This study, based on data collected in 2006, examined the effect of microclimate, as solar aspect, on yield and quality parameters of Riesling vines of a vineyard in the Niagara Peninsula, Thirty Bench Winery, Beamsville, Ontario. Precision viticulture practices including GPS (Global Positioning System), GIS (Geographic Information System) and LIDAR (Laser Range Finder) were used to delineate the microclimate and categorize variations within the vineyard. Within GIS, slope and aspect analysis tools generated solar aspect data. Two different zones were identified and compared for yield and quality data. Monoterpene concentrations in grapes differed by solar aspect, with vines receiving elevated solar radiation showing increased monoterpene concentrations. Since monoterpenes are important to the aroma and flavour of Riesling wines, a difference could impact the quality of the wine produced. Overall, this work shows the potential of precision viticulture in the development of terroir –specific wine in the Niagara region.

Ces travaux visent à comprendre de quelle manière l’appropriation peut amener au développement d’une compétence distribuée entre l’homme et la technologie. Nous nous sommes penché sur un terrain d’étude particulier, celui de la viticulture de précision, terme désignant l’ensemble des technologies permettant de caractériser l’hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle des parcelles et de moduler les pratiques viticoles en fonction des besoins de la vigne. Nous avons réalisé une revue de littérature ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs pour aboutir à une analyse qualitative intra-cas et inter-cas de sept cas différents.Ce travail s’appuie sur cinq propositions de recherche : 1) La compétence est un processus dynamique jugé socialement et mis en œuvre durant l'activité d'un sujet qui combine ses ressources internes avec des ressources externes issues d'un contexte dans le but d'atteindre une finalité, de réaliser une tâche.2) La compétence est composée des ressources internes et externes, mais aussi d’une structure (pattern) permettant de les coordonner. 3) La technologie, par le biais de la notion d'instrument composé d'un artefact et de schème, peut apporter des ressources et une structure nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la compétence. 4) Grâce à l'appropriation. Elle se réalise de deux manières, l'instrumentalisation fait évoluer les ressources physiques de l'instrument. L'instrumentation permet le développement d'une structure distribuée, qui va coordonner les ressources internes et les ressources de l’environnement avec les ressources apportées par l'instrument. 5) L'appropriation souligne l'aspect d'une compétence à la fois distribuée socialement, dans le temps, et entre l'homme et la technologie. Cette compétence peut être déclinée au niveau individuel, collectif ou organisationnel. / The aim of this work is to understand how appropriation of technology can develop a competence distributed between human and technology. We examine a particular field of study, that is precision viticulture technology. These technologies allow to characterize spatial and temporal heterogeneity of plots and to modulate wine-making practices according to vine’s needs. We have made a state of the art and some semi-structured interviews to lead to an individual and cross cases analysis of seven cases.This work rely on five research proposals: 1) Competence is a dynamic process which depend of a social judgment, carried out during activity by a subject who combine his internal resources with external and contextualized resources in order to reach an aim, realize a task.2) Competence is composed by internal and external resources of a subject and by pattern which allow to coordinate them. 3) Technology, by the way of the concept of instrument, composed by artifact and scheme can provide resources and pattern needed to competence’s implementation. 4) This can be possible thanks to appropriation, by two ways. Instrumentalization changes resources of instrument and instrumentation allows development of distributed structure which coordinates resources. 5) This highlight the socially and temporal distribution of competence and the distribution between human and technology. This distribution is possible at individual level, collective level and organizational level.

