was to gain in-depth understanding of teachers ’experiences with regard to the provision of care and support to school children on antiretroviral therapy in Swaziland in order to recommend approaches for enhancing support and care offered to children on ART by teachers. The study explored the experiences of teachers providing care and support to school children on antiretroviral therapy in Swaziland. The study used interpretative phenomenological analysis design. The study population was primary schools teachers in Swaziland. Data were collected through individual semi structured interviews from 16 purposively selected teachers. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. Three superordinate themes emerged from data analysis namely: (1) Increased responsibility, (2) inadequate support and (3) psychological impact. The increased responsibility is related to ensuring that children who are on antiretroviral therapy have eaten before taking antiretroviral treatments, are properly dressed, receive proper education and health care and protected from bullying and social exclusion. Inadequate support for teachers makes caring for the learners very challenging. The psychological impact of caring for these learners are sense of accomplishment, demotivation; helplessness and emotional pain. Recommendations are made to ensure support for teachers rendering care and support to children on antiretroviral therapy. / M.A. (Nursing Science) / Health Studies

Providing adequate sanitation facilities for the poor remains one of the major challenges in all developing countries. In South Africa, an estimated 11,7% of the schools are without sanitation. The South African government has a constitutional responsibility to ensure that all South Africans have access to adequate sanitation. When sanitation systems fail, or are inadequate, the impact of the health of the community, on the health of others and the negative impact on the environment can be extremely serious. In rural South African schools, many Enviro-Ioo toilets are available today. They are designed to suit a variety of water scarce areas and where there is a high risk of contamination of ground water resources. It is important to realize that any Enviro-Ioo system programme requires an education programme to ensure that the principles of use and maintenance are clearly understood by the user group. Their maintenance requires more responsibility and commitment by users. This study is an interpretive case study that indicates how sanitation in a rural Ramashobohle High School in Polokwane municipality was managed through an EcoSchools Sanitation Community of Practice, and how this developed action competence for sanitation management in the school. The study established that the earlier practice and knowledge of the Ramashobohle Eco-Schools community of practice exercised in maintaining Enviro-Ioo systems was inadequate; unhealthy and unsafe according to the data generated through focus group interviews, observations, interviews, action plan, workshops and reflection interviews. The data generated also indicates that the Eco-Schools community of practice was not committed to maintaining sanitation in their school because they were not sharing sanitation knowledge; they were not communicating and not updating one another concerning Enviro-Ioo systems maintenance as they had no adequate knowledge as to how to maintain the facilities; and the school management was also not supportive and was not taking responsibility. The study shows how this situation was turned around as an Eco-Schools Sanitation Community of Practice focussed on developing action competence in the school community. It provides a case based example of how knowledge and action competence, supported by an Eco-Schools Community of Practice, can find and implement solutions to inadequate sanitation management practices in rural schools, and shows how members of the school community can be engaged in learning how to manage and maintain school sanitation systems through a participatory process that develops action competence. The study points to important dimensions of developing action competence, such as providing knowledge and demonstrations, inviting experts to the school, involving learners in observations and monitoring and in ensuring that adequate facilities are available. In particular, a workshop conducted by Enviro-Ioo consultants, organised and supported by the Eco-Schools Sanitation COP, together with a follow up action plan, provided the main impetus for changes in practice in the school and served to support action competence development. Finally the study provides research findings and recommendations for further research.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-08-22T17:34:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 glaudya_ariclenia_lindolfo_oliveira.pdf: 1216079 bytes, checksum: b5f11254543ed3150e7663c3d39f4fe5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T17:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 glaudya_ariclenia_lindolfo_oliveira.pdf: 1216079 bytes, checksum: b5f11254543ed3150e7663c3d39f4fe5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-16 / The father's journey has been significantly modified and marked by dynamics, contextualized by sociocultural and historical transformations, which demand revisions of values, behaviors and roles, among which the caregiver and educator can emerge, extrapolating the traditional function of family financial provider. In the context of physical disability, the involvement of a child in chronic pathology refers the family to a re-dimensioning of aspects such as: professional, financial, social and emotional. This dissertation focuses on paternity in the context of Cerebral Palsy (CP) of a child with the objective of understanding paternal involvement in the context of CP in the light of Systemic Theory. The nature of this research is qualitative and involved five parents whose children have a diagnosis of CP. They responded to a semi-structured interview, through a script, which was analyzed according to the Thematic Content