Magistro darbe analizuojama vaiko teisių apsaugos specialistų teisinių kompetencijų raiška. Darbe aptariami vaiko teisių apsaugos specialistams keliami reikalavimai ir šių specialistų funkcijos, kompetencijos, reikalingos darbui vaiko teisių apsaugos skyriuje (VTAT), analizuojama teisinių kompetencijų raiška vaiko teisių apsaugos specialistų darbe. Temos aktualumui ir naujumui pagrįsti atliktas tyrimas, apklausta 30 įvairių miestų ir rajonų savivaldybių VTAT dirbančių vyresniųjų specialistų ir 30 vedėjų bei 3 ekspertai. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad VTAT dirba vos 8 proc. teisininko kvalifikaciją turinčių specialistų. Darbuotojams trūksta teisinių kompetencijų ir gebėjimų tiek įgyvendinant vaiko teisių apsaugą, organizuojant prevencinę veiklą vaiko teisių apsaugos klausimais, tiek ir koordinuojant suinteresuotų asmenų bei institucijų veiklą, atstovaujant vaiką teismuose. Ekspertų požiūriu, situacija pagerėtų, jei tarnybose dirbtų specialistų, turinčių teisinį išsilavinimą. / In the master‘s work one analyzes the expression of legal competences of children rights protection specialists. In the work one discusses the tasks that are raised for children rights protection specialists and functions, competences of these specialists that are necessary for work in children rights protection department (VTAT), analyses the expression of legal competence in the work of children rights protections specialists. To reason the relevance and novelty of the topic a research was carried out, VTAT senior specialists, 30 leaders and 3 experts of 30 different municipalities of towns and regions were questioned. Results of the researched showed that just 8% of specialists working in VTAT have legal qualifications. Employees lack legal competences and abilities implementing the safety of children rights, organizing preventive work based on children rights protection questions, coordinating the activities of interested persons and institutions and representing children in courts. According to experts, the situation would improve if specialists with legal education would work in these institutions.

Child’s right to maintenance is his/her natural constitutional personal property right. Constitutional consolidation of the parental rights and duties to maintain children show their importance in the social structure of a state as well as in the regulated social relations in the field of family law. Provision of the child’s right to maintenance creates conditions for implementation of other child’s rights: right to accommodation, education, suitable living conditions etc., because the direct aim of maintenance is maximum satisfaction of the child’s needs and interests. In this paper I try to disclose contents of the child’s right to parental maintenance urgent principles of its consolidation in the positive legislature and defence in the civil process as well as regulation peculiarities. The paper is not sought to be an in-deep scientific study, but it should be a valuable and informative measure in identification of the existing gaps in the regulation of the child’s right to parental maintenance and in the search for more efficient ways of solution.

The objectives of this study are: (1) To analyse the legal framework of peacekeeping operations to determine its strengths and weakness in addressing the issue of SEA (Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, (2) To determine whether the UN’s present accountability mechanism can adequately support protection of children’s rights in peacekeeping operations and (3) To explore the question of prosecution as a way to enhance the accountability mechanism in peacekeeping missions, particularly for TCC (Troop Contributing Countries). This study is mainly a non-empirical analysis of the UN (United Natrions) approach on SEA in its activities with a focus on peacekeeping missions. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Heny Odimbo Ojambo of the Faculty of Law, University of Makerere, Uganda. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

yes / There have been many praises as well as criticisms against both the UN Convention on the rights of the child and the African Charter on the rights and welfare of the child. However, many writers are of the view that the African charter was an unnecessary duplication of the convention. This paper outlines some of the differences and similarities between the UN convention on the rights of the child, and the African children’s charter. The paper traces the development of children’s right treaties internationally and on the African continent, and argues that the adoption of the African children’s charter is in tandem with the United Nation’s call for regional arrangements for the protection and promotion of human rights, therefore not an unnecessary duplication of the UN convention.

The thesis focused on how the advent of children's rights, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has impacted on the subject of juvenile justice and embarked on a practical examination of law reform in this regard in an African context. The focus was placed on a number of African countries that have embarked on or completed child law reform in the aftermath of ratification of the CRC. The case studies in this thesis were Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1993-2001), Namibia (1994 to date), Lesotho (2003 to date), South Africa (1997 to date) and Uganda (1992-1996).

