In 2004, Ontario’s Chief Medical Officer of Health Report, Healthy Weights, Healthy Lives (Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 2004) identified the family (as well as the government, food industry, workplaces, schools, and individuals) for recommendations for action. As a means to promote, achieve, and maintain healthy body weights for both parents and children, Healthy Weights, Healthy Lives (2004) recommended enjoying family meals whenever possible. Very little evidence, however, exists to justify the promotion of family meals within Canada. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to describe family meal frequency and meal environments, and to examine the associations with diet quality (as assessed using a Canadian adaptation to the Health Eating Index (HEI-C; Glanville and McIntyre, 2006), and other commonly reported food behaviours and attitudes. The sample (males=1572 and females=1627) comprised students in grade six (n=1266), seven (n=1359), and eight (n=579) classrooms from Northern Ontario (Porcupine Region n=385), Southern Ontario (Peel Region n=1413, Region of Waterloo n=405, Toronto District n=216), and Nova Scotia (as part of the Physical Activity in Children and Youth (PACY) study n=804) participating in school surveillance-based studies. Data were collected using the web-based Food Behaviour Questionnaire, which included a 24 hour food recall, food frequency questionnaire, and specific questions relating to family meals. The majority of participants reported frequent family meals (70% on 6-7 days/week, 19% on 3-5 days/week, and 11% on 0-2 days/week). Family meal frequency decreased with increasing grade (X2=30.629 (df=4), p<0.001), and was significantly higher among participants from Porcupine, and lower among participants from Peel (X2=46.815 (df=8), p<0.001). The mean HEI-C score across all participants was 65.1 (SD 13.2) and the majority (73%) were rated in the needs improvement category. Family meal frequency, particularly between 0-2 and 6-7 days/week, was positively associated with diet quality scores (adjusted p=0.045) and ratings (p=0.049). When investigating the person(s) with whom meals were consumed, participants who ate breakfast with family members (versus alone, p=0.012) and/or lunch with friends (versus alone, p=0.007 or with family members, p<0.001) had a significantly greater likelihood of having a better diet quality. Participants who skipped breakfast (p<0.001) and/or lunch (p<0.001) had a greater likelihood of having a worse diet quality than those that consumed each meal. Cluster K-means procedures were used to classify observations about the four meal environment variables (where the meal was consumed, with whom the meal was consumed, who prepared the meal, and where the food was originally purchased) into groups. A total of 3, 8, and 6 clusters of meal environments were identified for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. Diet quality was negatively associated with consuming/purchasing meals outside of the home, and skipping breakfast and/or lunch. Meal skipping had a larger impact on overall diet quality than the environmental conditions under which the meal was consumed. Finally, associations among family meal frequency and other commonly reported food behaviours and attitudes were investigated. Higher family meal frequency was significantly associated with less pop consumption, consuming breakfast on the day of the survey, having higher self-efficacy for healthy eating when at home with family and during social times with friends. This research, in a large, geographically diverse sample of grade six, seven, and eight students from Ontario and Nova Scotia, found that family meal frequency and specific aspects of meal environments were positively associated with diet quality, and various healthy eating behaviours and attitudes. This research supports the growing body of literature in favour of family meals. Since the diet of most students in grade six, seven, and eight was suboptimal, strategies to promote healthy family meals should be widely encouraged.

