The intent of this thesis is to analyse both the characteristics of the participation of women in war and the social and ideological context in which the imagery of the armed woman proved useful in two distinct cultures which produced an inordinate number of historical and fictional women warriors. Specifically, it is intended to test the following three hypotheses which arise from an analysis of the secondary literature in this field in the context of the societies of seventeenth and eighteenth century France and Imperial China: 1. That women were generally excluded from military combat and leadership roles. This exclusion was the result of gender and not biological constraints. 2. That some women in history were able to modify the masculine/ military equation. This was based on one or more of three factors: rank, religion, rebellion/revolution. 3. That the images of women warriors in imaginative literature and art did not reflect the actual scope or nature of women's participation in war. Rather, they reflected and reinforced attitudes towards ideal social and sexual hierarchies and behaviours. The present study examines the subject of women and war within a more limited cultural and historical framework than that which is usually employed in this field. While significant variations are discovered in the analysis of Chinese and French history and culture, the finding is that these three hypotheses prove to be correct. This is not to suggest that the two cultures were the same. Rather, it suggests that within two very different social hierarchies, there were comparable sexual hierarchies which were underlined and reinforced by similar ideals in respect to the division of labour and to the appropriate behaviour which accompanies this division. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Interpretations of the Nationalist Revolution in modern Chinese history, especially the so-called “Nanjing decade” (1927-1937) are dominated by theoretical notions which see the state as autonomous in its relationship to society. This autonomous state model, the dissertation argues, finds its roots in the voluntaristic ideas of Talcott Parsons. Arguments based on Parsons’s ideas view the Nationalist Revolution as abortive. The dissertation rejects these views and develops an alternative perspective based on the construction of a quasi-market model of social relations. The theoretical underpinnings, in contrast to Parsons’s ideas, are termed “de-voluntaristic.” These arguments suggest that individuals participate in, and have influence on, the operation of the state. The application of a quasi-market model suggests that there was a major transformation in Chinese society during the Nationalist period. The dissertation argues that the Nationalist Government after 1927 did not continue to achieve the initial objectives of the Nationalist Revolution which, it is suggested, aimed to build a quasi-market society. The revolution, however, was not abortive. It transformed the political system. In the Imperial tradition of government, local elites protected local communities against state encroachment through their involvement in property management. After 1927, the Nanjing Government adopted a “free market” approach to political affairs, and centralized the use of military and legal power to protect property against labour and the peasants. Peasant demands for rights to the land they tilled, a key element in Sun Yat-sen’s programme for the revolution, questioned the brokerage market economy, in which local elites acted as the intermediaries of contractual partners. Workers, in the context of industrialization, and with support from Communist organizers, attempted to improve working conditions. Peasants and workers contested the power of active elites that grew in the new political order established by. the Nationalist Government. The Nationalist State abandoned the traditional role of the Chinese state to protect the well-being of society. Deeply influenced by new elites, it protected capital accumulation and safeguarded the sanctity of contracts. The Nationalist Revolution ultimately failed as it was unable to resist the invasions of the Japanese, or the alternative social formulations of the Communist movement. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

After the crippling An-Shih chaos of 755-?62,the attempts of post-rebellion T'ang to revitalize . the dynasty were continuously hindered by four inter-related factors! foreign incursions, fan-chen provincialism, bureaucratic factionalism, and eunuch domination of the court. The Sweet Dew Incident of 835 was a palace coup in Ch'ang-an launched against the power-entrenched court eunuchs by the Li Hsun faction in the central bureaucracy. Li Hsun's supporters included the emperor Wen-tsung, who played an active role in the initial planning and final launching of the coup. The coup failed, and the Li Hsiin men suffered a tragic end, with the city of Ch'ang-an being thrown into chaos and terror. The historiography of the incident in the standard histories of the period is marked throughout with the moralizing bias of the Sung historiogmphers and does not provide an . adequate interpretation of the Li Hsun faction. Through a critical study of the standard histories of the period and using supplementary sources, this thesis is an attempt to review the events of the Sweet Dew Incident and the Li Hsun faction in the context of the historical realities of post-rebellion T'ang and their developments during the reign of Wen-tsung. Chapter One is an introduction to the problem under study. The events and participants of the Sweet Dew Incident as recorded by the standard histories are briefly described. In this chapter the sources of these standard histories are examined for the period under study, and the discrepancies and consistencies within these standard histories are explained. The next chapter deals with the four historical realities of post-rebellion T'ang and their respective developments during the reign of Wen-tsung. The incursions of the Uighur, T'u-fan, and Nan-chao tribes are first examined, then the recalcitrancy of the northeast provinces.. Next, the several domains of eunuch interference in the court of Ch'ang-an, including imperial succession and military control, are discussed. Lastly, this chapter describes the controversial issues surrounding the Niu and Li factional strife, the infamous factional feud which penetrated the central bureaucracy for over forty years. In this chapter an attempt is also made to see whether the proposed strategy of the Li Hsun faction was appropriate for dealing with these four problems of the central government. Chapter Three is essentially a reconstruction of the Li Hsun faction. The seventeen members of the faction are traced and studied in a composite biography based on their family backgrounds and political careers. This chapter also probes the circumstances under which the key personalities of the faction, Li Hsun, Shu Yuan-yu, Wang Yai and Chia Su, made each other's acquaintance and formed a secret alignment in Lo-yang. Chapter Four deals with the rise to power of Li Hsiin. Li Hsun's political methods, particularly the divide and rule tactic applied to the resolution of the eunuch problem and factionalism, are examined. In this chapter Li Hsun's manipulations from within the Han-lin Academy and the transformation of his secret alignment in Lo-yang to a; dominant faction in Ch'ang-an are also observed. The final chapter provides a narration of the events of the Sweet Dew Incident of 835. It concludes/the study with an examination of the aftermath and repercussions of the coup on the emperor Wen-tsung and on the T'ang central government. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

