Lee San Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [86-88]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.2 / Acknowledge --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Open-door and Reform Policies and Trend of Regional Inequality --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Theoretical Model --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Data Issue and Estimation Methods --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Absolute Convergence --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Augmented Solow Model --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- The Contribution of Human Capital --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- The Contribution of Open and Reform --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Reference --- p.86

Gao Yang. / Thesis submitted in: June 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / GENDER AND NATIONALISM IN CHINESE FILMS BETWEEN 1949 AND 1989 --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.III / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.VIII / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- "Nation, State and Nationalism" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Gender and Nation in Chinese Cinematic Narration --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Methodology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Typology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Film Analysis as Method --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Case Selection --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF CHINA: 1949-1989 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Background of the First Period:1949-1978 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- "New China, New Women" --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Cooperative Movement and the Communization Movement:1952- --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The Great Leap Forward and the Suppression of Individualism:1958-1960 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- The Magnification of Class Struggle and the Cultural Revolution --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- The Unchanged Philosophy behind the Changing Policies: the Strategic Opening Up of Public Domain for Women --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Economic and Political Landscape after the Cultural Revolution: 1979-1989 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Economic Reform and the Concomitant Social Problems --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Political Liberalization and the Backlashes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "The ""Cultural Fever"" and the ""Fifth Generation"" Filmmakers" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Collective Frustration: The Social Sentiment after the National Trauma --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1.1 --- Traumatic Experiences during the Cultural Revolution --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1.2 --- The Lost Past --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.1.3 --- The Meaningless Present --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- The Specter of Westernization --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2.1 --- "The ""Anti-Wholesale Westernization"" Campaign" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2.2 --- "New Social Crisis and the Nationalism behind ""Anti- Wholesale Westernization""" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- The Fifth Generation in the Cultural Fever and the Root-Searching Movement --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Shifts of Women's Issues in the Reform Era --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Women and Labor under the Economic Reform --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Femininity in Flux --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- The Representation of Women --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.4.3.1 --- Women in the Public Space ´ؤ Discourse and Visuality --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.4.3.2 --- Women and the Nation in Representation --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- CLASSIC REVOLUTIONARY FILMS --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- "Ghost of the Old Society, Master of the New State, a Case Study of The White- Haired Girl" --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Gender Conflicts in the Form of Class Confrontations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The Fading Female Sexuality in the Evolving Adaptations of the Story --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Male Desire and Male Sexuality --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- The Reason behind the Desexualization of both Sexes --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- State Feminism: Where Will Women's Liberation Led to? --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Gender Dynamics and Socialist Discourse in Xie Jin's The Red Detachment of Women --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Sexuality, Body and the Inscription of Class Struggle" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Myth of Class and Class Struggle in the Construction of Nationalism --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Constructing Class and Nation in Collective Memories --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "The Interpellation of Individuals by “Ideological State Apparatus""" --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- A