Of the many and varied institutions which make up a particular culture or society, enabling it to survive and prosper, and judgement as to relative importance or significance is perhaps impossible. Yet it is difficult to deny that law, defined in its broadest sense, with its accompanying legal institutions, normally plays a significant role. To the historian dealing with ancient history, the Code of Hammurabi, the Russkais Pravda of Yaroslavi the Wise, the Laws of Manu, and the Acts of the Saxon Kings are documents of immense importance. They portray in clear terms property relationships, behavior patterns, and class structure. In addition, however, they represent value judgements. Each prohibition, each effort to provide restitution for injury, each rule governing the conduct of the individual or the group, rests implicitly on a positive “ought”. Each era, historically speaking, makes ethical judgements which are enshrined in law. The historical entity which we label the “Chinese civilization” is no exception. As one uniquely qualified observer has noted, “A county could not possibly have lasted so long without sound legal principles as her foundation and without having continually drunk from the life-giving fountain of justice to perpetually renovate herself.”1 It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the Chinese legal system not only was the third earliest historically, preceded so far as is known only by the Egyptian and that of Mesopotamia, but also had the unique distinction of being the only ancient system that survived continuously to the 20th century.2 In this study an attempt has been made to paint a broad picture of the role of law in Chinese society down through the centuries of Chinese recorded history. The similarities and contracts particularly the latter, between the structure of function of law and legal institutions in Western civilizations and those in China are investigated. The role of the almost indefinable “li” and its never-ending struggle with the forces of positive law are surveyed. Beginning with the development of law in ancient and feudal China, and the, historically speaking, early conflict between the Confucianists, exponents of the “li”, and the Legalists, advocates of positive law, the study proceeds to an historical survey of the sources of positive law, from the classic texts through the unbroken line of codes. An attempt is made to analyze the apparent lack of a clear distinction in Chinese laq between the civil and the criminal aspects, seemingly so “foreign” to Western thinking. FInally, the Westernization of Chinese law in 20th century is described, concluding with some tentative observations of the developing structure of law in Communist China and the difficulties faced by a society attempting to reconcile its role as historical heir to the “li” - “law” dichotomy and political heir to Marxist legal theories.

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吳昶興. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 191-245) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Wu Changxing. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 191-245) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

Woo, Chun Kit. / Thesis (M. Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-86). / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction page --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Political Socialization: Concept and its Application --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Political Culture --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Political Socialization --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Application --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Education and Modernization: Review on the Development of Chinese Higher Education since1949 / Chapter 3.1 --- Prologue --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Higher Education Policy since1978 --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- Educational Reform: 1985 Reform Document --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Search for Harmony ( I ): Understanding University Students / Chapter 4.1 --- Prologue: The Rise of Survey Research in Post-Mao China --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- Value Change among University Students: The Evidence from Survey Research --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Search for Harmony (II): Reforming the Ideological-Political Education --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Criticism on the Current Ideological-Political Education --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- Reform of the Political Education --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.75 / Bibliography --- p.79

by Cheung Hiu Wan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [135-140]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement / Abstract / List of figures / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Scope of Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Historical Development of Comics in China / Chapter 2.1 --- Comics History before1949 --- p.24 / Chapter 2 . 2 --- Comics under the Reign of Chinese Communist Party --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Beijing Cartoon after the Open Door Policy --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 3 . --- Interaction with the Leaders of Beijing Publishing House / Chapter 3.1 --- Leaders´ةExpectation for Beijing Cartoon --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Discrepancy between the Senior and Junior Editors --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Editors' Comments on Interaction with the Leaders of the Beijing Publishing House --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Interaction with the Senior Artists / Chapter 4.1 --- Cartoon Art Festival98 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Invasion of Japanese Comics --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Essence of Comics with Chinese Features --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Expected Role of the Chinese Government --- p.67 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Editors´ة Comments on Cartoon Art Festival98 --- p.68 / Chapter 4 . --- 6 Concluding Remarks --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Interaction with the Junior Artists / Chapter 5.1 --- Social Status of the Junior Artists --- p.12 / Chapter 5.2 --- Cooperation with Beijing Cartoon --- p.11 / Chapter 5.3 --- Why do they Join the Comics Business --- p.79 / Chapter 5.4 --- Agreement and Terms of Payment --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summer Camping: Market Mechanism and Autonomy in Artists' Creation --- p.88 / Chapter 5.6 --- The Editors' Expectation on the Roles of The Artists --- p.96 / Chapter 5.7 --- Artists' Comments on the Educational Aspect of Comics --- p.98 / Chapter 5.8 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- The Interaction with the Readers and Elders / Chapter 6.1 --- Whom were and Whom are the Comics for? --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2 --- Parents and Teachers: Comics for Education --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3 --- Parents and Teachers: Sex and Violence in Japanese Comics --- p.107 / Chapter 6.4 --- More than Sex and Violence in Japanese Comics --- p.110 / Chapter 6.5 --- Nippon´ؤcentric and Militarism of Japanese Comics --- p.115 / Chapter 6.6 --- Better Academic Performances and More Choices --- p.115 / Chapter 6.7 --- The Popularity of Comics among the Teenagers --- p.118 / Chapter 6.8 --- Feedback from the Comics Readers --- p.121 / Chapter 6.9 --- The Conflicts: More Education or More Entertainment --- p.122 / Chapter 6.10 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.12 5 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.127 / Appendix / References