Orientador: Luís Henrique Bassoi / Resumo: Sensores podem auxiliar no monitoramento do nitrogênio no tecido foliar e da água no solo, mas para esse propósito eles necessitam ser calibrados. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor um procedimento para o uso do clorofilômetro em ma área de produção comercial de uva para vinho, no contexto da vitivinicultura de precisão, avaliando a variabilidade temporal do teor de nitrogênio foliar e as suas relações com as zonas homogêneas de solo e da planta. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Espirito Santo do Pinhal, estado de São Paulo, no ciclo de produção de 2019 de um vinhedo com a cv. Chardonnay sobre o porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103. O vinhedo foi irrigado e fertirrigado por um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. O equipamento HS2 HydroSense, calibrado para diferentes zonas homogêneas quanto a fração granulométrica do solo, foi utilizado em 6 datas durante o ciclo de produção para a determinação do conteúdo de água a 0-20 cm de profundidade, e em 20 pontos por zona. O índice relativo de clorofila foi medido pelo clorofilômetro ClorofiLOG CFL 1030 em 4 datas durante o ciclo de produção, e em 40 plantas por data. Para a calibração do clorofilômetro, amostras de folhas foram coletadas para a determinação em laboratório dos teores de clorofila e de nitrogênio. A produção por planta, número de cachos por planta, massa média de cachos por planta e produtividade da área total foram determinados. A maturação tecnológica das bagas foi observada por amostragens periód... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sensors can assist in monitoring leaf tissue nitrogen and soil water, but for this purpose they need to be calibrated. Thus, the present study aimed to propose a procedure for the use of a chlorophyll meter in a commercial growing area of wine grapes, within the context of precision viticulture, evaluating the temporal variability of leaf nitrogen content and its relationship with homogeneous soil and plant zones. The study was carried out at Espirito Santo do Pinhal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the 2019 growing season of vineyard of cv. Chardonnay grifted on Paulsen 1103 rootstock. Plants were irrigated and fertigated by a drip irrigation system. The HS2 HydroSense equipment, calibrated for different homogeneous zone of soil fractions, was used to determine the water content at 0-20 cm depth in 6 days throughout the growing season, at 20 points in each zone. The relative chlorophyll index was measured using the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG CFL 1030 in 4 days throughout the growing season, in 40 plants by day. Leaf samples were collected for laboratory determination of chlorophyll and nitrogen contentes and calibration of the chlorophyll meter. The production per plant, number of bunches per plant, average mass of bunches per plant and yield (total area) were determined. The technological maturation was observed by periodic sampling of berries to determination of pH, malic acid and soluble solids in laboratory. From the mathematical models generated, the chlorophyll meter ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Viticulture in Rio Grande do Sul state occupies a prominent position in the national scenario, the sector accounts for about 60.2 % of the total cultivated area in the country. Vine cultivation has very important economic and social, as well as a production chain organized in the different producing regions. The aim of this study was to quantify the spatial variability of the chemical attributes of the grape must, chemical soil properties, vegetation indices and verify possible correlations between variables. The study area consisted of a vineyard with 3.09 ha of farming Bordô (Ives) grafted onto the rootstock Paulsen, located in the trough line, in the municipality of Sarandi - RS. In a mesh composed of 34 sampling points soil samples were collected in a depth range from 0 to 20 cm. Analyses were performed in the laboratory of soil analysis at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), the chemical attributes analyzed were: clay; pH in H2O; SMP, P; K; organic matter; al; Here; mg; H + Al; CTC effective; CTC pH7; Base saturation; relationship between Ca and Mg; Zn; Cu; S and B. The analysis of grape must was held in the chemistry laboratory of the Federal Institute Farroupilha campus Panambi studied enological parameters were: total soluble solids; titratable acidity and pH in organic acid. The determination of vegetation indices was carried out in situ in the 34 sampling points with use of spectroradiometer. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Geostatistics, using the computer program for such Geoestatistics for the Environmental Sciences (GS +), Pearson correlation coefficients were determined with the aid of Excel. Analysis of the spatial variability of the data was based on the experimental semivariogram and from adjusted models interpolation was performed by ordinary Kriging, Stochastic Simulation and map algebra. Only the figures for the amount of total soluble solids showed low values other chemical attributes must show proper values. The results of soil analysis identified low concentrations of B and organic matter and high for the other attributes. From the overall analysis of the statistical dependence between variables, there was no significant correlations between the chemical properties of grape must and the other variables, unlike the segmented