In 2007 a new government-funded initial teacher training programme was introduced in China. Emergent problems associated with the implementation of this policy call for a new research agenda that is able to illuminate aspects of the history of teacher education in China. Through the exploration of the hidden and often untold stories of ordinary teachers’ lives from the past, this research project seeks to construct a more authentic and comprehensive historical account of teacher education in China from 1949 to 1982. It also strives to help in raising an awareness among teachers, researchers and policy makers of the significance of reflecting on the history of teacher education, in both individual and collective ways. Three types of qualitative sources, namely documentary, visual and oral data were assembled from archival and online searches, and by the conducting of 40 in-depth oral history interviews. Drawing on former student teachers’ testimonies, this thesis investigates key features and major trends marking the formal pattern of the Chinese teacher education system since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China. It is argued that despite a number of radical structural and theoretical changes brought about by political campaigns over time, from the perspective of the student teachers themselves, continuities were more fundamental in this particular historical period. Aspects central to these continuities were a tiered teacher education system and two major approaches to teacher training. Compared to teacher education in the higher education sector, the normal school approach was recognised as having a systematic advantage in preparing teachers for classroom teaching. This dissertation also scrutinises the impact of educational reforms upon the teaching profession and teachers’ identities (individual and collective) from a rhetorical perspective. Evidence from a variety of documents, visual materials and interviewees’ recollections suggests that, as an inherent linguistic and cultural characteristic of the Chinese language, metaphor, together with narratives and other literary devices, plays an important role in shaping key concepts relevant to teacher education in China. The thesis resists conventional perceptions which associate a collectivist ethos among teachers chiefly with political propaganda, attributing it rather with traditional Chinese cultural values.

The traditional academic ranks for regular faculty in Mainland China universities commonly include assistant lecturer, lecturer, associate professor, and professor, with no clear differentiation between academic and teaching tracks. Recent education reform in Mainland China with the aspiration of world-class, high-ranking universities, however, has brought about unprecedented challenges to academics at the rank of lecturer; they are suffering from contract requirements that rise as the requirements for university ranking increase. In an attempt to reach the bar set by Western research universities, the vast majority of Chinese universities have embraced higher education reform that emphasizes a "publish or perish" ideology. This thesis employs a multiple case study, with a focus on four English lecturers' teaching and research engagement. The four cases included English Language Teaching (ELT) teachers who had received a doctoral degree and were trained to do research, as well as ELT teachers who were initially recruited to teach language courses but were later required to transform their professional identities to be teacher-scholars. ELT teachers have reportedly exhibited a weak research capacity compared with university teachers in other subject areas, making this study on a professional group of English lecturers meaningful. It is therefore the aim of this study to systematically explore English lecturers' identity construction pertinent to teaching and research engagements in the contested and evolving higher education reform in Mainland China. Drawing upon communities of practice, discourse theory, and activity theory, this study brings new knowledge to identity-in-practice, identity-in-discourse, and identity-in-activity. Data were triangulated through narrative frames, interviews, field observations, post-observation informal talks, and documents. Data analyses included "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches; the former refers to analytic induction where meaning is grounded in data, whereas the latter helped the researcher arrive at a holistic understanding of participants' professional identities by referring to theoretical concepts. The findings revealed an array of identity options (e.g., "gardener", "innovator", "researcher", "scholar", "poorly paid laborer", "temporary worker", "traitor", "blind follower", "game loser", "robot", "teaching machine", "sojourner", and "publishing machine"). The factors that shaped identity construction included shifting value of being an English teacher-researcher under higher education reform, intensified "publish-or-perish" ideology, and changing institutional and societal circumstances. This thesis proposes a tripartite conceptual framework of identity-in-practice, identity-in-discourse, and identity-in-activity to contextualize the practical and discursive identity construction of English lecturers. The tripartite framework of teacher identity based on these findings extends the notion of professional development upon which English lecturers should draw to empower themselves. By reflecting on contextual and personal resources relevant to their professional development, English lecturers are expected to utilize societal resources from the broader academic community to transcend institutional constraints to their personal and professional identity construction. This study concludes with implications for educators and administrators to provide responsive support for English lecturers' professional development. Further research is needed to integrate the tripartite framework of practice, discourse, and activity to examine the complexity of teacher identity construction.

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傳統尋租理論認為當政府有職權得以創造超額利潤、且企業為複數時，企業除投入成本進行尋租外，會產生重複投入成本競租的後果，直到超額租金耗盡為止。但無法解釋，何以在中國政府干預市場嚴重的情形下，為何總體經濟與企業投資、獲利均保持高度成長？經由筆者實際走訪昆山進行調查後認為，尋租相關的賄賂及交際行為在具政治風險的情況下確有削減。但相關支出及支付對象乃以合法的方式固定下來，並非消失。本文認為此政企利益分配制度包含以下：土地增值的獲利及租金、企業委託報關行的外包支出、土地仲介佣金、招商業績獎金、鎮級地方政府稅收、以及各種明文規定的規費。此種相關支出的固定與合法化，筆者認為此制度有助於企業的成本評估及經營。 關鍵字：尋租、政企關係、規費、利益分配、地方政府

有關中國轉型的研究，在九○年代與兩千年後，由於聚焦於不同的社會層面，產生了研究上的鴻溝。原有的各項轉型制度理論，無法對現實社會問題，提供研究的指導與洞察，因此造成近年社會分析的理論貧乏問題。本文乃嘗試以制度為主線，捻出「制度同化」與「制度相依」兩項觀點，有系統的整理、爬梳現有各項轉型理論文獻，試圖連綴「轉型歷程」、「經濟成就」與「社會失衡」間的相互關係。本文希望藉此文獻功夫，幫助銜接「既有的理論架構」與「演進中的社會實踐」，使得彼此滋潤、相互激發，不斷開展出中國社會研究的源頭活水。 / The study of China’s market transition falls into two distinct periods: in the earlier phase, China’s phenomenal economic success is the subject and many institutional accounts has been proposed while in following years , China’s rising economic disparities attracts all the attention and little effort has been devoted to the business of theory-building. As a result, today’s social analyses in China have hardly ever been theory-informed. Given this situation, this paper seeks to review existing theoretical literature with special reference to institutional changes and hopefully bridge the gap between institutional theory and Chinese practices.

當代「日本中國認識」1945年二次大戰結束面臨一次重大轉折。戰後開始的「中國研究」主要受到日本對於自身認同重建的看法；以及冷戰國際架構的影響。本文藉由「系譜學方法」，回溯戰後半世紀以來，日本對中國的研究角度經過什麼樣的變化？中日研究群體如何開展及互動？本文發現日本當地中國研究的典範演變，最初是因應西方現代學科的需要，以建立歷史理論與史觀。戰前以東洋史學與區域調查為主要典範。此兩種團體延續到戰後成為史學與區域研究兩種系譜。戰後初期（1945-54）佔有主要論述空間的是左派革命史觀研究群體，主要學術產出是實態調查、社會史方面的資料。第二階段（1955-64）是馬克思主義者對近代化論者，延續戰爭責任論爭中的研究主體問題。第三階段（1965-74）是隨著日本自身發展與文革演進，研究者依照對文革態度而分裂，自此主流是對經濟、政治、國際關係的研究。第四階段（1975-84）民國史觀強調社會主義中國與傳統中國以及中國與周邊國家的「雙重連續性」，這兩個思考脈絡最後集成為溝口的基體論與濱下的體系論。另外出現以近代化（民主化經濟發展）短暫的成為主要論述，之後隨著前兩者理論對西式近代的否定，開始找尋「亞洲價值」。第五階段（1985-94），面臨昭和年代與冷戰結束兩個重要分期，日本學界提出新亞洲學，強調區域多元性以及混成亞洲統合兩大觀念。新亞洲學中，不可避免的也繼承了戰前亞洲學的基本要素。綜觀而言，本研究不僅能提供對中國研究途徑更多的參考面向，也能為台灣的中國大陸研究學界提供更多元的研究方法，更能有助於對當代東亞局勢的瞭解。 / Modern “China studies” (sinology, modern china study, etc.) in Japan began in 1945, the end of Pacific War. It was in a very complicated situation because on the one hand, it must take mission on the revival of national confidence. On the other hand, it was influenced by post-war international system. This article attempts to analyze “Japanese China study” from a genealogical perspective. The article also tries to depict the “genealogy” of academic communities of Japanese China study and their research approaches. It is found that the paradigm change began in the need of discipline modernization,in order to build their historical theory and historical views. Two mainstreams before WWII are “touyougaku (orientalism)” and “regional study”. They became two major studies, “history” and “regional science” after war. In the first period (1945-54), the leading group “revolution historian’ (Marxist or lefters) accomplished much research about “village investigation” and social history. In the second period (1955-64), Marxist (lefters) and Modernist debated the question of “research subjectivity” regarding war responsibility. In the third period (1965-74), researcher groups were affected by Culture Revolution, and became radical. After this deep confliction, they became neutral,and advocated to study economics, politics, and international relations of China. In the fourth period (1975-84), “R.O.C. perspective” emphasized “double continuity “ existing between socialist China and traditional China, and between core and periphery China, consisting of “Mizokuchi theory” and “Hamashita theory”. On the other hand, modernization (development theory) also rose up, considering Asian value as opposite of Western value. Therefore, in the fifth period (1985-94), facing the end of Showa period and cold war, scholars start to assert New Asianism, emphasizing diversity and cooperation among Asian countries. We could discover that New Asianism is similar to wartime Asianism, which is a symbol of Japanese China study that time. This study will not only clarify the Sinology in other culture, but also bring more approaches for scholars in Taiwan. / 日本における「中国研究」の最大な分岐点は1945年である。戦後の中国研究には、日本の自己認識を立て直す考え方が含まれている。さらに、冷戦時代の国際関係もまた中国研究に影響を及ぼしている。この状況の下で、中国研究は複雑な様相を呈している。本研究は、系譜学的方法を以って、この半世紀において、日本における中国研究が、どのような研究視点を採ってきたのか、また、学界がどのように形成され、内部にどのような会話・論争を経てきたのかを分析する。日本における中国研究のパラダイムは、最初は欧米の現代学科を真似て、自国の歴史理論や史観を発見しようとするものである。戦前の主なパラダイムは東洋史学と地域研究で、戦後その二つ系譜も続けている。戦後初期（1945－54）に、左派（革命史観）グループは主流で、実態調査や社会史に多くの力を入れていた。第二時期（1955-64）に、マルクス主義者と近代化論者は戦争責任の問題に沿い「研究者主体」について論争した。第三時期（1965-74）に、日本自身の経済発展や中国の文革の影響により、研究者グループが分裂し、激しい批判も出た。その後、一変して、「無価値」の経済や政治、外交など、つまり、「国情研究」が主流になった。第四時期（1975-84）に、民国史観や基体論、朝貢体系論など、社会主義中国と旧中国との「連続性」や中国中心と周辺国家との「連続性」に着目した研究が現れた。そのほか、アジア的な近代化論も大勢になり、「アジア価値」は再び脚光を浴びた。第五時期（1985-94）に、昭和時代と冷戦の終わりとともに、地域多様性とアジア協力を強調する「新アジア学」も出た。新アジア学と「戦前アジア学」が多くの共通性があるため、同じ系譜に属することを本研究によって解明できる。本研究は、台湾におけるこれまで中国研究に対して、新たな研究方法を紹介し、示唆的な観点を与えることが予想される。