Durante o Renascimento Italiano, em meio a uma situação de guerras e de incertezas, em uma sociedade cortesã permeada de relações aparentes motivadas por interesses políticos e pessoais, surge o Orlando Furioso, uma novela de cavalaria trabalhada durante quase trinta anos por Ludovico Ariosto, literato da corte de Ferrara que dedica seu poema a Ippolito dEste, seu senhor e mecenas. Embora se trate de uma novela de cavalaria. Ariosto deixa nela marcas que nos ajudam a entender um pouco da sociedade em que autor e obra estavam inseridos, por meio, sobretudo, das reflexões do narrador, o qual se coloca como personagem pertencente a uma sociedade historicamente determinada. Essa mistura espácio-temporal acaba concedendo um caráter paródico ao texto ariostesco. Diante disso, nosso estudo tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento contraditório da voz narrativa (que ora se mostra onisciente, ora se compara aos cavaleiros carolíngios errantes) e da principal personagem feminina do Furioso, Angélica, buscando relacionar tal comportamento com o meio social em que se dá a composição da obra e ao qual o próprio narrador demonstra pertencer / During Italian Renaissance, in the midst of a war situation and uncertainties, in a courtesan society permeated with apparent relationships motivated by political and personal interests comes Orlando Furioso, a novel of chivalry worked for nearly thirty years for Ludovico Ariosto, literati at the court of Ferrara, who dedicates his poem to Ippolito dEste, his master and patron. Despite being a novel of chivalry, Ariosto leaves marks on it that help us understand a little of the society in which author and work were inserted through mainly reflections of the narrator which arises as historically determined character; this spatiotemporal mixture just granted a parodic character to the text of Ariosto. Before that, our study aims to analyze the ambiguous behavior of narrative voice (that either shows itself omniscient, or compares itself to Carolingian knights errant) and the main female character of the Furioso, Angelica, seeking to relate such behavior to the social environment in which it gives the composition of the work to which the narrator demonstrates belong

Courtesy and Women in the Scandinavian Knightly Epic Abstract The aim of this dissertation was synchronic and diachronic evaluation of gender roles in Scandinavian courtly epic from its beginning in the 13th century until the end of the 15th century. Its different conceptions of women, love, and courtesy were chosen as criteria, which make the main specifics of continental courtly fashion apparent - of the fashion which these translations were meant to introduce into Scandinavia. Besides literary analyses of gender norms, we have considered texts of pragmatic nature and even selected artefacts of material culture. Our focus, therefore, included a broader social, cultural, and political context of this literature and social norms and literary conventions of other contemporary literary genres in Scandinavia. Our work is based not only on primary sources and findings of literary history, but also on interdisciplinary research. Our analyses demonstrate the destabilisation and redefinition of gender boundaries in Old Norse literature, which was caused by translations of knightly epic, where the male hero was allowed so far unparalleled degree of sensitivity and feminine openness of emotions. Prior to these translations, honour and status of any man, who would humbly beseech his beloved like the heroes of...

En montrant la présence d’un imaginaire médiéval dans la production littéraire des années 1600-1750 et en étudiant ses usages, cette thèse rend visible la construction d’un imaginaire moderne et galant utilisé pour susciter l’adhésion au pouvoir, en particulier dans le cadre d’une redéfinition de la noblesse.L’étude d’une fête de cour et d’un traité historique présente d’abord les enjeux politiques de la mise en récits du passé médiéval : il s’agit de figurer les origines et les valeurs de la monarchie. La deuxième partie étudie la construction narrative du passé médiéval à partir du corpus des récits chevaleresques, tel qu’il a été constitué par les pratiques éditoriales et critiques depuis la fin du Moyen Âge. Le recensement des récits chevaleresques tout au long de l’âge classique et l’étude chronologique de ce corpus, de ses métamorphoses et de ses dynamiques, fait apparaître la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle comme une période charnière.Les trois parties suivantes reviennent sur cette période à partir d’études de cas (la production d’un imprimeur, un traité des tournois, des épopées chrétiennes…) associant l’analyse textuelle, l’étude d’images et la construction de contextes. Elles montrent comment une interprétation moderne de la tradition chevaleresque a été construite par les milieux lettrés (dans les années 1640 et 1650), puis appropriée par le pouvoir dans le cadre de la politique de la gloire (1664-1674), avant d’étudier son devenir à la fin du siècle dans les genres nouveaux de l’opéra et du conte de fées. Pour finir, un épilogue met en perspective les récits chevaleresques avec d’autres textes figurant les valeurs de la noblesse et ses relations avec le roi. / By demonstrating the presence of medieval imagery in the literary production of 1600-1750, andstudying how this trope is employed, this thesis reveals the construction of a modern, gallant ideology,used to incite belief in and support for political power, especially through a redefinition of nobility.The initial study of a courtly festival and an historical treatise sets out the political questions raised by this storytelling about the medieval past: namely, a representation of the origins and the values of the monarchy.The second section studies the narrative construction of this medieval past, beginning from thecorpus of chivalric tales, as constituted by editors and critics since the late Middle Ages. An analysis of chivalric tales throughout the classical period, and the chronological study of this corpus, its metamorphoses and its dynamic, reveal the second half of the XVIIth century as a pivotal moment.The following three sections return to this period with a series of case studies (the production of a printer, a tournament treatise, Christian epics etc), combining close textual analysis, the study of images and contextualisation. They show how a modern interpretation of the chivalric tradition was first constructed by the literary world (in the 1640s and 1650s) then appropriated by political power to support its politics of glory (1664-1674), before moving on to study its fate at the end of the century, in the new genres of opera and fairy tales. To conclude, an epilogue puts chivalric tales into context alongside other texts representing the values of the nobility and its relationship with the king.