analysis according to the different harvest dates. The spatial dependence index of most chemical properties of soil studied was considered strong, only the attributes, Cu, Effective CTC CTC in pH7 and Clay did not present spatial dependence structure. Vegetation indices, except TVI2 showed strong spatial dependency ratio. Chemical attributes of the grape must, the concentration of soluble solids did not present spatial dependence structure, while others showed strong spatial dependence. In the result of map algebra the middle class of titratable acidity in organic acid added to middle class NDVI was representing the highest. / A viticultura no estado do Rio Grande do Sul ocupa uma posição de destaque no cenário nacional, o setor responde por aproximadamente 60,2% do total da área cultivada no país. O cultivo da videira tem grande importância econômica e social, além de uma cadeia produtiva organizada nas diversas regiões produtoras. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a quantificação da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do mosto da uva, dos atributos químicos do solo, dos índices de vegetação e verificar as possíveis correlações entre as variáveis estudadas. A área de estudo foi composta por um vinhedo com 3,09 ha da cultivar Bordô (Ives) enxertada sobre o porta enxerto Paulsen, situado na linha Cocho, no município de Sarandi - RS. Em uma malha constituída por 34 pontos amostrais foram coletadas amostras de solo numa faixa de profundidade de 0 a 20 cm. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de análises de solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), os atributos químicos analisados foram: argila; pH em H2O; Índice SMP; P; K; matéria orgânica; Al; Ca; Mg; H+Al; CTC efetiva; CTC em pH7; Saturação por bases; relação entre Ca e Mg; Zn; Cu; S e B. A análise do mosto da uva foi realizado no laboratório de química do Instituto Federal Farroupilha campus Panambi, os parâmetros enológicos estudados foram: sólidos solúveis totais; acidez total titulável em ácido orgânico e pH. A determinação dos índices de vegetação foi realizada in situ nos 34 pontos amostrais com uso de espectrorradiômetro. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e Geostatística, utilizando-se para tal o programa computacional Geoestatistics for the Environmental Sciences (GS+), os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram determinados com auxílio do programa Excel. A análise da variabilidade espacial dos dados foi realizada com base nos semivariogramas experimentais e a partir dos modelos ajustados foi realizada interpolação por Krigagem ordinária, Simulação Estocástica e álgebra de mapas. Apenas os valores referentes a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais apresentaram valores baixos os demais atributos químicos do mosto apresentaram valores adequados. Os resultados das análises de solo identificaram baixas concentrações para B e matéria orgânica e altas para os demais atributos. A partir da análise global da dependência estatística entre as variáveis estudadas, observou-se não haver correlações significativas entre os atributos químicos do mosto da uva e as demais variáveis, diferentemente da análise segmentada de acordo com as diferentes datas de colheita. O índice de dependência espacial da maioria dos atributos químicos de solo estudados foi considerado forte, apenas os atributos, Cu, CTC Efetiva, CTC em pH7 e Argila não apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial. Os índices de vegetação, com exceção do TVI2, apresentaram índice de dependência espacial forte. Dos atributos químicos do mosto da uva, a concentração de sólidos solúveis totais não apresentou estrutura de dependência espacial, enquanto os demais apresentaram forte dependência espacial. No resultado da álgebra de mapas a classe média da acidez titulável em ácido orgânico, somada a classe média do NDVI foi a que representou o maior percentual da área.

Le suivi et la connaissance de la phénologie de la vigne sur plusieurs saisons sont des informations essentielles qui permettent de caractériser les régions viticoles, d’étudier le changement climatique et de planifier des pratiques agricoles telles que l'irrigation, la fertilisation, l'application de pesticides et la vendange à l'échelle parcellaire. La plupart des études menées sur de la phénologie de la vigne, considèrent la parcelle comme une unité de gestion homogène, sans tenir compte de la variabilité spatiale qui existe à cette échelle. Sur la base de travaux précédents qui mettent en évidence une forte variabilité intra-parcellaire en viticulture, ce travail de thèse vise à caractériser la variabilité spatiale de la phénologie de la vigne et les principaux facteurs qui la déterminent à l’échelle d’une parcelle viticole. Il vise aussi à en proposer un modèle de prédiction spatiale qui considère la variabilité de la phénologie de la vigne à cette échelle. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, quatre parcelles expérimentales situées dans la Vallée du Maule (Talca, Chili) ont été utilisées. Celles-ci correspondent aux principaux cépages rouges (Cabernet Sauvignon et Carménère) et blancs (Chardonnay et Sauvignon Blanc) cultivés au Chili. Ce travail a été réalisé tout au long 6 années de 2009 et 2015, au cours desquelles entre de deux et quatre séries des mesures ont été effectuées selon la parcelle viticole. Pour chaque parcelle, une grille régulière de 12 sites d'échantillonnage par hectare a été définie, sur chaque site, des mesures de la phénologie de la vigne, de la maturité des baies (accumulation des sucres), de l’état hydrique de la plante, de l’expression végétative, du rendement, des variables climatiques (température et hygrométrie), des propriétés physique du sol, entre autres, ont été réalisées. Les principaux résultats ont montré l'existence d’une variabilité spatiale de la phénologie de la vigne importante à l’échelle intra-parcellaire. Cette variabilité a été observée autant pour tous les stades phénologiques clés (débourrement, floraison et véraison) et pour l’accumulation des sucres dans les baies. Elle est structurée spatialement et stable au cours du temps. Son importance est similaire à la variabilité observée à des échelles spatiales régionale. Au niveau intra parcellaire, la topographie (différence d'altitude) a été identifiée comme le principal facteur d’influence sur la variabilité spatiale de la phénologie et de l’accumulation des sucres dans les baies. Dans le cas où la variabilité de la topographie de la parcelle viticole est faible, les caractéristiques du sol sont le second facteur expliquant la variabilité spatiale de la phénologie, tandis que les variables de la plante (expression végétative et rendement) expliquent la variabilité observée dans l'accumulation de sucre. La stabilité temporelle de la variabilité spatiale des stades phénologiques et de l'accumulation des sucres dans les baies, a permis de proposer un modèle spatial empirique qui permet d’estimer la valeur ces variables à l’échelle d’une parcelle viticole. L’originalité de l’approche proposée est d’utiliser une mesure ponctuelle de la phénologie ou de la teneur en sucres des baies, effectuée dans la parcelle viticole (site de référence) et une combinaison de coefficients site-spécifiques estimés à partir des données historiques. Ce modèle spatial permet d’obtenir des estimations de meilleure qualité en comparaison avec des méthodes classiques d’échantillonnage. Il permet d’obtenir des cartes pour les stades phénologiques clés et pour l’accumulation des sucres. Cette méthode pourrait être utilisée comme un outil pratique pour la planification de la gestion modulée des opérations au niveau intra-parcellaire, où la connaissance de la phénologie est essentielle pour la prise de décisions. / The knowledge and monitoring of grapevine phenology over several seasons are important requirements for the characterization of vine regions, climate change studies and planning of various production activities such as irrigation, fertilization, phytosanitary applications and harvesting at the vine field scale. However, the main studies developed on grapevine phenology consider the vine field as a homogeneous unit of management and do not take into account the spatial variability observed at this spatial scale. Based on previous studies highlighting a significant variability at the within field level in viticulture, this doctoral research aims to characterize the spatial variability of grapevine phenology at the vine field scale, relating the main factors that determine this variability and proposing a spatial prediction model that considers the variability of phenology. In order to answer the above objectives, experiments were carried out in four vine fields located in the Maule Valley (Talca, Chile), considering the main red (Cabernet Sauvignon and Carménère) and white (Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc) cultivars planted in Chile. This experiment was carried out over 6 years between years 2009 and 2015. Within each vine field, a regular grid with 12 sampling sites per hectare was defined. Measurements of grapevine phenology, berry maturity (sugar accumulation), plant water status, vegetative expression, yield, climatic variables (temperature and relative humidity), soil physical properties, among others, were performed on each site. The main results showed the existence of a significant spatial variability of the phenological development at the within-field scale, observed for both key phenological stages (budburst, flowering and veraison) and sugar accumulation in berries. This spatial variability was spatially organized and stable over seasons, being comparable even with the observed variability at important spatial scales such as regional or vine valley. At the within-field scale, topography (elevation difference) was identified as the main integrative factor affecting the spatial variability of both grapevine phenology and maturity. If there is no variability in the topography, the soil characteristics become the second factor of the spatial variability of grapevine phenology, while plant variables (vegetative expression and yield) explained the observed variability in sugar accumulation at this scale. The temporal stability observed for the spatial variability of the phenological stages and sugar accumulation of berries allowed an empirical spatial model to be proposed. The model characterizes the spatial variability of these variables at the vine field scale. The originality of the approach is to use a single measurement of the grapevine phenology or sugar accumulation in the berries performed in the field (reference site) and a combination of site-specific coefficients estimated through historical data. The spatial model presented the best results when compared with classical sampling methods, allowing maps of key phenological stages and sugar accumulation to be obtained. This methodology could be used as a practical tool for the planning site-specific management operation at the vine field scale where phenology is essential for decision-making.