Analysis. The understanding of the experience of being and feeling the father of a disabled child was based on the construct Paternal Involvement, according to the dimension of the behavior of the father via interaction, accessibility and responsibility. The empirical categories were two thematic areas: a) the family system and the CP: from the process of building paternity to changes in the system; and b) systemic understanding of parental involvement. The main results showed that: 1) the predominant family configuration was nuclear, with the father, in general, being the main provider and the companion dedicating to the care with the child; 2) the news of the diagnosis was received with surprise, sadness and shock; 3) the child's illness caused changes in the organization of the family routine and in the conjugality of the parents; 4) the parents were involved in the care of the child, from the gestational period, with the exception of one of them; 5) everyone said they were available to meet the needs of the child, basically at times when they are present at home; 6) they pointed to work as an impediment to availability, especially in rehabilitation care, and it was remarkable the lack of involvement of the extended family in their support role; 7) parents were unanimous in claiming changes in their way of being and in the conception of life, which promoted their growth and personal maturation; 8) in the field of care, these parents can be characterized as agents inserted in the treatment, even if the majority do not participate systematically in consultations and rehabilitation sessions, 9) the professionals were generally perceived as people who did not offer sufficient incentives for parental participation in the field of care, since they directed the practices and discourses to the maternal figure; 10) despite the difficulties faced, paternal involvement in this context was evaluated as positive. The systematicity, quality and intensity of involvement varied from a more operative involvement and involvement (with supposed less affective involvement) to a participation with a qualitatively different involvement. It is necessary to revisit discourses and practices of the health team to know the stimulus to paternal participation, empowering the family in the field of care. It is pointed out the need for future research to broaden and deepen the understanding of parental involvement in the context of deficiencies and in the new family configurations, allowing the creation of spaces where these men can be listened and stimulated to express themselves, empowering the family, co-responsible in building bonds. / A jornada do pai vem sendo modificada significativamente, contextualizada por transformações socioculturais e históricas que demandam revisões de valores, comportamentos e papéis, extrapolando a função tradicional de provedor financeiro da família. No contexto da deficiência física, o acometimento de um filho pela patologia crônica remete a família a um redimensionamento de aspectos como: profissional, financeiro, relacional, social e emocional. Esta dissertação focaliza a paternidade no contexto da Paralisia Cerebral (PC) de um(a) filho(a), objetivando compreender o envolvimento paterno à luz da Teoria Sistêmica. A natureza desta pesquisa é qualitativa e participaram cinco pais cujos filhos apresentam diagnóstico de PC. Responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, mediante roteiro, que foi analisada segundo a Análise de Conteúdo Temática. A compreensão da experiência do ser e sentir-se pai de uma criança deficiente foi embasada pelo construto Envolvimento Paterno, segundo a dimensão do comportamento do pai via a interação, a acessibilidade e a responsabilidade. As categorias empíricas constituíram duas áreas temáticas: a) o sistema familiar e a PC: do processo de construção da paternidade às modificações no sistema; e b) compreensão sistêmica do envolvimento paterno. Os principais resultados mostraram que: 1) a configuração familiar predominante foi a nuclear, com o pai, em geral, sendo o principal provedor e a companheira dedicando-se aos cuidados com o filho; 2) a notícia do diagnóstico foi recebida com surpresa, tristeza e choque; 3) a PC acarretou mudanças na organização da rotina familiar e na conjugalidade dos pais; 4) os pais mostraram-se envolvidos no cuidado com o filho, desde o período gestacional, à exceção de um deles; 5) todos se disseram disponíveis para atender às necessidades do filho, basicamente nos momentos em que estão presente em casa; 6) apontaram o trabalho como um empecilho à disponibilidade, sobretudo nos cuidados de reabilitação, e ficou marcante o pouco envolvimento da família extensa em sua função de apoio; 7) foram unânimes em alegar mudanças no seu jeito de ser e na concepção de vida, o que promoveu seu crescimento e amadurecimento pessoal; 8) no campo da assistência, podem ser caracterizados como agentes inseridos no tratamento, mesmo que a maioria não participe sistematicamente das consultas e sessões de reabilitação; 9) os profissionais foram percebidos, de modo geral, como pessoas que não oferecem incentivos suficientes para a participação paterna no campo da assistência, pois direcionavam as práticas e discursos à figura materna; 10) apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas, o envolvimento paterno, nesse contexto, foi avaliado como positivo. A sistematicidade, a qualidade e a intensidade do envolvimento variaram: de uma participação e um envolvimento mais operatório (com suposto menor envolvimento afetivo), a uma participação com envolvimento qualitativamente diferente. Há que se revisitar discursos e práticas da equipe de saúde para conhecer o estímulo à participação paterna, empoderando a família no campo da assistência. Aponta-se a necessidade de investigações futuras que ampliem e aprofundem a compreensão sobre o envolvimento paterno no contexto das deficiências e nas novas configurações familiares, oportunizando a criação de espaços onde esses homens possam ser escutados e estimulados a se expressar, empoderando a família, co-responsável na construção de vínculos.