Comparison between The White-Haired Girl and The Red Detachment of Women --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Representation of the Daughterhood --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Representation of the Wifehood --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Representation of the Motherhood --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Understanding the Differences between the Two Films --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- THE FIFTH GENERATION'S FILMS --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Case Study of Yellow Earth --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- "Reading the Reviews, Reading the Film" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- "Class, Gender and Nation in Yellow Earth" --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Class and Gender in the Characterization --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1 --- The Invisible and the Visible: Departing from the Socialist Rhetoric of Class Struggle --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.1 --- No Villain --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.2 --- No Hero --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.3 --- The Party's Folksong-Collection and the Peasants' Taciturnity --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.4 --- The Estrangement between the Party and the Peasantry --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2 --- Gender Images in a Gendered Narration --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2.1 --- The Gender Separation --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2.2 --- The Impossible Romance --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2.3 --- The Refusal and the Death --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- The Significant Setting in a National Allegory --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.1 --- The Natural Landscape --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.2 --- The Rituals --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Debates and Awards --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Debates --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Awards --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- Case Study of Red Sorghum --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- An Egalitarian Myth of National Heroes --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- The Villains --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- The Heroes --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- The Ideology of the Body --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Carnivals ´ؤ Festive Rituals that Connect the Personal with the National --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Rebuilding Desirable Masculinity through Female Sexuality --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Red Sorghum ´ؤ Searching Root in a National Allegory --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Debates and Awards --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparing Yellow Earth and Red Sorghum --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Before the Cultural Revolution --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Cultural Revolution --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3 --- After the Cultural Revolution --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.120

本文的研究重點，是清代乾隆九年( 1744 ) 成書，由劉體恕編辜的《呂祖全書》三十二卷本。筆者會先探索早期流傳的呂祖賓信仰文本，包括呂洞賓仙傳故事的兩宋文人筆記、金元道書， 及明清之際多出自扶乩的呂祖道書，作為研究的基礎，因為後期出現的呂祖道書，其內容多是早期文本的整理與重構， 這有助於了解呂祖道書的傳承與發展。論文的研究環繞幾個主要問題，首先，呂洞賓信仰如何由地方信仰發展至後來的道派傳統?當中的傳承與發展有沒有一種穩定的結構?呂祖的信仰者處於不同的時間、派別、信仰形式，他們之間有沒有通過特別的方式作信仰的交流，甚至互為影響?筆者認為，劉體恕編裹的《呂祖全書》三十二卷本是清代呂祖信仰重要的發展，有著承先啟後的角色。在《呂祖全書》三十二卷本刊行以後，個別的呂祖道壇以《呂祖全書》三十二卷本為藍本，編集自己的呂祖道書集成，如乾隆四十年( 1775 ) 成書，由邵志琳編纂的《呂祖全書》六十四卷本、嘉慶年間由京官蔣予浦先後編集的《全書正宗》和《道藏輯要》以及由全真龍門派道士閔一得，於道光年間刊行的《古書隱樓藏書》 ，在這些呂祖道書集成的編纂中，反映了其所屬呂祖道壇的信仰特色。 / 論文的參考材料主要為兩末的文人筆記、收入《正統道藏》的呂祖道書和藏外其他呂祖文本， 多種地方史志及歷史地圖，以及部分金石資料等。詳細考察這些資料，有助了解呂洞賓仙傳的傳承與發展，也可以探索地方上呂祖信仰的活動及其實踐特色。從《呂祖全書》的編纂出發，也有助於對清代呂祖道壇的構成，他們的信仰及實踐有更多的了解。研究的焦點特別集中於呂祖道壇的參與者，他們來自不同的社會階層，包括朝廷命官、儒士文人、地方鄉紳、商人、道士等，他們參與編慕呂祖道書，構成了清代呂祖道壇的進一步發展。 / 有關呂祖道壇的研究是複雜的，不單是因為歷史上曾出現大量的文獻資料由社會不同層面、不同背景的作者構成，也由於呂祖道壇這個信仰現象在中國宗教歷史發展中存在複雜的發展路向。本文的目的旨在通過劉體恕編纂的《呂祖全書》三十二卷本出發，探討後來出現由個別清代呂祖道壇以其為基礎編集呂祖道書集成，通過編纂歷史和發展考察清代呂祖道壇的信仰特色。 / The focus of this research was placed on the compilation of Lüzu quanshu (The Complete Works of Patriarch Lü Dongbin), which works completed by Liu Tishu with 32 scrolls in the 9th year of Qianlong Reign (1744). In the thesis, the earlier texts related to the immortal Lü Dongbin will be examined, as by the past researches revealed that the later texts of Patriarch Lü inside the Daoist Canons and spread among the cults, which in its main lines was a product of spirit- writing practices, were reconstituted and reconstructed by those earlier works during Sung to Ming. I pose the following questions in the thesis: How did the cults of Patriarch Lü change over time? Who contributed to the transmission and the transformation? In what ways did the different cults of Patriarch Lü coexist and interact? The compilation of Lüzu quanshu completed by Liu Tishu in the 9th year of Qianlong Reign, is an important collection of texts of Patriarch Lü. After the compilation of Liu Tishu, there were several groups of peple, represents different cults of Patriarch Lü, to begin with their own compilation based on their needs. Such as the 64 scrolls reprint version of Lüzu quanshu by Shao Zhilin in 40th year of Qianlong Reign, the