Precision agriculture applied to vitiviniculture can bring several advantages to vitis crop production with positive effects on grape and wine quality. This study s objective was to put into practice precision vtiticulture, aiming to improve the administration and management of vinifera grapes. This research was carried out in a commercial vitis cropland with 2.4 ha located in Encruzilhada do Sul (RS) close to RS/BR km 471. In this area, sandy clay loam Palleudult soil prevails. Sampling for the purposes for soil characterisation was carried out in 0-0,2 m depth. The soil attributes determined were: pH, SOM, texture, Ca, Mg, Al, N, MO, K and P, and the plant attributes were: productivity, alcoholic potential and tartaric acid, using a 35 X 35m grid. Data were analyzed through geostatistics by interpolation technique of kriging. The data of yield and enological parameters were obtained by manual harvest in georeferenced points. Grape data were collected during the harvest in 2007 and 2008 seasons. Soil and plant data were submitted to statistical analysis and basic geostatistic. Spatial variability of soil chemical attributes in the area behaved in accordance with the nutrient evaluated. pH showed low variability, clay, Ca, Mg, and N, showed median variability while MO, P and K , a high variability was found, and for Al, very high. In 2007 harvest, tartaric acid and alcoholic potential showed low variability, number of bunches per plant and weight per bunch presented median variability while weight per plant showed high variability. In 2008 harvest, alcoholic potential showed low variability, while tartaric acid, number of bunches per plant, weight per plant, weight per bunch and number of gems showed median variability. The 35 X 35 m sampling grid has shown itself adequate for soil attributes excepting clay, which obtained a 30.06 m distance reach. In 2007 harvest, the alcoholic potential was the plant attribute that showed smaller reach n the area, 18.42 m. In 2008 harvest, all the plant attributes studied showed a below 35 m reach. The correlation analysis has revealed itself significant among nitrogen and alcoholic potential in 2007 harvest. In 2008 harvest, phosphorus and potassium showed significant correlation with alcoholic potential. The comparison of the demand for the application of fertilizer at varied rate, with application at steady rate of lime, phosphorus and potassium was based on the soil sampling. In the case of lime, there was a 700 kg saving of it with varied rate application, the same was not observed with phosphorus and potassium, which would increase the product quantity if implemented this way, this happens because the levels of them in the soil are appropriate. The adoption of precision viticulture can help the wine grower to know better and further the productive area, allowing to improve the quality and quantity of the vineyard. / O uso da agricultura de precisão aplicada à vitivinicultura pode trazer benefícios à cultura da vitis e à cadeia produtiva, com reflexos na qualidade da uva e do vinho. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a vitivinicultura de precisão, visando aprimorar a gestão e o manejo de áreas produtivas de uvas viníferas. O estudo foi conduzido em um vinhedo comercial, numa área de 2,4 ha, destinado à fabricação de espumantes situada às margens da RS/BR km 471, em Encruzilhada do Sul-RS. Na área predominam solos classificados como Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. A amostragem para fins de caracterização do solo foram realizadas na profundidade de 0-0,2m. Os atributos de solo determinados foram: pH, SMP, Argila, Ca, Mg, Al, N, MO, K e P, e os atributos de planta foram produtividade, ácido tartárico e potencial alcoólico usando uma malha de amostragem de 35 X 35 m. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica de interpolação geoestatística por krigagem. Os dados de rendimento e parâmetros enológicos foram obtidos por colheita manual em pontos georreferenciados. Os dados de uva foram coletados durante a colheita nas safras 2007 e 2008. Os dados de solo e de planta foram submetidos à analise estatística básica e geoestatistica. A variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo na área comportou-se de forma distinta de acordo com o nutriente avaliado. O pH apresentou variabilidade baixa, a Argila, o Ca, o Mg, e o N, o apresentaram variabilidade média enquanto que a MO, o K e o P, a variabilidade encontrada foi alta, e para o Al muito alta. Na safra 2007, o ácido tartárico e o potencial alcoólico apresentaram variabilidade baixa, o número de cachos por planta e o peso por cacho apresentaram variabilidade média enquanto que o peso por planta apresentou variabilidade alta. Na safra 2008, o potencial alcoólico apresentou variabilidade baixa, enquanto que o ácido tartárico, o número de cachos por planta, o peso por planta, o peso por cacho e o número de gemas apresentaram variabilidade média. A malha de amostragem de 35X35m se mostrou adequado para os atributos de solo com exceção da argila, que obteve uma distância de alcance de 30,06m. Na safra 2007 o potencial alcoólico foi o atributo de planta que apresentou menor alcance na área, de 18,42 m. Na safra 2008, todos os atributos de planta estudados apresentaram alcance inferior a 35 m. A analise da correlação se revelou significativa entre o nitrogênio e o potencial alcoólico na safra 2007. Na safra 2008, o fósforo e o potássio mostraram correlação significativa com o potencial alcoólico. A comparação da demanda de aplicação de fertilizantes a taxa variada, com a aplicação à taxa fixa de calcário, fósforo e potássio foi feita com base na amostragem de solo. No caso do calcário observou-se uma economia de 700 kg do mesmo com aplicação a taxa variada, o mesmo não foi observado com o fósforo e com o potássio, que aumentaria a quantidade do produto caso fosse aplicado desta forma, isso se dá pelo fato dos teores dos mesmos no solo serem adequados. A adoção da vitivinicultura de precisão pode auxiliar o viticultor a conhecer melhor e mais detalhadamente a área produtiva, permitindo aprimorar a qualidade e quantidade do vinhedo.