The purpose of this study was to determine the progress of the immunization program for Contagious Diseases in the City Schools of Dallas, Texas, over a period of ten years, dating from September 1928, to September 1938. An endeavor was made to determine how the Health Works Program of the Dallas Public Schools developed, and the protection it gave the public children.

In conclusion, the current air pollution levels in Hong Kong had a risk for school children's respiratory and cardiovascular health. In comparison between the highly- and least-polluted districts, a rise of 8 mug/m 3 annual mean for PM10 concentration was significantly associated with increased risks for some respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, cough, and phlegm, with decreased lung function in FEF25-75% and FEF75%, and with decreased cardiopulmonary fitness in predicted VO2max, after adjustment for confounding factors. An increase of 13 mug/m3 annual mean for NO2 in the moderately-polluted district did not individually cause adverse effects on children's respiratory and cardiopulmonary health. Physical activity appears to have no positive health effects on the children's VO2max in moderately- and highly-polluted districts. / In the past year preceding the study (May 2003 to April 2004), the annual means for PM10, NO2, SO2 and O3 were respectively 55.1 mug/m3, 51.4 mug/m3, 15.4 mug/m3, and 42.5 mug/m3 in the least-polluted district (LPD); 56.3 mug/m3, 64.7 mug/m3, 15.2 mug/m3, and 35.2 mug/m3 in the moderately-polluted district (MPD); and 63.8 mug/m3, 64.1 mug/m3, 22.2 mug/m3, and 31.7 mug/m3 in the highly-polluted district (HPD). The 99th percentiles were 178 mug/m3, 158 mug/m 3, 104 mug/m3, and 140 mug/m3 in the LPD; 169 mug/m3, 181 mug/m3, 106 mug/m 3, and 113 mug/m3 in the MPD; and 226 mug/m 3, 177 mug/m3, 140 mug/m3, and 137 mug/m 3 in the HPD. The average daily 1-h maximum O3 (peak O 3) was 83.7 mug/m3 in the LPD, 73.6 mug/m 3 in the MPD, and 64.8 mug/m3 in the HPD. / Lung function indices included FVC, FEV1, FEV 1/FVC, FEF25-75%, FEF25%, and FEF75%. Children in the HPD had lower FEV 1/FVC, FEF25-75%, and FEF25% than those in both the LPD and MPD, after controlling for their corresponding confounders. In comparison between the LPD and HPD, the adjusted mean differences for FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75%, and FEF25% were respectively 1.39%, 85 ml, and 113 ml in boys, and 1.60%, 86 ml, and 225 ml in girls. In addition, the decreased FEF75% of HPD was found in boys (62 ml) but not in girls. When comparing the MPD with LPD, the increased FEF25% was observed in girls in the LPD (158 ml), whereas boys in the LPD had lower FEF75% than those in the MPD (81 ml). There were no significant differences in children's FVC and FEV1 between districts. / The multistage fitness test (MFT) with the Matsuzaka's function was employed to predict cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2max) of children. After adjustment for the factors, girls in the LPD had significantly higher VO 2max than those in the MPD and HPD by 0.19 and 0.75 ml·kg -1 ·min-1 respectively. The VO 2max among boys in the LPD was 0.48 ml·kg-1 ·min -1 higher than those in the HPD. When we compared the VO 2max between students in MPD and HPD, higher VO2max in both boys and girls in the MPD were observed---by 0.49 and 0.56 ml·kg -1 ·min-1 respectively. In LPD, significantly higher VO2max values were observed in both boys and girls who were physically active (children who took part in sports and/or vigorous free play at least three times a week for at least 30 minutes each time) compared with those who were not (0.71 and 0.65 ml·kg-1 ·min -1 respectively), but those differences in VO2max among students in MPD and HPD were small and insignificant. / There were totally 2,641 (82.9%) children who participated in the study, and 2,203 participants were involved in analyses. After adjustment for confounding factors, girls living in the HPD had significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for wheezing without cold (4.75), cough at night (1.71), phlegm without cold (3.61), compared with those in the LPD. Boys in the HPD had increased OR only for phlegm without cold (1.88). When comparing the MPD with LPD, the adjusted OR for cough at night achieved significance in girls (1.74) and marginal significance in boys (1.40). Sneeze with itchy-watery eyes and current/ever allergic rhinitis had negative associations with district. In comparison with LPD, the decreased OR for sneeze with itchy-watery eye in