Orientador: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Coorientador: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Banca: Felipe Batistella Filho / Banca: Flávia Fernanda Simili / Banca: José carlos Barbosa / Banca: Itamar Andrioli / Resumo: A intensificação da produção dos animais em sistemas confinados gera uma alta produção de esterco bovino que pode contribuir para o fornecimento de nutrientes. Além de proporcionar melhorias em atributos químicos e físicos do solo. Diante deste contexto trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que o esterco bovino pode substituir total ou parcialmente o fertilizante nitrogenado industrial na adubação do capim-tifton 85. Assim, o objetivo com o presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da combinação nitrogênio x esterco da produção de capim-tifton 85 e em atributos químicos e físicos do solo. O experimento foi instalado durante os anos agrícolas 2013-2014 e 2014-2015. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco doses de nitrogênio (N): 0, 50, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1, e cinco doses de esterco (E): 0, 10, 20, 40 e 60 Mg ha-1 combinadas em esquema fatorial. As doses de 300 kg ha-1 de N e 40 Mg ha-1 de E proporcionaram a maior produção de massa seca (10.469 kg ha-1) e altura (75,10 cm) em 2013-14. A associação das maiores doses de esterco e nitrogênio resultaram em melhor desempenho da forrageira em relação a produção de massa seca total (13.305 kg ha-1). Houve aumento de 71 e 88% de acúmulo de nitrogênio no capim-tifton 85 no ano agrícola 2013-14 e, aumento de 126 e 163 em 2014-15, com o uso de esterco e de N-ureia, respectivamente. A recuperação aparente de N com o uso de esterco foi maior no segundo ano de avaliação. Com o uso de N-ureia não houve variação nos teores de carbono orgânico do solo e na... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intensified production of animals in confined systems generates a high production of cattle manure that can contribute to the nutrient supply. In addition to providing improvements in soil chemical and physical attributes. In this context, we worked with the hypothesis that bovine manure can totally or partially replace industrial nitrogen fertilizer in fertilization of tifton grass 85. Thus, the objective with the present work was to evaluate the effect of the nitrogen and manure combination of tifton 85 grass production and on soil chemical and physical attributes. The experiment was installed during the agricultural years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The treatments consisted of five doses of nitrogen (N): 0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1, and five manure doses (E): 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1 combined in factorial scheme. The doses of 300 kg ha-1 of N and 40 Mg ha-1 of E provided the highest dry mass production (10,469 kg ha-1) and height (75,10 cm) in 2013-14. The association of the highest doses of manure and nitrogen resulted in better forage performance in relation to the production of total dry mass (13,305 kg ha-1). There was an increase of 71 and 88% of nitrogen accumulation in Tifton 85 grass in the agricultural year 2013-14 and, increased 126 and 163 in 2014-15, respectively. The apparent recovery of N with use of manure was greater in the second year of evaluation. With the use of N-urea, there was no change in soil organic carbon and forms of carbon associated with minerals and particulate. The use of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure for two consecutive years increased the stability (94.96%) and the weighted average diameter of the aggregates (4.86 mm) and decreased soil resistance to penetration (0.99 MPa) due to the 35% increase in soil carbon content. / Doutor

A doença cancro cítrico é considerada uma das mais importantes doenças da citricultura devido ao seu poder de proliferação nas fazendas, e aos danos causados às plantas e frutos. Os prejuízos causados pela presença da doença são consideravelmente preocupantes, pois as principais medidas de controle pelos órgãos responsáveis envolvem a erradicação de plantas infectadas e demais plantas vizinhas, inviabilizando economicamente grandes áreas produtivas. A legislação brasileira exige um extenso protocolo de atividades que necessita ser realizado antes da confirmação do diagnóstico. Atrasos na confirmação do diagnóstico favorecem a proliferação da doença. Assim, qualquer esforço em acelerar esta detecção deve com certeza ter um grande impacto nesta área. Esta é a motivação de nosso trabalho, onde aplicamos a técnica de espectroscopia por imagens de fluorescência em folhas de culturas cítricas com a intenção de avaliar a capacidade de diagnóstico desta técnica em plantas assintomáticas contaminadas no laboratório com cancro cítrico. O objetivo é determinar o instante de tempo mínimo necessário entre a infecção e o diagnóstico preciso da doença. Este estudo foi aplicado para experimentos envolvendo amostras destrutivas e não-destrutivas. Os resultados mostram a possibilidade de aplicar tal técnica na detecção de cancro cítrico. / The citrus canker disease is considered one of the most important citrus diseases due to its ability to spread on farms, and to damage plants and fruits. The damage, caused by the citrus canker, can be devastating, because the main control actions involve the eradication of infected plants and other plants nearby, causing large economic losses. Brazilian law requires an extensive testing protocol to confirm the diagnosis. Delays in diagnosis tests allows the spread of the disease. Therefore, any effort to accelerate this procedure will have a major impact in this area. This is the motivation of our work, where we apply the fluorescence imaging spectroscopy technique on citrus leaves with the goal to evaluate the diagnostic capability of this technique in asymptomatic plants infected with citrus canker in the laboratory. The goal is to determine the minimum time delay between infection and accurate diagnosis of the disease. This study was applied to experiments involving non-destructive and destructive samples. The results show the possibility of applying this technique in the detection of citrus canker.