Research has linked rape victim-blaming attitudes (VBAs) with gender role stereotyping, negative peer attitudes towards women, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. The current study analyzed longitudinal questionnaire data of college men (n=166) from White and Smith's (2001) study of college student victimization. Results indicate that VBAs can be conceptualized as either overt or covert, and that the covert VBA was more strongly correlated with alcohol use, sexualized peer attitudes, traditional gender stereotypes, need for sexual dominance, and perpetration of dating aggression. The covert VBA was also correlated with rape proclivity one year later, and partially mediated relationships between earlier variables and later rape proclivity. Additionally, endorsement of chivalry moderated the relationship between traditional gender stereotypes and the covert VBA, casting new perspective on the role of chivalry. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of targeting subtle expressions of VBAs in educational programs, and the need for longitudinal studies on rape attitude development.

This study explores how three English romances of the late fourteenth century-Geoffrey Chaucer's Franklin's Tale, Thomas Chestre's Sir Launfal, and the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight-employ economic exchange as a tool to illustrate community ideals. Although gift-giving and commerce are common motifs in medieval romance, these three romances depict acts of generosity and exchange that demonstrate fundamental principles of proper behavior by uniting characters in the poems in spite of social divisions such as gender or social class. Economic imagery in fourteenth-century romances merits particular consideration because of Richard II's prolific expenditure, which created such turbulence that the peasants revolted in 1381. The court's openhanded spending led to social unrest, but in romances a character's largesse strengthens community bonds by showing that all members of a group participate in an idealized gift economy. Positioned within the context of economic tensions, exchange in romances can lead readers to reexamine notions of group identity. Chestre's Sir Launfal unites its community under secular principles of economic exchange and evaluation. Using similar motifs of exchange, the Gawain-poet makes Christian and chivalric ideals apparent through Gawain's service and generosity to all those who follow the Christian faith. Further, Chaucer's Franklin's Tale portrays hospitality as a tool to create pleasure, the ultimate goal of service. Although they present different types of group identity, these romances specify that generosity and commerce can illustrate the ideals of a poem's community and demonstrate to the audience model forms of behavior.

本論文はトマス・マロリーの『アーサー王の死』における「円卓」の役割を、三つの定義を通じて考察するものである。中世において「ラウンド・テーブル」は「(1)アーサー王の騎士組織(2)彼らの集う場である家具(3)アーサー王伝説を模倣して行われた見世物」を意味した。本研究では特に円卓の形状と意味の変化、模擬戦と誓約による理想の提示、円卓が騎士たちの間に生み出す友愛と敵対、誓いにより結ばれた義兄弟と実の兄弟の差異、偽証による円卓の崩壊を取り上げる。 / This dissertation presents a more comprehensive study of Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur from the three aspects of the Round Table. I focus on the following elements especially: the evolution of the shape and significance of the Round Table; visual and verbal representations of the Round-Table ideal by means of tournaments and the Pentecostal Oath; the conflicts the table creates between fellowship and rivalry; the chasm between brothers bound by oath and those tied by blood; and its fall due to the violation of the Pentecostal Oath. Through these perspectives, I would like to reveal the functions of the Round Table and capture the essence of Le Morte Darthur. / 博士(英文学) / Doctor of Philosophy in English Literature / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

This doctoral dissertation is a paleographic transcription of a Spanish chivalric romance written by Beatriz Bernal in 1545. Cristalián de España, as the text is referred to, was printed twice in its full book form, four parts and 304 folios. It was also well-received outside of the Iberian Peninsula, and published twice in its Italian translation. This incunabulum is quite a contribution to the chivalric genre for many reasons. It is not only well-written and highly entertaining, but it is the only known Castilian romance of its kind written by a woman. This detail cannot be over-emphasized. Chivalric tales have been enjoyed for centuries and throughout many different mediums. Readers and listeners alike had been enjoying these romances years before the libros de caballerías reached the height of their popularity in Spain. Hundreds of contributions to the genre are still in print today and available in numerous translations. Given this reality, it seems highly suspect that this romance, penned by a woman, and of excellent quality, is not found on the shelves next to other texts of the genre. Cristalián, despite what scholars of the genre have erroneously posited, was not an obscure text in sixteenth-century Spain. Bookstore and print-shop inventories of its time list numerous copies of Bernal's romance in bound book form, which confirm that Cristalián was circulating for at least sixty years. The purpose of this dissertation is two-fold. In order for Cristalián to be included in conversations of any nature, it must be made available. This transcription of Book I and II seeks to accomplish that. Secondly, current scholarship must re-imagine erroneous constructions of sixteenth-century reader's preferences. These prevalent constructions have often excluded noteworthy contributions to literature, especially those written by women. My aim is to redress this imbalance by analyzing Beatriz Bernal's written text and her writing strategies. The first three sections of the accompanying study more thoroughly address the challenges facing women writers in sixteenth-century Spain while also considering issues of literacy, reader preferences, and text distribution of the period. The last sections of the study are devoted specifically to the chivalric genre, and to Bernal's exemplary romance, Cristalián de España. Also included in the appendix are woodcuts from both Castilian editions, the proemio from the second edition, the chapter rubrics from Book I and II, and an index of characters from the narration. / Spanish

The Swedish medieval ballads are a subject and a source material which has not been given much attention within the historical discipline. By examining power structures as they are made present in the ballads of chivalry, it is possible to discover how these are connected to mentalities associated with the Swedish late-medieval society. This essay focuses on the analysis of hierarchies of family and gender through an intersectional perspective. By comparing discourses of gender and family in selected ballads of chivalry, this project highlights power relationships and resistance towards them, arguing that dimensions of power are not one-dimensional but rather exists in a complex interrelationship. In addition, the analysis also shows that within the context of the ballads of chivalry, the use of power may result in different consequences depending on the discourse it is located in.

This study focuses on two areas: alchemy (Part I) and rituals of initiation (Part II) in the works of Miguel de Cervantes, focusing on Don Quijote de la Mancha as my main case study. The first part analyses the function of alchemy and how it can be interpreted throughout the works and various literary genres of Cervantes. It will demonstrate that the texts of Cervantes contain both explicit and implicit allusions to, as well as different aspects of alchemy, such as operative and spiritual alchemy and how these are ultimately used by Cervantes as a means of expression. The author draws from this rich source and modifies these means of expression in order to achieve various results: sometimes with wit or in relation to fraud; at other times it focuses on inner alchemy relating to chivalry in what I have called spiritual chivalry, which has the aim of self-improvement and ultimately, gnosis. Regarding the chivalric rituals of initiation, according to this investigation chivalry serves as both satire and representation of the alchemical process in the case of Don Quijote, which finds its key moments during the rituals. In this sense alchemy and chivalry are studied as two sides of the same coin, in which the search for something higher, an object (the philosopher stone, the beloved), subjects the protagonist to continuous transmutations and puts him in contact with the transitory, that is, liminal states, people and spaces. From this perspective Don Quixote de la Mancha is built upon liminal poetics. My approach, which follows the tenets of analogical hermeneutics, is included within the framework of the Western Esotericism Studies. The 16th and 17th centuries were a fertile age for alchemy throughout Europe. In Spain, alchemy and other esoteric disciplines co-existed with the Spanish Inquisition and its body for the control of ideas and texts: censorship. By being ambiguous and putting into dialogue different ideas of alchemy, Cervantes not only allowed readers to reach their own conclusions, he also protected his work from censorship.

Ford often wrote about virtuous gentlemen ruined by the modern society he saw developing around him. While Ford Madox Ford was writing The Good Soldier, ther was a sense of displacement in England and the class system was starting to crumble. Edward Ashburnham, one of the two male protagonists in The Good Soldier, is described as a Chevalier Bayard and there are definitely some similarities between Ashburnham and Bayard. For instance, both men lived during periods of great societal change and both faithfully served their countries. However, the feudal lifestyle that was appropriate for Bayard in the fifteenth-century is unavailable to Ashburnham in the twentieth-century. In The Good Soldier, Ford used the old ideals of chivalry and courtly love codes to produce a character, Edward Ashburnham, who represents the loss of traditional values in a modern society.