Controlled release systems aim at achieving a predictable and reproducible drug release profile over a desired time period. These controlled release formulations offer many advantages over conventional dosage forms. These advantages include: reduced dosing intervals, constant drug levels in the blood, increased patient compliance and decreased adverse effects. Complex controlled release formulations such as those with sustained release properties, often require additional steps during the production phase. The cost and economic impact associated with these complex controlled release dosage formulations often outweigh the short term benefits. Thus the development of an economic method to produce controlled release particles is of great importance especially in third world countries. In controlled release formulations the drug is often equally dispersed throughout a polymer matrix. In the presence of a thermodynamically compatible solvent, swelling occurs and the polymer releases its content to the surrounding medium. The rate of drug release can be controlled by interfering with the amount of swelling and rate of diffusion by manipulating the viscosity of the polymer matrix. Chitosan is an ideal candidate for controlled drug delivery through matrix release systems. It is a biodegradable polymer with absorption-enhancing properties. Cross-linking chitosan with different cross-linking agents allow the preparation of beads. Beads are frequently used in controlled release dosage forms as they are very flexible in dosage form development and show various advantages over single unit dosage forms. Because beads disperse freely in the gastrointestinal tract they maximize drug absorption, reduce fluctuation in peak plasma, and minimize potential side effects without lowering drug bio-availability. Chitosan beads and excipient containing chitosan beads were prepared and investigated as possible controlled release formulations. Pyrazinamide was chosen as the model drug. Chitosan beads and excipient containing chitosan beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation in tripolyphosphate. In this study chitosan/pyrazinamide beads containing pharmaceutical excipients (Ascorbic acid, Explotab and Ac-Di-Sol) were produced. The excipients were added individually and in combinations to the chitosadpyrazinamide dispersion and the beads were characterized on the basis of their morphology, solubility, fiability, drug loading capacity and swelling behaviour, as well as drug release (dissolution properties). The drug loading of the pyrazinarnide loaded chitosan beads, was 52.26 % 0.57%. It was noted that the inclusion of excipients in the beads resulted in an increase in drug loading with the combination of Ascorbic acid and Ac-Di-Sol giving the highest drug loading of 67.09 ± 0.22%. It was expected that the addition of the pharmaceutical excipients would lead to a sustained release of pyrazinamide. Dissolutions studies, however, revealed a burst release in both phosphate buffer solution (PBS) pH 5.60 and 7.40 over the first 15 minutes and the curve reached a plateau after 30 minutes. Thus, apparently the inclusion of the pharmaceutical excipients did not contribute to a sustained release of pyrazinamide over the tested period of six hours. In future studies the dissolution time can possibly be extended to a period of 24 hours. It might be possible for the remaining drug (approximately 40%) in the beads to be released over the extended period. Other polymers can also be investigated to control the release of pyrazinamide. Further studies are, however, necessary to investigate this possibility in the future. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Controlled release systems aim at achieving a predictable and reproducible drug release profile over a desired time period. These controlled release formulations offer many advantages over conventional dosage forms. These advantages include: reduced dosing intervals, constant drug levels in the blood, increased patient compliance and decreased adverse effects. Complex controlled release formulations such as those with sustained release properties, often require additional steps during the production phase. The cost and economic impact associated with these complex controlled release dosage formulations often outweigh the short term benefits. Thus the development of an economic method to produce controlled release particles is of great importance especially in third world countries. In controlled release formulations the drug is often equally dispersed throughout a polymer matrix. In the presence of a thermodynamically compatible solvent, swelling occurs and the polymer releases its content to the surrounding medium. The rate of drug release can be controlled by interfering with the amount of swelling and rate of diffusion by manipulating the viscosity of the polymer matrix. Chitosan is an ideal candidate for controlled drug delivery through matrix release systems. It is a biodegradable polymer with absorption-enhancing properties. Cross-linking chitosan with different cross-linking agents allow the preparation of beads. Beads are frequently used in controlled release dosage forms as they are very flexible in dosage form development and show various advantages over single unit dosage forms. Because beads disperse freely in the gastrointestinal tract they maximize drug absorption, reduce fluctuation in peak plasma, and minimize potential side effects without lowering drug bio-availability. Chitosan beads and excipient containing chitosan beads were prepared and investigated as possible controlled release formulations. Pyrazinamide was chosen as the model drug. Chitosan beads and excipient containing chitosan beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation in tripolyphosphate. In this study chitosan/pyrazinamide beads containing pharmaceutical excipients (Ascorbic acid, Explotab and Ac-Di-Sol) were produced. The excipients were added individually and in combinations to the chitosadpyrazinamide dispersion and the beads were characterized on the basis of their morphology, solubility, fiability, drug loading capacity and swelling behaviour, as well as drug release (dissolution properties). The drug loading of the pyrazinarnide loaded chitosan beads, was 52.26 % 0.57%. It was noted that the inclusion of excipients in the beads resulted in an increase in drug loading with the combination of Ascorbic acid and Ac-Di-Sol giving the highest drug loading of 67.09 ± 0.22%. It was expected that the addition of the pharmaceutical excipients would lead to a sustained release of pyrazinamide. Dissolutions studies, however, revealed a burst release in both phosphate buffer solution (PBS) pH 5.60 and 7.40 over the first 15 minutes and the curve reached a plateau after 30 minutes. Thus, apparently the inclusion of the pharmaceutical excipients did not contribute to a sustained release of pyrazinamide over the tested period of six hours. In future studies the dissolution time can possibly be extended to a period of 24 hours. It might be possible for the remaining drug (approximately 40%) in the beads to be released over the extended period. Other polymers can also be investigated to control the release of pyrazinamide. Further studies are, however, necessary to investigate this possibility in the future. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Orientadores: Cesar Costapinto Santana, Marisa Masumi Beppu / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T05:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torres_MarcoAntonio_D.pdf: 1417582 bytes, checksum: 10045a785cc6ab8b5ff6c19e8efd00d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram produzidas microesferas de quitosana com tamanho controlado e porosidade influenciada pela técnica de atomização e coagulação. As condições de produção foram definidas pelo planejamento de experimentos. As microesferas obtidas foram modificadas quimicamente com anidrido acético, epicloridrina e glutaraldeído com objetivos de melhorar suas características iniciais de resistência e estabilidade. As possibilidades de uso apresentadas por essas matrizes se devem ao reconhecimento observado entre adsorbato e adsorvente e à realização de modificações químicas e estruturais. Após essas modificações as microesferas obtidas foram analisadas quanto às suas propriedades estruturais, capacidade de adsorção e dessorção. As microesferas foram utilizadas em sistemas de adsorção em banho finito e coluna de leito fixo. Os adsorbatos utilizados foram as proteínas BSA, lisozima e um concentrado protéico (condição real) obtido do soro do leite. As proteínas BSA e lisozima apresentam pontos isoelétricos distintos de 4,8 e 11, respectivamente, permitindo assim avaliar o sistema adsorvente-adsorbato pelas isotermas de adsorção, cinética de equilíbrio, capacidade de dessorção e regeneração dos adsorventes, em condições distintas de pH. O modelo de Langmuir descreveu bem os valores de adsorção obtidos experimentalmente. As capacidades máximas de adsorção para as proteínas BSA e lisozima foram de 9,24 mg/g e 11,95 mg/g, respectivamente, utilizando as microesferas de quitosana reticuladas com glutaraldeído. Os maiores valores de adsorção foram encontrados próximos aos pontos isoelétricos, mostrando que as interações eletrostáticas, fundamentais para o processo em toda a faixa de pH estudada, não estão agindo isoladamente no sistema. Comparando-se os métodos de tanque agitado e coluna de leito fixo foi possível observar diminuição significativa na adsorção e dessorção da solução artificial de proteínas do primeiro para o segundo método. Esses resultados podem ser explicados por limitações no tamanho da coluna do leito, tempo de residência e conseqüentemente pela baixa transferência de massa. Com um extrato real ocorreu diminuição, mais significativa ainda, da capacidade de adsorção quando comparado com a solução artificial de proteínas. Estes resultados refletem a complexidade das interações e a existência de competição pelos sítios de adsorção da superfície interna e externa das microesferas de quitosana reticuladas com glutaraldeído. Essa competição ocorre possivelmente entre as proteínas do extrato e outros grupos moleculares / Abstract: This work is concerned with production of chitosan microspheres with sizes controlled and porosity influenced by spraying and coagulation process. The production conditions were defined through experimental planning. The microspheres were modified chemically with glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin and acetic anhydride in order to improve its initial characteristics of resistance and stability. The possibilities of use exhibited by these matrices are due to recognition adsorbate-adsorbent and the accomplishments these chemical and structural modifications. Soon after the gotten microspheres their structural, adsorption and dessorption properties were analyzed. The microspheres were used in adsorption system in two methods: stirred tank and fixed bed. The adsorbates used were the BSA and lysozyme proteins and a proteinic extract from milk serum. The BSA and lysozyme proteins have different isoeletric points, 4.8 and 11, respectively. This allowed study the adsorbent­absorbate system by adsorption isotherms, equilibrium kinetics, dessorption capability and regeneration of adsorbents, in different conditions of pH. The Langmuir described well the experimental values of capacity of adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities were 9,24 mg/g and 11,95 mg/g for BSA and lysozyme proteins, respectively. The higher values of adsorption were found close to the isoelectric points, showing that the electrostatic interactions, important to the process during all pH range studied, it are not acting alone in the system. Comparing the methods of stirred tank with fixed bed happened significant reduction in the adsorption and dessorption from proteins artificial solution. These results may be explained by the limitations in the size of column, time of residence and consequently in the mass transfer. With a real extract occurred important reduction of the adsorption capacity when compared with synthetic proteins. These results show the complexity of the interactions and the competition between the extract proteins and others chemical groups by adsorption sites in the internal and external surface of chitosan microspheres crosslinked with glutaraldehyde / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química