This diploma thesis deals with plant adaptogens (bioactive substances) in the plant Schisandra chinensis. The theoretical part is focused on characterization of the Schisandra genus, characterization of the Schisandra chinensis as a plant, its properties, occurrence and growing possibilities in the climate zone. Furthermore, The effects of these adaptogens on the organism and the prediction of possible use in food supplements are described. The experimental part deals with the extraction of fruits and leaves from plant Schisandra chinensis. Further, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b in the leaves extract was determined by UV – VIS spectrophotometry, whereby the optimal amount 3:1 of chlorophyll was confirmed for the plants growing in optimal conditions. Finally, the concentration of the adaptogen schisandrin A in the dried fruits was from different kind of extraction measured by HPLC. In all fruits, schisandrin A was confirmed, but the amount is different in each sample.

Orientador: Luís Henrique Bassoi / Resumo: Sensores podem auxiliar no monitoramento do nitrogênio no tecido foliar e da água no solo, mas para esse propósito eles necessitam ser calibrados. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor um procedimento para o uso do clorofilômetro em ma área de produção comercial de uva para vinho, no contexto da vitivinicultura de precisão, avaliando a variabilidade temporal do teor de nitrogênio foliar e as suas relações com as zonas homogêneas de solo e da planta. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Espirito Santo do Pinhal, estado de São Paulo, no ciclo de produção de 2019 de um vinhedo com a cv. Chardonnay sobre o porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103. O vinhedo foi irrigado e fertirrigado por um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. O equipamento HS2 HydroSense, calibrado para diferentes zonas homogêneas quanto a fração granulométrica do solo, foi utilizado em 6 datas durante o ciclo de produção para a determinação do conteúdo de água a 0-20 cm de profundidade, e em 20 pontos por zona. O índice relativo de clorofila foi medido pelo clorofilômetro ClorofiLOG CFL 1030 em 4 datas durante o ciclo de produção, e em 40 plantas por data. Para a calibração do clorofilômetro, amostras de folhas foram coletadas para a determinação em laboratório dos teores de clorofila e de nitrogênio. A produção por planta, número de cachos por planta, massa média de cachos por planta e produtividade da área total foram determinados. A maturação tecnológica das bagas foi observada por amostragens periód... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sensors can assist in monitoring leaf tissue nitrogen and soil water, but for this purpose they need to be calibrated. Thus, the present study aimed to propose a procedure for the use of a chlorophyll meter in a commercial growing area of wine grapes, within the context of precision viticulture, evaluating the temporal variability of leaf nitrogen content and its relationship with homogeneous soil and plant zones. The study was carried out at Espirito Santo do Pinhal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the 2019 growing season of vineyard of cv. Chardonnay grifted on Paulsen 1103 rootstock. Plants were irrigated and fertigated by a drip irrigation system. The HS2 HydroSense equipment, calibrated for different homogeneous zone of soil fractions, was used to determine the water content at 0-20 cm depth in 6 days throughout the growing season, at 20 points in each zone. The relative chlorophyll index was measured using the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG CFL 1030 in 4 days throughout the growing season, in 40 plants by day. Leaf samples were collected for laboratory determination of chlorophyll and nitrogen contentes and calibration of the chlorophyll meter. The production per plant, number of bunches per plant, average mass of bunches per plant and yield (total area) were determined. The technological maturation was observed by periodic sampling of berries to determination of pH, malic acid and soluble solids in laboratory. From the mathematical models generated, the chlorophyll meter ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Wetlands are unique ecosystems that are acknowledged among the world’s most productive and valuable ecosystems. They are recognized as being essential to sustainable development and human welfare due to their unique environmental and socio-economic value. These highly productive ecosystems provide functions such as recycling of nutrients, watershed protection and flood control as well as grazing resources. Wetlands provide the basis for human livelihoods in Africa through ecosystem services. However, these ecosystems are affected by internal and external factors within and outside their catchments, hence the importance of monitoring those changes around these wetlands.