Avec l’expansion des exploitations agricoles, le principe d’homogénéité du rendement (céréales, fruits…) devient de moins en moins pertinent. Ce phénomène de variabilité spatiale implique des conséquences économiques et environnementales avec le développement de nouveaux concepts agricoles comme les « site-specific management » (gestion spécifique des parcelles). Les traitements tels que les fertilisants, les intrants et autres pesticides doivent être utilisés de manière différente en les appliquant au bon endroit, à la bonne période et au bon taux. Cette nouvelle façon de penser l’agriculture fait partie de l’agriculture de précision (PA) et se concentre en quatre domaines technologiques : (i) la télédétection, (ii) la navigation et guidage, (iii) la gestion des données et (iv) les technologies à taux variable. Initiée à la fin des années 1990, la viticulture de précision (PV) est une branche particulière de la PA, caractérisée par des problématiques spécifiques à la viticulture. Les travaux effectués durant cette thèse entrent dans le cadre de la télédétection (ou détection proche) appliquée à la PV. Ils se focalisent sur une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la quantité de grappes (masse ou volume) directement sur les plants de vignes. Pouvoir estimer le rendement des vignes plusieurs semaines avant la récolte offre de nombreux avantages avec des impacts économiques et qualitatifs, avec par exemple : (i) l’amélioration du rapport rendement/qualité en supprimant au plut tôt une partie de la récolte, (ii) l’optimisation des ressources humaines et la logistique à la récolte, (iii) un remboursement le plus équitable par les assurances en cas d’intempéries qui endommageraient les pieds de vignes. La méthode proposée ici repose sur l’imagerie microondes (à 24GHz ou des fréquences plus élevées) générée par un radar FM-CW. Elle implique la mise en place d’un système d’interrogation intra-parcellaire « pied par pied » à distance basé au sol, et en particulier : (i) l’évaluation de la précision des mesures et les limites du système, (ii) le développement d’algorithmes spécifiques pour l’analyse de données tridimensionnelles, (iii) la construction d’estimateurs pour retrouver le volume des grappes, et finalement (iv) l’analyse des données recueillies pendant les campagnes de mesures. Dû au caractère saisonnier des récoltes, les mesures sont en premier lieu effectuées sur des cibles canoniques, des charges variables et des capteurs passifs en laboratoire. Pour mettre en avant la flexibilité de cette interrogation radar, le même système est utilisé en parallèlement dans le cadre du projet régional PRESTIGE, pour compter à distance le nombre de pommes présentes sur les pommiers en verger. Ces travaux ont été financés par l’entreprise Ovalie-Innovation et l’ANRT (Agence Nationale de la Recherche Technologique). / With the expansion of farm operations, the principle of homogeneity of crop yields (cereals, fruits …) becomes less and less relevant. This observation of spatial variabilities implies economic and environmental consequences with the development of new arrangements of agricultural works such as “site-specific management”. Treatments such as fertilizers, nutrients and pesticides must be used differently by applying them at the right time, right place and right rate. This new way to think the agriculture is called precision agriculture (PA) and gathers four technological fields: (i) remote sensing, (ii) navigation and guidance, (iii) data management and (iv) variable-rate technologies. Precision viticulture (PV) is an application of PA which was initiated in the late 90’s and is characterized by issues specific to viticulture. Work carried out during this thesis is a direct application of remote sensing (or proximal sensing) applied to PV. It focuses on a new method of remote sensing of grapes quantity (mass or volume) directly on vine plants. Estimating the quantity of grapes several weeks before harvesting offers many advantages with qualitative and economic impacts such as: (i) improving the yield / quality ratio with an early removal of a part of the harvest, (ii) optimizing human resources and equipment during the grape harvest, and (iii) be fairly compensated by insurances in case of severe weather conditions that damaged the vine plants. The method proposed here