In 2004, Ontario’s Chief Medical Officer of Health Report, Healthy Weights, Healthy Lives (Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 2004) identified the family (as well as the government, food industry, workplaces, schools, and individuals) for recommendations for action. As a means to promote, achieve, and maintain healthy body weights for both parents and children, Healthy Weights, Healthy Lives (2004) recommended enjoying family meals whenever possible. Very little evidence, however, exists to justify the promotion of family meals within Canada. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to describe family meal frequency and meal environments, and to examine the associations with diet quality (as assessed using a Canadian adaptation to the Health Eating Index (HEI-C; Glanville and McIntyre, 2006), and other commonly reported food behaviours and attitudes. The sample (males=1572 and females=1627) comprised students in grade six (n=1266), seven (n=1359), and eight (n=579) classrooms from Northern Ontario (Porcupine Region n=385), Southern Ontario (Peel Region n=1413, Region of Waterloo n=405, Toronto District n=216), and Nova Scotia (as part of the Physical Activity in Children and Youth (PACY) study n=804) participating in school surveillance-based studies. Data were collected using the web-based Food Behaviour Questionnaire, which included a 24 hour food recall, food frequency questionnaire, and specific questions relating to family meals. The majority of participants reported frequent family meals (70% on 6-7 days/week, 19% on 3-5 days/week, and 11% on 0-2 days/week). Family meal frequency decreased with increasing grade (X2=30.629 (df=4), p<0.001), and was significantly higher among participants from Porcupine, and lower among participants from Peel (X2=46.815 (df=8), p<0.001). The mean HEI-C score across all participants was 65.1 (SD 13.2) and the majority (73%) were rated in the needs improvement category. Family meal frequency, particularly between 0-2 and 6-7 days/week, was positively associated with diet quality scores (adjusted p=0.045) and ratings (p=0.049). When investigating the person(s) with whom meals were consumed, participants who ate breakfast with family members (versus alone, p=0.012) and/or lunch with friends (versus alone, p=0.007 or with family members, p<0.001) had a significantly greater likelihood of having a better diet quality. Participants who skipped breakfast (p<0.001) and/or lunch (p<0.001) had a greater likelihood of having a worse diet quality than those that consumed each meal. Cluster K-means procedures were used to classify observations about the four meal environment variables (where the meal was consumed, with whom the meal was consumed, who prepared the meal, and where the food was originally purchased) into groups. A total of 3, 8, and 6 clusters of meal environments were identified for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. Diet quality was negatively associated with consuming/purchasing meals outside of the home, and skipping breakfast and/or lunch. Meal skipping had a larger impact on overall diet quality than the environmental conditions under which the meal was consumed. Finally, associations among family meal frequency and other commonly reported food behaviours and attitudes were investigated. Higher family meal frequency was significantly associated with less pop consumption, consuming breakfast on the day of the survey, having higher self-efficacy for healthy eating when at home with family and during social times with friends. This research, in a large, geographically diverse sample of grade six, seven, and eight students from Ontario and Nova Scotia, found that family meal frequency and specific aspects of meal environments were positively associated with diet quality, and various healthy eating behaviours and attitudes. This research supports the growing body of literature in favour of family meals. Since the diet of most students in grade six, seven, and eight was suboptimal, strategies to promote healthy family meals should be widely encouraged.

ADHD is a well researched disorder in children and is associated with impairments in social functioning (Barkley, 2006). However, little is known about the etiology of social difficulties. An emerging body of literature is beginning to address the possible role social cognition may share in the social functioning outcomes in children with ADHD (Buitelaar et al., 1999; Corbett & Glidden, 2000; DaFonseca et al., 2009; Rapport et al., 2002; Sibley et al., 2010; Yuill & Lyon, 2007). Yet, research focusing on social cognition deficits in ADHD that accounts for subtype differences is limited. Some studies evaluated social cognition in CT children only (Corbett & Glidden, 2000; DaFonseca et al., 2009; Rapport et al., 2002) while other research utilized behavior ratings or sociometric studies (Matthys et al., 1999; Zentall et al., 2001). Another body of literature has examined the impact executive functioning deficits may have on social functioning (Barkley, 1997; Charman et al., 2001; Chhabildas et al., 2001). The purpose of the current