compilation of Quanshu Zhengzong and later the Daozang jiyao of a scholar- official, Jiang Yupu in Jiaqing Reign, and the works of a daoist priest of Quanzhen Longmen school, Min Yide and his Gu Shuyinlou cangshu. Those different works of compilation of the texts of Patriarch Lü, revealed their faith features of their cults. / The study draws its sources in different materials, including earlier and later texts related to Patriarch Lü , the notes materials from Sung to Ming, hagiographical accounts in the Daoist Canon, various local gazetteers and historical maps, and those steles and inscriptions reveals the practices and activities of the cults of Patriarch Lü in Qing Dynasty. Detailed descriptions of the history of the texts and hagiographies of Patriarch Lü are meant to help the exploration of the transmission history and their transformation of the cults. In the account of different compilation of the texts of Patriarch Lü, an examination toward the cults Patriarch Lü in Qing Dynasty can be launched, the study focused attention on the importance of the participants which came from many different social groups of late imperial China, including scholar- officials, local elites, Daoist priests, trades people, and artisans, especially those that influenced the growth of their cults represented by the compilation. / The research on the cults of Patriarch Lü is complicated, as there is a much larger body of texts, produced by variety of authors who representing a wide range of social backgrounds. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the faith features of the cults of Patriarch Lü, by the continues influences of the texts, hagiographies of Patriarch Lü, and his teaching of practices, which the author attempted to clarify the importance of the the compilation of Lüzu quanshu in the historical development. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李家駿. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-218). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Jia'jun. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 呂洞賓信仰的歷史背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 有關呂洞賓信仰的研究回顧 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究的課題及方法 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 早期呂洞賓信仰及其道書文本的流傳 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兩宋的呂洞賓傳說文本分析 --- p.19 / Chapter 1. --- 兩宋文人筆下的呂洞賓仙傳事跡 --- p.19 / Chapter 2. --- 早期的呂洞賓道書文本 --- p.24 / Chapter 3. --- 南宋《純陽呂真人文集》 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二節 --- 金元全真教與呂洞賓信仰 --- p.31 / Chapter 第三節 --- 明清時期的呂洞賓信仰及早期呂祖傳說的發展 --- p.41 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《呂祖全書》三十二卷本的編集與成書 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節 --- 清代的湖北武昌府江夏縣與涵三宮 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《呂祖全書》三十二卷本的主要編暴者 --- p.65 / Chapter 1. --- 劉體恕 --- p.65 / Chapter 2. --- 劉允誠、劉蔭誡 --- p.69 / Chapter 3. --- 黃誠恕 --- p.70 / Chapter 4. --- 呂祖道壇江夏涵三宮 --- p.70 / Chapter 5. --- 小結 --- p.74 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《呂祖全書》三十二卷本版本研究和內容結構 --- p.76 / Chapter 1. --- 《呂祖全書》的版本研究 --- p.76 / Chapter 2. --- 《呂祖全書》三十二卷本的內容結構 --- p.86 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.103 / Chapter 第四章 --- 劉體恕編《呂祖全書》對清代呂祖道書:編集的影響 --- p.105 / Chapter 第一節 --- 邵志琳編《呂祖全書》六十四卷本 --- p.105 / Chapter 1. --- 《呂祖全書》六十四卷本的編彙與成書 --- p.106 / Chapter 2. --- 邵志林對《呂祖全書》三十二卷本的增補 --- p.115 / Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.124 / Chapter 第二節 --- 蔣予浦編《道藏輯要》 --- p.126 / Chapter 1. --- 《道藏輯要》的主要編彙者蔣予浦 --- p.129 / Chapter 2. --- 蔣予浦參與的呂祖道壇覺源壇 --- p.132 / Chapter 3. --- 呂祖道壇覺源壇的呂祖信仰 --- p.135 / Chapter 4. --- 小結 --- p.136 / Chapter 第三節 --- 閔一得編《古書隱樓藏書》 --- p.138 / Chapter 1. --- 閔一得與湖州全蓋山的呂祖信仰 --- p.140 / Chapter 2. --- 《古書隱樓藏書》與金蓋山的呂祖信仰 --- p.149 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.161 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《呂祖全書》對清代呂祖道壇的影響--以西樵山雲泉仙館為例 --- p.164 / Chapter 第一節 --- 西樵山雲泉仙館的創辦背景 --- p.166 / Chapter 第二節 --- 西樵山雲泉仙館的發展及館內的信仰生活 --- p.169 / Chapter 第三節 --- 西樵山雲泉仙館刊行的道書文獻 --- p.175 / Chapter 1. --- 《善與人同錄》及《呂祖師降三教幽科》 --- p.175 / Chapter 2. --- 《太微仙君呂純陽祖師功過格》 --- p.177 / Chapter 3. --- 《呂祖無極寶懺》 --- p.179 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.189 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結 --- p.191 / 參考文獻

對建築方向觀念的關注并將其與日常的營造活動緊密聯繫起來是中國傳統建築的重要特徵之一。建築方向觀念對於建築造型、功能佈局乃至空間使用都有深遠的影響。這些影響甚至轉化成為匠人門所恪守的一系列與之相關的建築營造原則。一般而言，特定地域、特定時期對於建築方向觀念在建築營造中的應用會產生一種較為流行的空間格局，而隨著建築方向觀念的轉變，流行的空間格局則又會隨之而變。對建築方向觀念轉變的忽視往往造成對建築空間模式的誤解，尤其是西漢早期的相關轉變，對建築空間模式的當代認識產生了巨大的障礙。劉敦楨先生甚至對這一時期皇居的空間模式稱之為“開數千年未有之例（劉敦楨《大壯室筆記》）。因此，本研究試圖探尋這種因建築方向觀念轉變而形成的空間模式，并進一步探討建築方向觀念對於傳統建築營造的影響機理和表現。 / 本論文選擇位於帝國都城以及諸侯國都城的皇家建設作為切入點，從地下世界的建構與現實生活世界的建設兩個大方面來探討建築方向觀念，即關注皇家陰宅與陽宅的建築方向觀念。對於地下世界的建構而言，論文又進一步分成皇帝陵寢以及諸侯王陵寢兩章來敘述。本論文整體上通過標示功能空間單元所形成的核心圖式以及其間一條從朝至寢的路徑作為建築方向觀念的信號，來繪製各種空間的建築方向圖式，并由此對三種不同尺度的空間進行比較分析。最后發現，從時間上和地域空間上存在一種普遍的建築方向觀念同步轉變的現象和潮流。 / 論文結論部份，進一步探討了影響西漢早期建築方向觀念轉變的相關因素和動機，并從方法論角度總結了建築方向觀念研究作為建築空間觀念研究的一個重要部份的兩個方面，即作為建築實體存在的意義表述方面以及作為空間認識的人的意圖方面來探討空間觀念研究的兩個方面。論文選擇建築方向觀念作為視角，通過對這一分析和設計工具的揭示，以期助益於中國建築空間的更深入的理解、使用、設計和營造，從而回應了凱文林奇城市意象的五要素表達以及諾伯格舒爾茨建築意義闡述在中國語境下的結合點。 / The emphasis on architectural direction conception in daily construction practices in ancient china was one of the most critical features of Chinese traditional architecture. It had almost penetrated into all aspects of the space constructions such as the constructions of architectural forms, the functional spaces and the using of the spaces. It gradually transformed to architectural principles followed by craftsmen. Generally speaking, the application of such architectural direction conception into constructions led to a prevalent space pattern by emphasizing particular direction and position in different periods and regions and the changing of such architectural direction conception also lead to the transition of the space pattern. Particularly, in the early periods of Western Han dynasty there was a drastic process of change which blurred the understanding of the space patterns. Such space patterns caused by the architectural direction conception transition were even classified as “special cases out of thousands years’ tradition (Liu Dunzhen, 1982, p.146). Therefore, this study attempts to explore the transition of space patterns by examining the transition of the architectural direction conception and further discuss the mechanism how architectural direction conception impacted on spatial constructions. / This thesis selects the royal constructions in the capital city of both empire and kingdoms as breakpoint and divides the examination of the architectural direction conception as two parts: the underground world and the living world. The underground world is further divided into two chapters: the emperor’s mausoleums and the kings’ mausoleums. With the help of the signals of architectural direction conception by marking the functional units and the path from the court to residential area, the comparison of these different scales of the spaces show a phenomenon of synchronized and relatively transition process of architectural direction conception. / In conclusion, this research further discusses the factors and motivations that impacted on the transition of the architectural direction conceptions and the methods adopted in this research as both analytical and design tool to understanding, constructing and using Chinese architectural space. This method responses to the theory of the image of a city through five elements by Kenvin Lynch and the interpretation of the meanings of western architecture by Norberg-Schulz in Chinese context. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Jiang, Zhidan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-345). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / List of illustrations --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xviii / Chapter Part I: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- The Architectural Direction Conception --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem statement --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Framework of the study --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives: architectural direction conception --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Definition --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Signals of the architectural direction concept --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Systematic architectural space --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Time-space Framework --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Time span --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Scope of the geographic areas --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Literature review --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Chinese architectural direction concept --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Western architectural theory and architectural direction concept --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Wind rose and architectural direction concept --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Form principles and direction neglecting --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Space internal and architectural dimensions --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Place and direction concept --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Sources and their limitations --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Literary materials --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Archaeological materials --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- The study of the architecture under the rules of propriety --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Narrative strategies --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- yin-yang dualities and asymmetry --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Background, analysis and summery --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Position, path, and architectural direction concept --- p.27 / Chapter Part II: --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Burial Constructions --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Emperors’ Mausoleums --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Background --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mausoleums --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Location --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Wannianling 萬年陵 on Beiyuan 北原 (northern loss platform) to the north of the city Yueyang 櫟陽 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Wuling 五陵 (five mausoleums) on Xianyang Yuan 咸陽塬 (Xianyang tableland) to the north of the Chang’an walled city 長安城 in early periods --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Three mausoleums to the southeast of Chang’an City 長安城 --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Architectural direction conception transition analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- The Mausoleum County 陵縣 --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Mausoleum Town 陵邑 --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Mausoleum Complex 陵區 --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Mounds above the ground and passages underground --- p.78 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Architectural sites --- p.89 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Burial objects Underground --- p.99 / Chapter 2.3 --- Summery --- p.110 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Tomb Complexes of Kings with Princely Titles --- p.112 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background --- p.113 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Manifested forms as physical substance --- p.114 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Location and the distribution map of the excavated tombs --- p.114 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Occupants --- p.146 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Institutions with officials for design, construction and maintain of the tomb complexes --- p.157 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Archaeological typology --- p.163 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Conceptualized space of tomb complexes --- p.164 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- The divisions of archaeological space in the tomb complexes --- p.166 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- The architectural functional divisions in the tomb complexes --- p.169 / Chapter 3.2 --- The transition analysis of architectural direction conception --- p.175 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Prince-titled kings --- p.180 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Divisions and Units --- p.183 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Architectural direction concept --- p.213 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Zongzheng-titled kings --- p.224 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Kingdom of Chu 楚 --- p.229 / Chapter 3.3 --- Summery --- p.235 / Chapter Part III: --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Non-Burial Constructions --- p.237 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Capital city and palaces --- p.237 / Chapter 4.1 --- Background --- p.238 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The brief construction history of Xianyang 咸陽 in Qin dynasty --- p.239 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- King Zhaoxiangwang 昭襄王 --- p.240 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Emperor Shi Huangdi --- p.243 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- The space structure of thirty palaces in Xianyang 咸陽 in the reign of Emperor Shi Huangdi --- p.248 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The brief construction history of Chang’an 長安 before Emperor Xuandi --- p.250 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- The constructions in the reign of Emperor Gaodi --- p.250 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- The constructions in the reign of Emperor Huidi, Emperor Wendi, and Emperor Jingdi --- p.251 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- The constructions in the reign of Emperor Wudi and Emperor Zhaodi --- p.251 / Chapter 4.2 --- The transition analysis of architectural direction conception --- p.252 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The transition of the space structure of the capital city --- p.246 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- The space structure of Xianyang 咸陽 --- p.253 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- The space structure of Chang’an 長安 --- p.271 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The transition of the architectural direction concept of the capital city --- p.285 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- The transition analysis in the scale of city --- p.286 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- The transition analysis in the scale of palace --- p.299 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- The transition analysis in the scale of building --- p.305 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summery --- p.308 / Chapter Part IV: --- Conclusion --- p.310 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception --- p.310 / Chapter 5.1 --- The meaning, intention and conception of the space identity --- p.313 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- The change of the architectural technology --- p.314 / Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Orientation by stars and the calendar reform --- p.314 / Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- Materials and cultural differentiation --- p.316 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The change of architectural structure form --- p.318 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Storied building 樓閣建築 and high-terrace building 高臺建築 --- p.318 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- chao 朝 (court) and qin 寢 (residential ground) --- p.319 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- The change of functional space --- p.319 / Chapter 5.1.3.1 --- Taoist and Confucius thoughts on space order --- p.320 / Chapter 5.1.3.2 --- The military and the civil resources’ distribution --- p.321 / Chapter 5.2 --- Summery: The synchronization and spread of the conception transition and the research in the future --- p.322 / Bibliography --- p.323 / Chapter A --- Abbreviations --- p.323 / Chapter B --- Bibliography --- p.328

張惠儀. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 235-257). / 中英文摘要. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Zhang Huiyi. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 235-257).