relies on microwave imagery (24 GHz and higher) generated by a FM-CW radar. It implies the set-up of ground-based remote reading system for a plant-byplant intra-parcel analysis and particularly: (i) evaluating the measurement accuracy, precision and limits of the system, (ii) developing specific algorithms in order to analyze three-dimensional volume data, (iii) building statistical estimators for retrieving the volume of grapes and finally (iv) analyzing data acquired during field measurements. Because of the seasonality of the grape harvest, measurements are firstly performed on canonic targets, variable loads and passive sensors in laboratory. To enlighten the flexibility of the radar interrogation technique, the same system is also used as part of the regional project PRESTIGE to remotely count the number of apples on trees in orchards. This work has been funding by the company Ovalie-Innovation and the ANRT (Agence Nationale de la Recherche Technologique).

En Viticulture de Précision, l’imagerie multi-spectrale est principalement utilisée pour des dispositifs de télédétection. Ce manuscrit s’intéresse à son utilisation en proxidétection, pour la caractérisation du feuillage. Il présente un dispositif expérimental terrestre mobile composé d’un GPS, d’une caméra multi-spectrale acquérant des images visible et proche infrarouge, et d’un Greenseeker RT-100 mesurant l’indice Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Ce système observe le feuillage de la vigne dans le plan de palissage, en lumière naturelle. La parcelle étudiée comporte trois cépages (Pinot Noir, Chardonnay et Meunier) plantés en carré latin. En 2013, six jeux de données ont été acquis à différents stades phénologiques.Pour accéder aux propriétés spectrales de la végétation, il est nécessaire de calibrer les images en réflectance. Cela requiert l’utilisation d’une mire de MacBeth comme référence radiométrique. Lorsque la mire est cachée par les feuilles, les paramètres de calibration sont estimés par une interpolation linéaire en fonction des images les plus proches sur lesquelles la mire est visible. La cohérence de la méthode d’estimation employée est vérifiée par une validation croisée (LOOCV).La comparaison du NDVI fournie par le Greenseeker avec celui déterminé via les images corrigées permet de valider les données générées par le dispositif. La polyvalence du système est évaluée via les images où plusieurs indices de végétation sont déterminés. Ils permettant des suivis de croissance de la végétation originaux offrant des potentialités de phénotypage ou une caractérisation de l’état sanitaire de la végétation illustrant la polyvalence et le gain en précision de cette technique. / Mutispectral imaging systems are widely used in remote sensing for Precision Viticulture. In this work, this technique was applied in the proximal sensing context to characterize vine foliage. A mobile terrestrial experimental system is presented, composed of a GPS receiver, a multi-spectral camera acquiring visible and near infrared images, and a Greenseeker RT-100 which measures the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). This optical system observes vine foliage in the trellis plan, in natural sunlight. The experimental field is planted with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Meunier cultivars in a latin squared pattern. In 2013, six datasets were acquired at various phenological stages.Spectral properties of the vegetation are accessible on images when they are calibrated in reflectance. This step requires the use of a MacBeth colorchart as a radiometric reference. When the chart is hidden by leaves, the calibration parameters are estimated by simple linear interpolation using the results from resembling images, which have a visible chart. The performance of this method is verified with a cross-validation technique (LOOCV).To validate the data provided by the experimental system, the NDVI given by the Greenseeker was compared to those computed from the calibrated images. The assessment of the versatility of the system is done with the images where several indices were determined. It allows an innovative follow-up of the vegetative growth, and offering phenotyping applications. Moreover, the characterization of the sanitary state of the foliage prove that this technique is versatile and accurate.