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o desenvolvimento da política pública de acolhimento institucional no Brasil atual. Para isso, inicialmente, apresenta-se um breve histórico das políticas dirigidas à infância e juventude em situação de vulnerabilidade, tendo como foco a questão da internação de crianças e adolescentes. Em seguida, abordam-se as mudanças trazidas pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) referentes às ações e aos projetos de atendimento dirigidos a esse público. Por fim, por meio da análise de três grandes pesquisas quantitativas a respeito do tema, propõe-se um exercício de comparação entre o que está determinado em lei e nos documentos oficiais de orientação e normatização da política pública e a realidade concreta das instituições de abrigamento, tal como apontada pelas referidas pesquisas. / The aim of this study is to analyze the development of the public policies of institutional care in Brazil in the present day. To do so, initially, this work presents a brief history of the policies directed to the childhood and youth under situation of vulnerability, focusing the matter of institutionalized children and adolescents. After that, the changes brought by the Children and Adolescents Code regarding the actions and projects directed to institutionalized children and adolescents are brought to discussion. Finally, analyzing three great quantitative researches regarding the subject, this work presents a comparison between what is determined by the law and the public policies official orientation documents and the reality of the residential care institutions that is shown by the above mentioned researches.

The thesis focused on how the advent of children's rights, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has impacted on the subject of juvenile justice and embarked on a practical examination of law reform in this regard in an African context. The focus was placed on a number of African countries that have embarked on or completed child law reform in the aftermath of ratification of the CRC. The case studies in this thesis were Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1993-2001), Namibia (1994 to date), Lesotho (2003 to date), South Africa (1997 to date) and Uganda (1992-1996).

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o desenvolvimento da política pública de acolhimento institucional no Brasil atual. Para isso, inicialmente, apresenta-se um breve histórico das políticas dirigidas à infância e juventude em situação de vulnerabilidade, tendo como foco a questão da internação de crianças e adolescentes. Em seguida, abordam-se as mudanças trazidas pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) referentes às ações e aos projetos de atendimento dirigidos a esse público. Por fim, por meio da análise de três grandes pesquisas quantitativas a respeito do tema, propõe-se um exercício de comparação entre o que está determinado em lei e nos documentos oficiais de orientação e normatização da política pública e a realidade concreta das instituições de abrigamento, tal como apontada pelas referidas pesquisas. / The aim of this study is to analyze the development of the public policies of institutional care in Brazil in the present day. To do so, initially, this work presents a brief history of the policies directed to the childhood and youth under situation of vulnerability, focusing the matter of institutionalized children and adolescents. After that, the changes brought by the Children and Adolescents Code regarding the actions and projects directed to institutionalized children and adolescents are brought to discussion. Finally, analyzing three great quantitative researches regarding the subject, this work presents a comparison between what is determined by the law and the public policies official orientation documents and the reality of the residential care institutions that is shown by the above mentioned researches.

This thesis deals with the protection of children in international refugee law. The status of a person seeking international protection under international law is primarily regulated by the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. However, this Convention does not expressly address the specific situation of the child asylum seeker. By adopting a binding Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the broad catalogue of basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children has been confirmed. It includes the right of a child seeking international protection to obtain the necessary protection and humanitarian assistance when the child wants to exercise its rights under the CRC or other conventions of international law of human rights. CRC includes, inter alia, four fundamental principles, the elimination of discrimination, the right to life, survival and development, respect for the child's position and the principle of the best interests of the child. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether and how the position of the child seeking international protection under the international refugee law has been influenced by the CRC and by the principle of the best interests of the child. The thesis is divided into four chapters, the first two chapters deal with the historical...

In terms of Section 29 (1) of the Constitution, everyone has the right to basic education. This right is not subject to ‘reasonable legislative and other measures, available resources and progressive realisation.’ The right to basic, compulsory education is widely regarded as a fundamental human right. For example, this right is included in a number of international human rights treaties such as the ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, the ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,’ the ‘African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child’, the ‘Convention on the Rights of the Child’, the ‘Dakar Framework for Action: Education for All’, and ‘UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education’. The South African Constitution, however, does not clarify the content and scope of the right to basic education. Consequently, the Constitution has given the state wide discretion to determine the scope, nature and content of this basic right. Apartheid left the South African education system fragmented and unequal. The South African educational system has gone through numerous curricula and institutional changes. The changes in the curriculum were part of the transformation process of the South African education system. In addition, the state has allocated substantial public funds towards basic education. However, the investment in basic education does not commensurate with the quality of teaching and learning in poor and marginalised schools. For example, several rural and farm schools in the Eastern Cape lacked toilet facilities; textbooks and other education support material; furniture; and other essential necessities. Education loses its transformative power when poor and marginalised schools continue to lack these essential services. Consequently, inequality is perpetuated and the poor and marginalised are unable to compete meaningfully in the social, economic and political life of South Africa. The mini dissertation concludes by recommending that the Department of Basic Education should ensure that all schools, especially those in rural communities and farms, have access to textbooks, qualified teachers, clean water and toilet facilities and other essential necessities needed for the delivery of quality basic education.