As a reputed naval general in modern China, Chen Shaokuan expressed interest in navy at a young age: he began his study of naval matters in Fuzhou Naval College in 1903, and continued his study at Jiangnan Naval College in 1905. Graduating from Jiangnan Naval Academy in 1908, he became a sub- lieutenant in 1909 and was promoted as lieutenant in 1911. After successfully recapturing the Zhaohe cruiser, Chen was promoted as the captain and the commander of the vessel Zhaohe in 1915, marking a remarkable advancement in his naval career. Moreover, Chen had been since his early years in the Chinese navy, interested in and preparing for a visit to Western countries to observe their naval development, which eventually he did from 1916 to 1921 when he visited the United States and supervised naval student groups in France and Italy. Upon returning to China, Chen's naval career continued to advance. He was initially appointed commander of the training cruiser Yingrui and quickly became the leader of Navy Department after his achievements during the Northern Expedition (1926-1928). Appointed as vice-admiral and nominated as head of the newly established Navy Board, Chen gained power as a policymaker of China's naval development in 1929, stimulating not only his strong desire to initiate reforms in hopes of strengthening China's naval power, but further opening a new breakthrough in China's naval development. Existing studies of Chen Shaokuan and China's naval development under the Nationalist government, though not rare, carry profound limitations. While there are a number of publications that discuss naval development during the Republican era, few have specifically touched on the issue of naval development under the Nationalist Government. In addition, the establishment of the Ministry of Navy requires more than attention that existing works cover: the financial difficulties, for instance, was a crucial hinderance in China's naval development yet remains neglected in academic discussion. There is no doubt that Chen Shaokuan naval ideology is highly praised and my thesis aims to fill in the gaps by constructing a more complete picture that traces the origins of Chen's naval development. In further understanding his ideas and China's naval development as a whole, this proposed thesis further puts weight on crucial and less discussed names as Du Xigui, Lin Jianzhang and Yang Shuzhuang, all of whom have considerable standing in propelling China's naval progress.

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This thesis is a study of China's industry and how it was impacted by war.