Research findings suggest clear differentiation of institutional identities through time. Before 1978 when China embarked upon a process of ambitions reform efforts, the typical image of a university was 'a university of the masses', which actually relegated them to a 'tool' for the powers that be. After the Cultural Revolution, universities adopted the role of a 'frontier' and a 'national builder'. However, with the presence of the state and its tight ideological control, universities around that time were labeled as 'socialist universities' under the leadership of the party. Since 1992, universities have become increasingly involved in the market as the 'market economic system' has been developed and China has become more active in the global economy. The logic of the market and its mechanisms are no longer novel to universities. A trend forward corporatization can even be identified in the higher sector. / Since the late 1970s, higher education has undergone significant reform across the world, from the Western countries to the Chinese Mainland. In the Chinese Mainland, a central theme in higher education reform has been the debate on the construction of organizational forms for higher institutions. / The concept of 'identity' is adopted as the focus of research. Organization theorists believe that an organization, like a person, has an identity in modern society. Organizational identity, moreover, is closely related to the state and the market. It is argued that an organizational identity is usually constructed as a result of the interaction between the institution, the state, and the market. In this context, the change and re-constitution of the identity of Chinese universities are explored. This study adopts the nattative approach and Peking University is selected as the case for study. / The major underpinning of the study is that China is still---by centralized administration. Between 1949 and 1978, the characteristics of universities were mainly constructed between the state and universities in the presence of a planned economic system and the absence of a market. Since the implementation of which the market was introduced to the higher education as a spere for exploration, the state has remained the most important and the most powerful 'stakeholder'. Thus, many characteristics of the corporatization of Chinese higher education differ from those in the West. Some superficial, or even distorted forms of corporation can be identified in China. However, little significant change has taken place in terms of the organizational structure and administration governance of higher institutions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / The purpose of this study is to explore what has happed to universities under reform and to depict the universities present today. It is hoped that the study can contribute to our understanding of the kind of change that have affected universities, and to help us reflect on past decisions, policies, and incidents. Dicusions change will further illuminate the complex relationships between the state, university and the market. / 羅雲. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 133-149). / Advisers: Nai Kwai Leslie Lo; Wing Kwong Tsang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: A, page: 0907. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 133-149). / Luo Yun.

As one of the major institutional platforms for the activist intellectuals to inaugurate political and cultural modernity, study societies had been proliferating throughout late Qing China (ca. 1894-1911). While existing studies have subsumed this distinctive sociological phenomenon under the political programmes of the broader reform and revolutionary movements, or conceived it as an instance of prototypical formation of civil society in the sociopolitical context of late Qing, they fail to problematize the meanings and functions of 'civilization' and 'civility' as the constitutive (albeit highly contested) principles of the various cultural-political practices of study societies. This study purports to fill this gap by analyzing the symbolic and practical aspects of the study society movement, with specific reference to its guiding motifs of 'Confucian religion' and 'military citizenship'. Despite their manifold differences, these notions implicated the reconstruction of social ties and cultural tradition with the distinctive purpose of constituting and strengthening a 'civilized' community of the Chinese people and citizens, which was to engage in cultural and political competition with Christianity and the imperialist states of the West. / The dual themes of competition and civilization in study societies are then explained in terms of the sociological theory of state formation and civilization, which has been articulated on the basis of European experiences of absolutist and bureaucratic state-building. Art alternative model of nationalist-imperialist state formation is set forth to explain why and how the late Qing study societies arose as a civilizing movement despite the breakdown of the state monopoly of violence and powers, an exceptional setting standing in contrast to the rise and spread of 'civilization' in the European and other world-historical contexts. The concrete courses and outcomes of the study society movement in reformist Hunan and revolutionary Shanghai are further compared and explained in terms of the cultural impacts of war-making, which in the context of late Qing had led to the rapid rise and demise of study societies by transforming the gentry elites along the directions of local militarization and semi-colonial commercialization. / Chen, Hon Fai. / "August 2007." / Adviser: Suk-ying Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0774. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 248-267). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

楊天恩. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 257-273). / 中英文摘要. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Yang Tian'en. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 257-273).