study was to identify factors that predict social functioning impairments in children with ADHD as well as differentiate between ADHD subtypes. Participants included 89 youth with ages ranging from 6 to 16 years (M = 10.19, SD = 2.76). Forty-nine children met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Subtype (PI) and 40 for ADHD, Combined Type (CT). Results indicated CT youth demonstrated more aggressive and rule-breaking behavior than PI youth. Measures of social cognition did not predict ADHD subtype, and when compared to a normative sample, participants performed in the average range on affect recognition and theory of mind tasks. Performance-based measures of executive functioning largely associated with inattention (i.e., vigilance, processing speed, and working memory) best predicted subtype differences with CT youth being more impaired. Executive functioning, not social cognition, was predictive of social maladjustment in CT and PI youth. For CT youth, deficits in emotion control, shift, and initiate were related to anxiety, aggressive behavior, and depressed mood. Similarly, emotion control and shift were predictors of aggressive behavior, anxiety, and depressed mood in PI youth with deficits in self-monitoring, initiate, and inhibit as secondary predictors. / text

A obesidade é prevalente em crianças e adolescentes em todo mundo, sendo considerada uma epidemia global. Atualmente importantes instituições de saúde e governos estão comprometidas em encontrar meios para o tratamento dessa doença. O manejo do excesso de peso orienta-se basicamente no aumento do nível de atividade física e na diminuição do consumo calórico. O objetivo desde estudo foi orientar crianças com excesso de peso a inserir em suas rotinas horas de atividade física com vistas à diminuição do sedentarismo. Foram recrutadas crianças e adolescentes entre 8 e 15 anos com excesso de peso (escore-Z do IMC > +2) de Porto Alegre e região metropolitana, por chamamento feito pela imprensa. Este é um estudo do tipo “antes e depois” onde cada indivíduo foi seu próprio controle. Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, aferição da pressão arterial, auto-classificação de maturação sexual, testes laboratoriais e calorimetria indireta em repouso, na inclusão, 6 e 12 meses. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar o nível de atividade física de cada participante e análise de bioimpedância elétrica na inclusão, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses. Os resultados de composição corporal mostram melhora no peso de massa livre de gordura da inclusão para os 6 e 12 meses (35,4+ 8,2 - 38,6+9 - 39,0 +8,9 p < 0,001) em 96,3% dos pacientes, o percentual de gordura corporal observado da inclusão para os 6 e 12 meses foi de (35,9+8,3 – 33,2+8,2 – 34,3+4,5 p = 0,014) representando melhora em 48,1% dos pacientes. A mudança de comportamento em relação à atividade física de inativo para ativo foi observada em 85,2% dos participantes ao final de 1 ano. Concluiu-se que quando o paciente é orientado e acompanhado por um profissional de saúde, consegue manter uma rotina de atividade física mesmo sem estar vinculado a um programa de exercícios estruturados, melhorando sua condição de saúde. / Obesity is prevalent in children and adolescents worldwide and is considered a global epidemy. Currently major health institutions and governments are committed to finding ways to treat this disease. The management of overweight is oriented primarily at increasing the level of physical activity and decreasing of calorie consumption. The objective of this study was to teach overweight children how to insert into their routines hours of physical activity in order to avoid health issues related to a sedentary lifestyle. We recruited overweight children and adolescents between 8 and 15 years (BMI Z-score> +2) in Porto Alegre and metropolitan area, with callings mede on news paper call made by the press. This is a study of the "before and after" where each individual was his own control. The participants underwent anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, self-assessment of sexual maturation, laboratory tests and indirect calorimetry at rest, at inclusion, 6 and 12 months. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to assess physical activity level of each participant and bioelectrical impedance analysis at inclusion, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The results show improved body composition in weight of fat-free mass from inclusion to 6 and 12 months (35.4 + 8.2 to 38.6 +9 - 39.0 +8.9 p <0.001) in 96,3% of patients. The percentage of body fat observed from addition to 6 and 12 months was (35.9 +8.3 - 33.2 +8.2 - 34.3 +4.5 p = 0.014) representing an improvement in 48.1% of patients. The change of behavior towards physical activity from inactive to active was observed in 85.2% of the participants at the end of one year. It was concluded that when the patient is accompanied by a health professional, she is able to maintain a routine of physical activity even without being tied to a structured exercise program, resulting in a health improvement.