葉菁華. / 論文(神學碩士) -- 香港中文大學院宗敎及神學學部, 1995. / 參考文獻: leaves 121-138. / Ye Jinghua. / Chapter 一、 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter A. --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter B. --- 旨趣與取向 --- p.3 / Chapter C. --- 探討對象的界定 --- p.7 / Chapter 1. --- 「建制更正敎會」 --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- 「當代中國」 --- p.14 / Chapter D. --- 資料取材 --- p.16 / Chapter 1. --- 資料來源 --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- 取捨標準 --- p.18 / Chapter E. --- 理論與方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 1. --- 理論視野 --- p.19 / Chapter 2. --- 探討方法與全文流程 --- p.26 / Chapter F. --- 一些澄清 --- p.28 / Chapter 1. --- 代表性問題 --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- 語文問題 --- p.29 / Chapter 二、 --- 中國建制更正敎會神學的形成處境 --- p.31 / Chapter A. --- 政治處境 --- p.33 / Chapter 1. --- 從國家-社會關係看政敎關係 --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- 建制敎會在統一戰線中 --- p.36 / Chapter 3. --- 微妙的政敎關係 --- p.42 / Chapter B. --- 教會脈絡 --- p.45 / Chapter C. --- 神學話語與兩大處境 --- p.50 / Chapter 三、 --- 當代中國建制更正敎會的主導神學話語 --- p.55 / Chapter A. --- 引論 --- p.55 / Chapter 1. --- 主導神學的前提與方法 --- p.56 / Chapter 2. --- 主導神學的議題與重點 --- p.63 / Chapter B. --- 上帝與人世的關係 --- p.66 / Chapter 1. --- 宇宙的基督 --- p.67 / Chapter 2. --- 全愛的上帝 --- p.73 / Chapter C. --- 上帝在人世的作爲 --- p.77 / Chapter 1. --- 遍在的聖靈 --- p.77 / Chapter 2. --- 中國的基督事件 --- p.79 / Chapter 3. --- 上帝在歷史進程中 --- p.82 / Chapter a) --- 由創造至終末 --- p.82 / Chapter b) --- 對國家、 敎會的顧 佑 --- p.84 / Chapter 四、 --- 當代中國建制更正敎會的另類神學話語 --- p.87 / Chapter A. --- 引論 --- p.87 / Chapter B. --- 國外神學的引介 --- p.89 / Chapter C. --- 「文革後」神學反省 --- p.91 / Chapter D. --- 先知傳統與社會政治批判 --- p.96 / Chapter 1. --- 先知傳統的冒現 --- p.96 / Chapter 2. --- 社會責任與先知作用 --- p.97 / Chapter 3. --- 社會政治批判 --- p.101 / Chapter E. --- 對主導話語的挑戰 --- p.106 / Chapter 五、 --- 結論 --- p.109 / Chapter A. --- 當代中國建制更正敎會神學的特色及趨勢 --- p.109 / Chapter B. --- 討論 --- p.113 / Chapter 六、 --- 資料及書目 --- p.121 / Chapter A. --- 主要資料 --- p.121 / Chapter B. --- 中文書目 --- p.131 / Chapter C. --- 英文書目 --- p.134

謝慶生. / 本論文於1997年7月呈交. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院社會學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 168-181. / 中英文摘要. / Xie Qingsheng. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究背景中國基督敎村的現象 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究出發點：今日、昨日 ----極度相似的信徒分布型態 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究意義:一個久爲人熟知但未被重視的課題 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- 硏究方法：微觀的定質硏究法 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- 硏究限制 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- 論文內容安排 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章 --- 中國農村結構與基督敎傳播： 一個複合的理論架構 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- 宗敎皈依 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- 參照群體與社區權力運作 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- 差序格局 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- 世系群關係 --- p.23 / Chapter 第三章 --- 文獻回顧：中國基督敎社區的地域性硏究 --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- 皈依原因探素 --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- 信仰二分的現象 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- 敎會領袖的角色 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- 基督敎本色化 --- p.38 / Chapter 第四章 --- 基督敎村的形成和發展 …莆田大規模皈依的外在動力 --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- 關鍵時刻:國民政府時期的危機與契機 --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 二十世紀的中國基督敎 --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 二十世紀初F省的基督敎 --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- 窮山惡水的偏遠山區 --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3 --- 神的敎會的傳敎政策及社會服務 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 二十世紀初的松溪縣基督敎槪況 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 神的敎會在中國 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 莆田敎會的發展 --- p.56 / Chapter 第五章 --- 基督敎村的形成和發展 …莆田大規模皈依的內在動力 --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1 --- 以世系群爲基礎 --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- 以士紳爲第一推動因素 --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3 --- 以神蹟奇事爲起動器 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.4 --- 以自我實踐爲催化劑 --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- 以本色化爲調節器 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 取代與超越 --- p.95 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 包容與轉換 --- p.98 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- 摒棄與停留 --- p.100 / Chapter 5.6 --- 小結:“S´ح字的納新模型 --- p.103 / Chapter 第六章 --- 信與不信----信仰二分的眞象 --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1 --- 士紳與保長----階級 --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2 --- 利民與世恆----第一推動力 --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3 --- 白與黃----世系群不和 --- p.117 / Chapter 6.4 --- 局限與界限----傳播的制約 --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 利民的局限 --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 白氏的界限 --- p.127 / Chapter 6.5 --- 父權與婦女----女性在文化傳播的角色 --- p.134 / Chapter 6.6 --- 小結:主的宗敎與祖的宗敎 --- p.139 / Chapter 第七章 --- 宗敎的衰退與復興 --- p.142 / Chapter 7.1 --- 宗敎衰退----中國敎會的嚴冬 --- p.142 / Chapter 7.2 --- 宗敎復興----等候春天的到臨 --- p.146 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論：一個¯‘ة待開發的課題 --- p.151 / Chapter 8.1 --- 從文化的角度看基督敎的發展和局限 --- p.151 / Chapter 8.2 --- 現象的理論化和通則：一個有待延續的問題 --- p.154 / 附註一：硏究內人物簡介及關係圖 --- p.157 / 附註二：傳道人敎授的部份詩歌摘錄 --- p.160 / 附註三：傳道人敎授的基督敎三字經 --- p.167 / 參考書目 --- p.178