By analyzing the written documents and the inscriptions of the bronze artifacts excavated in the Ningzhen and Shaoxing regions, the author concludes that there were a long period of cultural dissemination and exchange among the kingdoms in the Central Plain with the Wu and the Yue people between the region of Huai River and the Yangzi River where Wu and Yue were located. Due to the geographical advantage, Wu and Yue gradually merged into a greater cultural entity which eventually had the same religious beliefs and social customs. However, as indicated in the following discussions, both the cultural traditions of the Wu and the Yue reserved their uniqueness in various aspects. First, they adopted different strategies and attitudes in absorbing the Han culture. Second, both the Wu and the Yue discarded part of their aboriginal cultures, while modified their own traditions by integrating cultural elements from neighboring feudal kingdoms. Third, since the cultural strategies of both the Wu and Yue were different, which directly affected Wu's and Yue's cultural and political development. For example, there were conflicts and disputes among the ruling classes, especially during the early period of their contending hegemony with the feudal lords in the Central Plain. After a long period of cultural acculturations, new cultures were formed under the reigns of the Wu and the Yue's rulers. / This thesis focuses on explaining different processes of cultural acculturations among the Wu and the Yue, and the culture between their neighboring countries. By examining the evidences from written literatures and bronze inscriptions, the author emphasizes the internal and external political developments that affected the paces and the directions of their cultural development. / Wu and Yue, were located in the south-east China, contended with the feudal lords in the Central Plain for the hegemony during the Chunqiu and Zhanguo Periods (770 B. C.--221 B.C.). These two neighboring countries had similar cultural characteristics. For instance, they shared the same language, similar living customs and political systems. The author holds the view that the cultural elements of the Wu and the Yue were fairly similar to the Han people in the Central Plain. However, due to the barbaric origins of the Wu and the Yue ethnic groups, they were regarded as outsiders and were rejected to participate in the ritual affairs with the feudal lords of Zhou Dynasty B.C. 1122? until B.C. 585. / 陳月平. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 233-247). / Adviser: Ming Chiu Lai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0685. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 233-247). / Chen Yueping.

All in all, modernization, marketization, and policy fluctuation can explain the development and change of civic associations in 1980s and 1990s. The policy fluctuations plays the key, and has been more significant in the late 1990s. But as to the state-society relations, it also shows that it is not a zero-sum game, but a win-win game in recent years. / Civil associations have been a window to state-society relations in China, which catch eyes and minds of students of China since middle-1990. The theoretical perspectives always adopted include civil society and corporatism, which pay more attention to the political aspects of civic associations. Based on case studies, previous research does not explain the variations of civic associations both in time and spaces. / In analyzing the first period, various sources of data are collected to verify the prevailing modernization hypothesis and transition hypothesis. Emphasis has put on the impact of political fluctuations in 1980s. Data shows, the higher level the association registered, the more sensible they are when facing the fluctuations. Based a time series comparison, the sensitivity to fluctuation is also a function of the types of associations. Business associations, recreational associations are more sensible than others. Marketization is closely related to the development of business associations and professional association. State played a key role in the development of them. Modernization is a key factor in the development of academic associations and recreational associations. However, in a cross-sectional analysis, modernization also accounts for a part of variations of associational density between different areas, but the correlation is weak. The balance of power between state and society brought by market transition shows no correlation with the difference of associational density in the cross-sectional analysis. / In understanding the development of associations in the second period, data comes from a nationwide sampling survey and the Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Civil Affairs. Comparing to the situation in 1980s type by type, it is shown that policy change and political fluctuation are the most important explanations for the development of associations in 1990s. It finds that during the re-registration and houseclean campaign, the total number of associations dropped greatly. But more grassroots association were accepted and the autonomy of civic associations are also strengthened. But a panel analysis of provincial associational density between 1992 and 2003 shows that economic development and marketization are positive to the associational density after controlling the policy fluctuations. But there is no significant relations between the social modernization and associational density. When a interaction between the covariates and the policy change are considered, all except the urbanization are not significant related to the associational density. / To fill in both empirical and theoretical gaps, my research intends to analyze the macro political economy of civic associations in China. After reviewing the history and mapping out the landscape of civic associations, I put forward a comprehensive theoretical framework integrating modernization, marketization, and policy fluctuation as independent variables to interpret the development of civic association in Reform China. It has been divided into two periods: 1978∼1991 and 1992∼2004. / 何建宇. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(p. 192-203). / Adviser: Shaoguang Wang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-08, Section: A, page: 3583. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (p. 192-203). / He Jianyu.