girls in HPD (0.65) reached statistical significance. Both boys and girls in MPD had significantly decreased ORs for current allergic rhinitis (0.72 and 0.50 respectively) and for ever allergic rhinitis (0.74 and 0.55 respectively). There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates of asthma and bronchitis between districts. / To explore associations between air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular health of school children, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,186 primary school children in P3 and P4 from three districts with different air pollution levels in Hong Kong during March to June in 2004. / Gao Yang. / "August 2005." / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6339. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

A quantitative, explorative, descriptive contextual study was conducted to determine to what extent the malaria control measures proposed by the Tanzanian government had been implemented by parents of children between the ages 0-5 years who lived in Bukumbi village. Structured interviews were conducted with 40 parents of children who had been admitted for malaria treatment during 2007, and the data analysed by computer. Although respondents had a basic knowledge of preventive measures they did not implement actions preventing the anopheles mosquitoes’ breeding in this tropical area. The vicious cycle of poverty, malaria episodes and lack of proper malaria health education hampered the implementation of control measures such as the spraying of houses with insecticides. Although the government of Tanzania subsidises insecticide treated bed nets the respondents did not maintain these nets and did not renew the insecticide treatment of these nets. The incidence of malaria is unlikely to decline in the Bukumbi village unless all identified factors are addressed. / Health Studies / M.A.

Text in Afrikaans / The Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 29 November 1989. Included in the inherent rights set out in the Convention is the right to the highest attainable standard of health. In implementing the Convention states parties must refer to the requirements of article 2 of the Convention, which places them under a duty to respect and ensure the rights in the Convention to each child. The term “respect” implies a duty of good faith to refrain from actions which would breach the Convention. The “duty to ensure”, however, requires states parties to take whatever measures are necessary in order to enable children to enjoy their rights. A state party must also review its legislation in order to ensure that domestic law is consistent with the Convention. South Africa showed commitment to protecting and promoting children’s health when it ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1995 and subsequently adopted the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, which includes provisions guaranteeing the health rights of children. South Africa also showed commitment to give legislative effect to the protection and promotion of children’s health by reviewing the Health Act 63 of 1977 (reviewed as the National Health Act 61 of 2003) and the Child Care Act 74 of 1983 (reviewed as the Children’s Act 38 of 2005). The review of the Child Care Act 74 of 1983 revealed that the act is virtually silent on the issue of child health. This led to the decision to identify and evaluate existing policy and legislation, as well as pending relevant law reform and policy affecting child health in order to assess how well South African legislation addresses the issue. The research showed that although much legislation exists, none provides comprehensively for child health rights. The legislation that does exist contains obvious gaps. Most importantly, there is no reference to the core minimum requirements for the state in providing for the health of children, particularly in the way of health services and nutrition. Further, there is a complete lack of legislation which protects the health needs of disabled children. A comparative study was also undertaken. Legislation of India and Canada were evaluated in order to make recommendations as to how the gaps in South African legislation can be rectified. However, the research showed that South Africa has made far more significant progress in promoting a rightsbased approach to children’s health in legislation. In order to ensure that the health rights of children are protected and promoted, I propose more comprehensive legislative protection. / Private Law / LL.D.

Health related absenteeism was identified as a problem in the schools in the Molopo region, needing a multi-disciplinary approach which included the parents. A conceptual framework on absenteeism was used as a guideline for the descriptive research design. Using a convenience sampling technique 426 absentees, 22 teachers and 2 school nurses filled in three separate questionnaires in ten schools selected to determine the extent of absenteeism due to health related and other problems, the control measures taken and the awareness of school personnel. Health problems were identified as the main reasons for absenteeism. Inadequate communication between the schools and parents as well as lack of guidelines on the control of absenteeism, were other problems identified. Recommendations made related to the provision of school health services that promote the health status of the pupils based on Primary Health Care principles, parental involvement in school health matters and the formulation of policies aimed at controlling absenteeism in schools. / Health Sciences / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Applied Science in Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, 2015. / Objective: To determine the contribution of packed school lunches to the daily food intake of girls and boys in two Primary Schools in East London. Methods: The study was conducted among 199 girls and boys aged 9-13 years. Three 24-Hour recalls and a Food Frequency Questionnaire were completed during an interview with the participants to gather data on dietary patterns over a period of three consecutive days. Additionally, the contents of one lunch box per participant were recorded and weighed. Anthropometrics and socio-demographics were also completed during the interview. Results: The three 24-Hour Recall nutrient measurements revealed a low energy intake in 91 percent for the girls and 77 percent for the boys who were consuming below the recommended Estimated Energy Requirement for energy. The lunchboxes contributed one-third of the daily nutrient intake of the children. The 24-Hour recall revealed an energy-dense, carbohydrate-based diet. The contribution of total fat (30-32%) to the total energy is higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 15-30 percent. The daily fruit and vegetable intake (215.1g and 216.9g), according to the 24-Hour recall and lunchbox analysis respectively, was insufficient compared to the WHO-recommendation of >400g /day. Although the mean intake of most of the nutrients was sufficient, a large number of the participants did not meet requirements for the age group. The risk of overweight was high (24% for girls and 29.2% for boys) with 1.5 percent falling into the obese category. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated a high-fat and carbohydrate intake and a very low fruit and vegetable intake. The girl participants had better food choices for the lunchboxes but the majority of the participant’s daily intake did not meet the basic requirements of a balanced diet. The risk of overweight in the age category is an increasing problem among low- and high-income countries. Nutritional education should concentrate on healthy food choices in school lunchboxes as a large part of the day is spent at school.

I use variation in childhood exposure to the Dust Bowl, an environmental shock to health and income, as a natural experiment to explain variation in adult human capital. I also examine a variety of mechanisms by which the Dust Bowl influenced later-life wellbeing, and investigate the scope for recovery from this early-life shock. I find that exposure to the Dust Bowl in childhood has statistically significant and economically meaningful adverse impacts on later-life outcomes, for instance, increasing disability and reducing fertility and college completion. These results hold even after accounting for the possibly confounding effects of the Great Depression, migration, and selective fertility or mortality. The effects I find are more severe for those born in agricultural states, suggesting that the Dust Bowl was most damaging via the destruction of agricultural livelihoods. This collapse of farm incomes, however, had the positive effect of increasing high school completion amongst the exposed, likely by reducing the demand for child farm labor where such labor was not essential to production, and thus decreasing the opportunity costs of secondary schooling; in this outcome, unlike in college completion, family income and student ability were irrelevant. Many of the worst adverse effects are found amongst those exposed prenatally and in early childhood, suggesting that congenital complications in capability development, together with low parental incomes in utero and thereafter, may be to blame for such later-life disadvantage. Together, these findings imply that the Dust Bowl acted largely "indirectly," as an economic shock that in turn affected in utero and early-life conditions, rather than "directly," through personal exposure (e.g. dust inhalation) in childhood. Lastly, results - particularly those on New Deal expenditure - imply both that remediation from early-life disaster is possible under the right circumstances, and that post-shock investment may have compensated for rather than reinforced damage to child endowments. The findings in this study are consistent with a multi-stage model of human capability formation, in which investments in one period respond to endowments in a previous one, and may either reinforce or compensate for these endowments.