Resumo: A obesidade em crianças e adolescentes tem crescido mundialmente em proporções epidêmicas. A maioria das alterações posturais passíveis de serem observadas nos obesos não são exclusivas dos mesmos, mas surgem nesses com maior freqüência em virtude da ação mecânica desempenhada pelo exagero da massa corporal e o aumento das necessidades mecânicas regionais. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, com 389 escolares, faixa etária entre 6 e 16 anos, de ambos os gêneros, de uma escola privada e duas públicas, provenientes da área urbana de Penápolis-SP, matriculados e cursando o ensino fundamental no ano letivo de 2.004 no período da manhã. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade sobre o sistema musculoesquelético de escolares do ensino fundamental. Para tal, foram executadas medidas de altura e massa corporal para obtenção do IMC, impressões plantares, quantificação de fotos digitais, por meio da biofotogrametria computadorizada e questionário para avaliação econômica. Foram avaliados 389 escolares, sendo 220 (56,5%) do gênero feminino e 169 (43,5%) do masculino. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 14,91% e obesidade 15,68%. No gênero masculino houve maior proporção de escolares obesos (21,42%) que com sobrepeso (10,11%). Os resultados demonstram alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre classificação econômica e estados nutricionais. Em relação ao arco plantar e estado nutricional, o pé plano direito obteve maior proporção de obesos. Observou-se que os diferentes tipos de pés estão distribuídos de maneira semelhante nos escolares obesos, enquanto que os magros, eutróficos e sobrepesos apresentaram maior proporção de pé cavo e normal. O pé esquerdo apresentou resultados semelhantes ao direito ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Obesity in children and adolescents has grown worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. Most of posture changes easily detected in obese people are not exclusive from each other, but they happen in obese people more often caused by big effort and exaggeration of body mass and the increase of mechanical and regional needs. It was a transverse study, with 389 school children and adolescents, age ranging from 6 to 16 years old, both sexes, one group from a private school and two others from public schools, coming from the urban area of Penápolis-SP, registered and studying in elementary levels in the year of 2004, morning period. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity on muscle and bone system of these children. In order , there was measured height and body mass to determinate BMI, foot prints, measurements of digital images using computerized biophotogrammetry and also a questionnaire about economic status. It was evaluated 389 students, 220 (56,5%) females and 169 (43,5%) males. The prevalence of overweight was 14,91% and obesity 15,68%. In males there was a bigger proportion of obese students (21,42%) than overweight ones (10,11%).The results show a high incidence of obesity and overweight and there is no significant difference between economic status and nutritional status. In relation to longitudinal arch and nutritional status, the right flat foot showed bigger proportion of obesity students. It was observed that different kinds of foot was equally dispensed in the obesity students, while overweight, normal and underweight students obtained a bigger proportion of normal and high arched foot. The left foot showed similar results, except obesity students that obtained bigger proportion of high arched foot. In the quadricipital angle evaluation, the female right lower limb obtained 10.79°... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below) / Orientador: Nelson de Souza / Coorientador: Luís Carlos Giarola / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bachiega_cmmv_me_botfm.pdf: 774772 bytes, checksum: c45e9b6d4036f16406b38a4f6e31fc57 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A obesidade em crianças e adolescentes tem crescido mundialmente em proporções epidêmicas. A maioria das alterações posturais passíveis de serem observadas nos obesos não são exclusivas dos mesmos, mas surgem nesses com maior freqüência em virtude da ação mecânica desempenhada pelo exagero da massa corporal e o aumento das necessidades mecânicas regionais. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, com 389 escolares, faixa etária entre 6 e 16 anos, de ambos os gêneros, de uma escola privada e duas públicas, provenientes da área urbana de Penápolis-SP, matriculados e cursando o ensino fundamental no ano letivo de 2.004 no período da manhã. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade sobre o sistema musculoesquelético de escolares do ensino fundamental. Para tal, foram executadas medidas de altura e massa corporal para obtenção do IMC, impressões plantares, quantificação de fotos digitais, por meio da biofotogrametria computadorizada e questionário para avaliação econômica. Foram avaliados 389 escolares, sendo 220 (56,5%) do gênero feminino e 169 (43,5%) do masculino. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 14,91% e obesidade 15,68%. No gênero masculino houve maior proporção de escolares obesos (21,42%) que com sobrepeso (10,11%). Os resultados demonstram alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre classificação econômica e estados nutricionais. Em relação ao arco plantar e estado nutricional, o pé plano direito obteve maior proporção de obesos. Observou-se que os diferentes tipos de pés estão distribuídos de maneira semelhante nos escolares obesos, enquanto que os magros, eutróficos e sobrepesos apresentaram maior proporção de pé cavo e normal. O pé esquerdo apresentou resultados semelhantes ao direito... / Obesity in children and adolescents has grown worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. Most of posture changes easily detected in obese people are not exclusive from each other, but they happen in obese people more often caused by big effort and exaggeration of body mass and the increase of mechanical and regional needs. It was a transverse study, with 389 school children and adolescents, age ranging from 6 to 16 years old, both sexes, one group from a private school and two others from public schools, coming from the urban area of Penápolis-SP, registered and studying in elementary levels in the year of 2004, morning period. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity on muscle and bone system of these children. In order , there was measured height and body mass to determinate BMI, foot prints, measurements of digital images using computerized biophotogrammetry and also a questionnaire about economic status. It was evaluated 389 students, 220 (56,5%) females and 169 (43,5%) males. The prevalence of overweight was 14,91% and obesity 15,68%. In males there was a bigger proportion of obese students (21,42%) than overweight ones (10,11%).The results show a high incidence of obesity and overweight and there is no significant difference between economic status and nutritional status. In relation to longitudinal arch and nutritional status, the right flat foot showed bigger proportion of obesity students. It was observed that different kinds of foot was equally dispensed in the obesity students, while overweight, normal and underweight students obtained a bigger proportion of normal and high arched foot. The left foot showed similar results, except obesity students that obtained bigger proportion of high arched foot. In the quadricipital angle evaluation, the female right lower limb obtained 10.79°... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)

A obesidade é prevalente em crianças e adolescentes em todo mundo, sendo considerada uma epidemia global. Atualmente importantes instituições de saúde e governos estão comprometidas em encontrar meios para o tratamento dessa doença. O manejo do excesso de peso orienta-se basicamente no aumento do nível de atividade física e na diminuição do consumo calórico. O objetivo desde estudo foi orientar crianças com excesso de peso a inserir em suas rotinas horas de atividade física com vistas à diminuição do sedentarismo. Foram recrutadas crianças e adolescentes entre 8 e 15 anos com excesso de peso (escore-Z do IMC > +2) de Porto Alegre e região metropolitana, por chamamento feito pela imprensa. Este é um estudo do tipo “antes e depois” onde cada indivíduo foi seu próprio controle. Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, aferição da pressão arterial, auto-classificação de maturação sexual, testes laboratoriais e calorimetria indireta em repouso, na inclusão, 6 e 12 meses. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar o nível de atividade física de cada participante e análise de bioimpedância elétrica na inclusão, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses. Os resultados de composição corporal mostram melhora no peso de massa livre de gordura da inclusão para os 6 e 12 meses (35,4+ 8,2 - 38,6+9 - 39,0 +8,9 p < 0,001) em 96,3% dos pacientes, o percentual de gordura corporal observado da inclusão para os 6 e 12 meses foi de (35,9+8,3 – 33,2+8,2 – 34,3+4,5 p = 0,014) representando melhora em 48,1% dos pacientes. A mudança de comportamento em relação à atividade física de inativo para ativo foi observada em 85,2% dos participantes ao final de 1 ano. Concluiu-se que quando o paciente é orientado e acompanhado por um profissional de saúde, consegue manter uma rotina de atividade física mesmo sem estar vinculado a um programa de exercícios estruturados, melhorando sua condição de saúde. / Obesity is prevalent in children and adolescents worldwide and is considered a global epidemy. Currently major health institutions and governments are committed to finding ways to treat this disease. The management of overweight is oriented primarily at increasing the level of physical activity and decreasing of calorie consumption. The objective of this study was to teach overweight children how to insert into their routines hours of physical activity in order to avoid health issues related to a sedentary lifestyle. We recruited overweight children and adolescents between 8 and 15 years (BMI Z-score> +2) in Porto Alegre and metropolitan area, with callings mede on news paper call made by the press. This is a study of the "before and after" where each individual was his own control. The participants underwent anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, self-assessment of sexual maturation, laboratory tests and indirect calorimetry at rest, at inclusion, 6 and 12 months. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to assess physical activity level of each participant and bioelectrical impedance analysis at inclusion, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The results show improved body composition in weight of fat-free mass from inclusion to 6 and 12 months (35.4 + 8.2 to 38.6 +9 - 39.0 +8.9 p <0.001) in 96,3% of patients. The percentage of body fat observed from addition to 6 and 12 months was (35.9 +8.3 - 33.2 +8.2 - 34.3 +4.5 p = 0.014) representing an improvement in 48.1% of patients. The change of behavior towards physical activity from inactive to active was observed in 85.2% of the participants at the end of one year. It was concluded that when the patient is accompanied by a health professional, she is able to maintain a routine of physical activity even without being tied to a structured exercise program, resulting in a health improvement.

O problema da violÃncia na realidade social das grandes cidades brasileiras cresceu nos anos 80. ViolÃncia contra crianÃa e adolescentes acompanha a histÃria da humanidade desde os mais antigos registros. O objetivos deste trabalho à apresentar dados da violÃncia envolvendo menores, no municÃpio de Fortaleza, na dÃcada de 80, e analisar a tendÃncia da morbimortalidade devido a causas violentas e a compreensÃo desta sociopatologia - a violÃncia - onde, diversificadas formas oriundas do sistema estrutural, se interligam conformando uma rede, o que significa assumir a interdisciplinaridade em todos os nÃveis, no esforÃo de melhor compreendÃ-la. Os coeficientes de mortalidade e a mortalidade proporcional - casos fatais - e, os coeficientes de incidÃncia e a distribuiÃÃo proporcional - casos nÃo fatais foram calculados com o objetivo de avaliar o aspecto mensurÃvel do problema. As estatÃsticas de mortalidade revelam para o grupo etÃrio de 0 - 17 anos, no perÃodo de 1980/1989, no municÃpio de Fortaleza, que cerca de 39,28% dos Ãbitos devidos Ãs causas externas dÃo-se por acidente de trÃnsito; 46,15% sÃo ocasionados pelos demais acidentes; 1,96% por suicÃdios e 12,61% por homicÃdios. A mortalidade demonstra que um grande nÃmero de seqÃelas e invalidez permanente decorre de causas violentas principalmente, em cada faixa etÃria e sexo, sendo a mortalidade mais relevante em crianÃas e jovens do sexo masculino com 67,30% do total de Ãbitos. Entre os menores, destaca-se a faixa etÃria de 0 - 4 anos (27,97%), seguida da faixa de 15 - 17 anos (26%). A morbidade foi mais pronunciada em crianÃas e adolescentes do sexo masculino, principalmente a faixa etÃria de 15 - 17 anos (47,87%), seguida da faixa de 10 - 14 anos (31,36%). Enfatiza-se o carÃter multidisciplinar do problema e chama-se atenÃÃo a fim de contribuir para a prevenÃÃo e o controle das causas violentas ou tentar diminuir suas conseqÃÃncias. / The problem of violence in the social reality of large Brazilian cities grew in the 80s. Violence against children and adolescents accompanies the history of humanity since the earliest records. The objectives of this work is to present data on violence involving minors in the city of Fortaleza, in the 80s, and analyze trends in mortality due to violent causes and understanding this sociopathology - violence - where diverse forms derived from the structural system, if interconnected forming a network, which means taking an interdisciplinary approach at all levels, in an effort to better understand it. The mortality rates and proportional mortality - fatal - and the incidence rates and proportional distribution - non-fatal cases were calculated to evaluate the measurable aspect of the problem. Mortality statistics reveal for the age group 0-17 years in the period 1980/1989, in Fortaleza, to approximately 39.28% of deaths due to external causes are given by traffic accident, 46, 15% are caused by other accidents, suicides by 1.96% and 12.61% for homicide. Mortality shows that a large number of sequels and permanent disability due to violent causes primarily in each age group and gender, the more relevant mortality in children and young males with 67.30% of the total deaths. Among minors, the age range 0-4 years (27.97%), followed by the age 15-17 years (26%). Morbidity was more pronounced in children and adolescent males, mostly aged 15-17 years (47.87%), followed by the age 10-14 years (31.36%). It emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of the problem and called attention to contribute to the prevention and control of violent causes or try to lessen its consequences.

A obesidade é prevalente em crianças e adolescentes em todo mundo, sendo considerada uma epidemia global. Atualmente importantes instituições de saúde e governos estão comprometidas em encontrar meios para o tratamento dessa doença. O manejo do excesso de peso orienta-se basicamente no aumento do nível de atividade física e na diminuição do consumo calórico. O objetivo desde estudo foi orientar crianças com excesso de peso a inserir em suas rotinas horas de atividade física com vistas à diminuição do sedentarismo. Foram recrutadas crianças e adolescentes entre 8 e 15 anos com excesso de peso (escore-Z do IMC > +2) de Porto Alegre e região metropolitana, por chamamento feito pela imprensa. Este é um estudo do tipo “antes e depois” onde cada indivíduo foi seu próprio controle. Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, aferição da pressão arterial, auto-classificação de maturação sexual, testes laboratoriais e calorimetria indireta em repouso, na inclusão, 6 e 12 meses. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar o nível de atividade física de cada participante e análise de bioimpedância elétrica na inclusão, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses. Os resultados de composição corporal mostram melhora no peso de massa livre de gordura da inclusão para os 6 e 12 meses (35,4+ 8,2 - 38,6+9 - 39,0 +8,9 p < 0,001) em 96,3% dos pacientes, o percentual de gordura corporal observado da inclusão para os 6 e 12 meses foi de (35,9+8,3 – 33,2+8,2 – 34,3+4,5 p = 0,014) representando melhora em 48,1% dos pacientes. A mudança de comportamento em relação à atividade física de inativo para ativo foi observada em 85,2% dos participantes ao final de 1 ano. Concluiu-se que quando o paciente é orientado e acompanhado por um profissional de saúde, consegue manter uma rotina de atividade física mesmo sem estar vinculado a um programa de exercícios estruturados, melhorando sua condição de saúde. / Obesity is prevalent in children and adolescents worldwide and is considered a global epidemy. Currently major health institutions and governments are committed to finding ways to treat this disease. The management of overweight is oriented primarily at increasing the level of physical activity and decreasing of calorie consumption. The objective of this study was to teach overweight children how to insert into their routines hours of physical activity in order to avoid health issues related to a sedentary lifestyle. We recruited overweight children and adolescents between 8 and 15 years (BMI Z-score> +2) in Porto Alegre and metropolitan area, with callings mede on news paper call made by the press. This is a study of the "before and after" where each individual was his own control. The participants underwent anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, self-assessment of sexual maturation, laboratory tests and indirect calorimetry at rest, at inclusion, 6 and 12 months. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to assess physical activity level of each participant and bioelectrical impedance analysis at inclusion, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The results show improved body composition in weight of fat-free mass from inclusion to 6 and 12 months (35.4 + 8.2 to 38.6 +9 - 39.0 +8.9 p <0.001) in 96,3% of patients. The percentage of body fat observed from addition to 6 and 12 months was (35.9 +8.3 - 33.2 +8.2 - 34.3 +4.5 p = 0.014) representing an improvement in 48.1% of patients. The change of behavior towards physical activity from inactive to active was observed in 85.2% of the participants at the end of one year. It was concluded that when the patient is accompanied by a health professional, she is able to maintain a routine of physical activity even without being tied to a structured exercise program, resulting in a health improvement.

Crimes Against Family and Children - Criminal and Criminological Aspects This thesis gives an expert and comprehensive interpretation of the issue of crimes against the family and children as a whole and examines these crimes from both the criminal and criminological points of view, providing the reader with an interpretation beyond the definitions provided by textbooks or commentary literature. In order to achieve these objectives, the work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the establishment of special protection of family and children in the legal order of the Czech Republic and its development, not only with regard to criminal law protection, but also on the matter of protection of children, and family in the field of international law, as well as national protection already guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Czech Republic. The second chapter of this thesis is divided chronologically into nine parts, which are named after the individual crimes contained in Title IV of the Criminal Code. The interpretation focuses on the analysis of the central concepts necessary to understand the issue of the offence in question, and the individual offences are examined in particular with regard to the characteristics of the facts of the individual...