A study of the phytoplankton communities of Lake Ray Roberts was conducted at three sampling sites on two sampling dates during the summer of 1995, assessing both community structure and chlorophyll a concentrations. Eight similarity indices were then used to characterize and compare the communities of these sites. Both community similarity and chlorophyll a concentrations were evaluated using a minimum detectable difference equation to determine the amount of change that must occur in these parameters in order to be deemed statistically significant. The Bray-Curtis Index was shown to be the most adequate index evaluated, and was subsequently used in conjunction with bootstrap analysis to determine the similarity between the three sampling sites.

This report aimed to investigate how chlorophyll-concentrations (Chl-a) in the water column and varved sediments were affected by changes in air temperature and precipitation and consequently how climate change will affect the sedimentation and productivity in boreal aquatic ecosystems. VRS (visible-reflectance-spectroscopy) was used to asses Chl-a and its derivates in sediment trap samples between 2002-2021 and in a series of freeze cores (1979-2021) from lake Nylandssjön, with annually laminated sediments. In order to evaluate how weather and climate change affected the sedimentation and productivity in the lake the results were compared with meteorological data from SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) and Chl-a data from seperate depths in the water column. The results indicate that the majority of the yearly sedimentation occur either in May or June, where a higher cumulative amount of precipitation in May lead to a higher sedimentation rate in May (r=0,49; p=0,03). The amount of precipitation in spring also had a significant impact on the primary production in spring and summer (r=0,59; p=0,01; r=0,73; p=0,002). Water column Chl-a and spectrally inferred Chl-a in sediments show similar trends in concentrations with deeper water sampling, however, water column Chl-a displayed significant differences in values between various depths (p=0,0004). Consequently, climate change will much likely increase the productivity of boreal aquatic ecosystems within years and the amount of sedimentation that occurs between years due to higher temperatures. An increased amount of precipitation will also enhance the primary productivity and the transportation of allochthonous- and minerogenic material to the lake.

Tropical regions currently receive the highest global levels of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) even without ozone depletion. Thus, the influence of natural, present-day UV-B irradiance in the tropics was examined for five tropical species, including three native rainforest tree species and two economically important species. Solar UV-B radiation conditions were obtained vi using either a UV-B excluding plastic film or a near-ambient UV-B transmitting film in a small clearing on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama (9 ° N). Significant differences were often exhibited as increased foliar UV-B absorbing compounds, increased leaf mass per area, and reduced leaf blade length for plants receiving solar UV-B radiation. Plant height was typically reduced under solar UV-B, but some variation among species in response was seen. Biomass and photosystem II function using chlorophyll fluorescence were generally unaffected. The results of this study provide strong evidence that tropical vegetation, including native rainforest species, responds to the present level of natural solar UV-B. This suggests that even a small increase in UV-B radiation with ozone depletion may have biological implications.

The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH7803 adapts to changes in light intensity by changing its photosynthetic physiology. This work is a study o f the rate o f photoadaptation of Synechococcus WH7803 in laboratory cultures. Cultures were shifted from constant 8 µEm-2s-1 light to constant 80 µEm-2s-1 light, from constant 80 µEm-2s-1 light to 8 µEm-2s-1 light and from different light regimes to a single fluctuating light regime. The response of high iron cultures grown in modified aquil culture medium at 5*10-6M Fe was compared with the response of low iron cultures grown in modified aquil medium at 1*10-6M Fe. Cultures were assayed every 2 days for at least 10 days, assaying cell population density by fluorescence microscopy, chlorophyll a by spectrophotometry of acetone extracts, total protein by the bicinchoninic acid method, and photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P vs. I) response by H14CO3 uptake at 10 light intensities. Iron nutrition did not strongly affect the rate of photoadaptation as determined from the slopes of P vs. I curves as light approaches zero (the parameter called alpha). The rate of chlorophyll a synthesis was the parameter most strongly affected by iron nutrition, slowing in restricted iron medium. Based on alpha per cell, the adaptation time to the shift from constant 8 µEm-2s -1 light to constant 80 µEm-2s -1 light was less than 2 days. Based on other culture parameters the time to complete adaptation may be closer to 8 days. Based on alpha per cell, the adaptation time to the shift from constant 80 µEm-2s -1 light to constant 8 µEm-2s -1 light was on the order of 2 days. Based on other culture parameters the time to complete adaptation may exceed 10 days.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第18379号 / 人博第692号 / 新制||人||165(附属図書館) / 25||人博||692(吉田南総合図書館) / 31237 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 土屋 徹, 教授 小松 賢志, 教授 宮下 英明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM