La planète se trouve dans un état de dégradation des écosystèmes, d’épuisement des ressources, de tension démographique et d’urgence climatique particulièrement préoccupant. Le découplage de la consommation de matières premières avec l’activité économique est indispensable. En réduisant la pression sur la raréfaction des matières premières, l’économie circulaire peut participer à la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique. Bien que le recyclage ne puisse solutionner seul l’épuisement des ressources, il est indispensable de mettre en œuvre des solutions pour régénérer les matières présentes dans nos déchets. Or l’organisation actuelle de la filière de fin de vie ne semble pas répondre aux besoins de l’économie-monde.Le premier challenge pour déployer des solutions de recyclage en économie circulaire repose sur l’évaluation de la performance des scénarios de recyclage. La méthodologie proposée repose sur plusieurs outils d’analyse : analyse de flux de matières (MFA), Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) et Analyse de coûts (LCC) dans un cadre technique de référence basé sur l’évaluation des écotechnologies (ETV). Ce travail s’applique en partenariat avec la société MTB. Trois axes de performances ont été retenus : technique, économique et environnemental.Cette évaluation multicritères, intégrés dans la démarche de conception de MTB, permet une communication sous la forme d’indicateurs clés de performances (KPI). Ces indicateurs supplémentaires permettent de quantifier rapidement l’éco-efficience d’un scénario, pour accompagner la prise de décisions des concepteurs lors de la construction de l'offre et du développement des solutions scénarios de recyclage. / The planet is in a particularly worrying state of degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, demographic tension and a climate emergency. The decoupling of the consumption of raw materials with economic activity is a relevant action lever. By reducing the pressure on the scarcity of raw materials, the circular economy can participate in the fight against climate change. Although recycling alone cannot solve resource depletion, it is essential to implement solutions to regenerate the materials present in our waste. However, the current organization of the end-of-life sector does not seem to meet the needs of the world economy.The first challenge in deploying recycling solutions in the circular economy is based on evaluating the performance of recycling scenarios. The proposed methodology is based on several analytical tools: Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cost Costing (LCC) in a technical reference framework based on the evaluation of environmental technologies (ETV). This work applies in partnership with the company MTB. Three performance axes were chosen: technical, economic and environmental.This multi-criterion assessment, integrated into the MTB design process, allows communication in the form of key performance indicators (KPI). By providing additional performance indicators it is possible to quickly quantify the eco-efficiency, to support decision-making by designers during the development of the recycling pathway.

In recent decades, many multinational corporations have used nature inspired innovation (NII) strategies as a mechanism of sustainability-oriented innovation (SOI). In this context, these activities are typically initiated by sustainability or innovation managers who are seeking to utilise novel tools and approaches but generally do not have specific innovation goals. For some, NII is viewed as a new product development tool and for others, it is a broad perspective that defines a larger sustainability narrative for the organisation. This analysis of six cases describes the diversity of innovation types of NII in multinational corporations aiming to apply these models to sustainability-oriented innovation at multiple levels. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews (n=45) with NII team members from both inside and outside of the organisation. Additional data included internal project documents and web-based content associated with the NII projects. Cases were then compared and contrasted to identify patterns and anomalies of factors that influence the adoption of NII. While perceptions of NII were relatively consistent across cases, several factors were identified related to sustainability perspectives, the role of management, organisational structures, and innovation culture that influenced adoption. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge within the NII, sustainability-oriented innovation, and innovation adoption literatures by differentiating NII as an approach to SOI in MNCs, establishing an innovation typology in this context, and identifying three SOI narratives that influence the adoption of NII. Specific factors related to sustainability narratives, innovation culture and infrastructure, and management styles that support and inhibit SOI and NII in MNCs are used to distinguish three unique SOI narratives – Ambiguous, Accountable, and Aspirational. Conclusions suggest a NII readiness assessment may facilitate the adoption of NII by identifying the most effective approaches depending on the narrative of SOI within the company.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore current practices regarding circular economies in the apparel industry and to construct a framework for integrating circular economy practices in the Swedish apparel industry. Methodology: With a constructionist view and an abductive approach the purpose is to be achieved through two qualitative case studies. The themes identified were analysed and interpreted. Theoretical perspectives: The theoretical framework is based upon a business context, on the basis of the textile management in general and logistics, recycling, sustainability and reverse systems in particular. Empirical foundation: The empirical material consists primarily of 9 in-depth semi-structured interviews with various roles at Uniforms for the Dedicated and Filippa K, as well as through a Skype interview with the project manager of Re:Design Studio. They have been asked to talk about their view of sustainability, their practices and future developments. Conclusion: When integrating circular practices in the value chain the authors have identified five main areas that should be integrated, in order to develop towards a circular economy: reimagine, reduce, reuse, repair and recycle. / Program: Applied Textile Management

L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier la valorisation des chars de biomasse. Dans ce contexte de transition énergétique, les biomasses sélectionnées sont les écales de sarrasin et de millet, assez pu étudiées jusqu'à maintenant, produites localement pour contribuer au développement de l'économie circulaire et qui ne compromettent pas une filière de valorisation connue. Dans ce travail, la valorisation matière est abordée à travers la réutilisation de ces résidus dans des procédés d'épuration catalytique de syngaz ou dépuration de biogaz pour lesquels les polluants sont respectivement les goudrons et le sulfure d'hydrogène. Des bilans énergétiques relatifs à la production de ces chars ont été établis et des indicateurs d'efficacité énergétiques ont été calculés. Pour ce faire, les chars ont été produits à 500 °C puis caractérisés par des analyses chimiques et physiques. Afin de leur conférer de meilleures propriétés poreuses nécessaires pour les applications d'épuration de gaz en lit fixe, des activations ont été réalisées à 850 °C avec du CO₂ ou de la vapeur d'eau. Les écales de sarrasin se révèlent être une biomasse assez classique et la particularité des écales de millet est de présenter des taux élevés en silicium. Si les chars de pyrolyse ont montré une efficacité faible dans l'épuration des gaz, l'activation leur ouvre de nouvelles potentialités, notamment pour les écales de sarrasin qui s'apparentent alors à des charbons actifs. Les chars des écales de sarrasin démontrent leur intérêt lorsqu'ils sont activés à la vapeur d'eau pour la purification du syngaz et ils conservent leur pouvoir calorifique (PCI) que permet d'envisager une valorisation énergétique par gazéification. Ces résultats montrent également qu'en fonction de la nature de la biomasse et du type d'activation, les objectifs de valorisation matière et énergie sont parfois incompatibles. / The aim of the thesis is to study the valorization of chars prepared from biomass wastes. In this context of energy transition, the selected biomasses are the buckwheat and millet husks since they are barely studied until now. In addition these wastes are produced locally, contribute to the developement of the circular economy and to not compromise a known value chain. In this word, material recovery is approcached through the reuse of these residues in syngaz and biogas cleaning processus in order to remove key pollutants such as tars and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Energy balances form the prodution fo these chars have been established and energy efficiency indicators have been calculated. The chars were produced at 500 °C and then characterized by chemical and physical analysis. In order to provide them porous properties necessary for fixed-bed gas cleaning applications, activations were carried out at 850 °C with CO₂ or steam. Buckwheat husks turn out to be a fairly conventional biomass and the particularity of millet husks is to have high levels of silicon. If pyrolysis chars have shown a low efficiency in the purification of gases, activation opens up new potential for them, especially for materials from buckwheat husks, which are similar to activated carbons. When activated with steam these chars show interesting efficiency for the purification of syngas and they conserve their calorific value (LHV) which makes it possible to consider an energy recovery through gasification. Results from this study also show that depending on the nature of biomass and type of activation, the material valorization and energy recovery are sometimes incompatible.

Resource scarcity and increasing environmental pressure have raised the stakes for rethinking material efficiency and textile recycling potential. As current practices fail to feed a closed loop recycling system, this research aims to contribute to the improvement of prevailing practices regarding denim as one of the most popular apparel materials worldwide while focusing on the issue of increasing amounts of discarded post-consumer textiles. The superordinate objective to define the optimum point for denim recycling to retain the value of the cotton fibre as long as possible in a closed loop system, thereby elevating the recycling efficiency, can be considered a key driver for the present research. The following data acquisition is constructed and executed along a mixed method research, in which a qualitative approach based on expert interviews informs and builds up on the quantitative counter part of laboratory use simulation testing on two different denim fabrics and vice versa, leading to an embedded research design. A subjective assessment of potential alterations of the denim fabrics’ visual and tactile characteristics, caused by the use simulation, provides quantitative data through an employed expert panel, which is enhanced by objectively recorded results from the conducted tear strength test and comparative weight investigation to inform changes regarding the physical properties. The applied research methods provide parameters to monitor the decomposition and weakening of the overall fabric structure throughout the experiment. The analysis of the data allowed to assign the number of washing and drying cycles, that a denim garment has undergone, to a corresponding degree of degradation. The presented findings are a valuable resource for developing and innovating current open-end recycling options. The maintenance of the raw material value throughout various reprocessing cycles can counteract the elevated natural fibre scarcity. The insights on the material and process level build a fundament for the successful operationalisation and management of sustainable recycling practices. Further research in this field can pave the way towards value retaining circularity.

La présente thèse entend examiner les interactions présentes et futures entre l'industrie sidérurgique européenne et son environnement, avec pour objectifs principaux, l’amélioration de la prise de décision et l'élaboration de politiques industrielles en matière de durabilité et de circularité. La thèse contribue à l’émergence de propositions contribuant à façonner l'avenir de l'acier dans l’Union Européenne. L'industrie sidérurgique européenne est utilisée ici comme un cas d’école, visant à explorer les avantages potentiels pour l’économie circulaire et l’écologie industrielle, d’une intégration d’un outil (Analyse du Cycle de Vie – ACV) dans une méthodologie (Dynamique des Systèmes – SD). Un modèle modulaire pour l’industrie sidérurgique européenne a été construit et, pour 4 des 5 articles développés dans la thèse, 21 simulations ont été effectuées. 12 simulations ont permis d’identifier les contraintes potentielles et les avantages des stratégies de fin de vie; 5 d’évaluer les avantages et les inconvénients des différentes stratégies d’intégration de la chaîne d’approvisionnement (SCI) dans la filière européenne de l’acier; et 4 de traiter des interactions entre les dynamiques biophysiques et économiques sur le marché de l'acier. Le dernier article s’appuie sur une nouvelle méthodologie – les Cercles de Durabilité et le Métabolisme Urbain Durable – pour évaluer les défis et les contributions de l'acier dans le cadre de l’éco-fonctionnalité en milieu urbain. Les résultats ont montré que l’intégration de l’ACV dans les stratégies de développement durable permettait de reproduire assez fidèlement les résultats et les scénarios d’études scientifiques antérieures, tout en suggérant des apports méthodologiques relativement novateurs. Cette recherche opérationnelle est susceptible d'intéresser les managers et des chefs d’entreprises qui s’attachent aux questions d’efficience et de résilience de l’outil industriel, ainsi que les décideurs politiques qui souhaitent cerner les enjeux d’une pénurie de matières premières ou d’une politique de recyclage de l’acier à l’échelle européenne. D'après les résultats de chaque article, il a été observé que (a) le recyclage et la réutilisation pourraient générer des résultats intéressants à moyen et à long terme en matière de circularité, en abandonnant notamment les combustibles fossiles et en développant un tout nouveau marché autour des services de fin de vie; (b) différentes approches en matière de chaine logistique intégrée semblent être prometteuses d'un point de vue environnemental et stratégique; (c) six variables biophysiques clés peuvent avoir une incidence notoire sur les cours au comptant, les cours à terme, les marges d'EBITDA, l'utilisation des capacités de production, la distribution des dividendes et les coûts de fabrication de l'acier; et (d) la dynamique servicielle dans le cadre de l’éco-fonctionnalité peut apporter des avantages significatifs aux villes durables, tout en modifiant considérablement la structure de l’offre sur le marché de l’acier. / The present thesis delved into the current and future interactions within the European Steel Industry and of it with the environment it is a part of, with the main objective of supporting decision- and policy-making efforts oriented towards sustainability and circularity, helping to shape the future of steel in the European Community. The thesis used the European Steel Industry as a case study to explore the potential benefits of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into System Dynamics (SD) under the scopes of Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology. A model representative of the European Steel Industry was built modularly in Stella Architect, following ILCD and ISO guidelines and standards for LCA. Throughout 4 of the 5 articles developed for the present thesis, 21 simulation runs were performed on the aforementioned model: 12 on identifying potential constraints and benefits of End-of-Life policies; 5 assessing the advantages and disadvantages of different Supply Chain Integration (SCI) strategies along European steel supply chains; and 4 addressing the interactions between biophysical and economic dynamics in the steel market. An additional article was developed using the methodologies of Circles of Sustainability and Sustainable Urban Metabolism to appraise the challenges and contributions of steel as part of servitization initiatives in urban environments. Overall results indicated that integrating LCA into SD was not only feasible and capable of reproducing results, trends and behaviors from previous scientific studies, but also of contributing to both methodologies in different levels. This approach has potential to interest policy-makers who seek more granularity within the European Steel Industry as well as decision-makers searching for a broader understanding of their operation’s dynamics beyond the gates, notably regarding raw material scarcity, resource self-sufficiency, and resource ownership retention. From the results of each article it was observed that, (a) pushing for recycling and reuse could generate interesting medium- to long-term results for circularity, transitioning away from fossil fuels and developing a whole new market around end-of-life services; (b) different SCI approaches can be environmentally and strategically promising; (c) six key biophysical variables can distinctively affect spot prices, future prices, EBITDA margins, capacity utilization, dividend payouts, and costs of steelmaking; and (d) servitization can provide significant benefits to sustainable cities, while also being able to substantially alter the supply-side dynamics of steelmaking, highlighting how important it is for steelmakers to pay close attention to the service-providing initiatives that may concern their clients and products.

Le remanufacturing est considéré comme une des stratégies clés pour le développement durable des produits industriels. Le but du remanufacturing est de récupérer la valeur du produit lorsque celui-ci ne répond plus aux besoins des utilisateurs. Ce processus complexe, qui comporte de nombreuses incertitudes, nécessite d’être pris en compte au tout début de la phase de conception pour que le produit remanufacturé soit adapté aux processus et aux futurs systèmes de remanufacturing.Un autre aspect essentiel pour aboutir à un remanufacturing durable est de bien planifier et coordonner sur le long terme, le système global de remanufacturing. La présence de nombreux outils et de méthodes académiques pour faciliter les processus de remanufacturing pourrait permettre de surmonter les défis posés et d’améliorer les qualités et quantités des produits intégrant le processus de remanufacturing. Malheureusement, ces outils et méthodes sont rarement utilisés par les acteurs du domaine de remanufacturing, probablement à cause du manque de plateformes pour faciliter leurs usages.L'objectif de cette thèse est donc d’aider les concepteurs et les fabricants à:1. Caractériser les produits et les processus remanufacturés, en lien avec le développement durable2. Classifier et aider au choix des outils ou des méthodes de remanufacturing pour améliorer le remanufacturing durablePour atteindre ces objectifs, un cadre à deux Dimensions (a Two Dimensional Framework for Remanufacturing - 2DFR), est proposé. Il combine les perspectives liées au développement durable et celles liées au système de remanufacturing. Une liste des contraintes liées au remanufacturing est ainsi proposée dans la première partie de la thèse selon ces deux perspectives. Elle a été validée comme un guide de conception pour le remanufacturing lors d’un atelier dans le cadre du projet européen ERN (H2020). Le 2DFR est ensuite utilisé dans la deuxième partie de la thèse pour développer la classification des outils et des méthodes de remanufacturing. Enfin, une méthode pour guider l’utilisateur dans le choix des outils et méthodes de remanufacturing est proposée. Elle est créée à partir de la liste des caractéristiques du remanufacturing apparues dans la première proposition et de la méthode de classification mentionnée précédemment. Un démonstrateur qui fonctionne comme une interface pour les deux méthodes de classification et de choix des outils est développée. Des études de cas permettent d’illustrer son utilisation.Les caractéristiques pour des produits et processus de remanufacturing durables définies dans la première proposition offrent ainsi aux utilisateurs un guide complet lors de la conception et de la prise de décisions. La deuxième proposition, quant à elle, encourage l'utilisation par l'industrie des outils et méthodes académiques existants liés au remanufacturing. / Remanufacturing is believed to be among the key strategies for sustainable development of industrial products. The aim of remanufacturing is to retrieve the product’s inherent value when it no longer fulfils the user’s needs. However, it is a non-linear process that poses many uncertainties. Therefore, integrating remanufacturing concerns during the early design phase is necessary to adapt products to the future remanufacturing processes and to the future remanufacturing system.Another crucial aspect in achievingsustainable remanufacturing activity is to plan and coordinate remanufacturing system in a sustainable way. The presence of various academic tools and methods to facilitate remanufacturing activities might overcome the challenges observed and enhance both the quality and quantity. Unfortunately, these tools/methods are rarely used by remanufacturing stakeholders, probably due to the lack of platform for them to facilitate the usage.The objective of this dissertation is to help the designers and remanufacturers to:• Characterize remanufactured products and processes in relation to sustainable development,• Classify and choose remanufacturing tools ormethods to improve sustainable remanufacturing.To achieve these objectives, a Two Dimensional Framework for Remanufacturing (2DFR) is proposed. It combines the sustainable development and remanufacturing system perspectives. A list of remanufacturing constraints from both perspectives is proposed in the first part of this dissertation. It was validated as a design for remanufacturing guideline during a remanufacturing workshop event in the framework of the European project ERN (H2020). The 2DFR is used again in the second part of this dissertation to develop a method to classify remanufacturing tools/methods. A method to guide and facilitate user in choosing remanufacturing tools/methods is proposed using the list of remanufacturing characteristics listed in the first proposition and the previous classification method. A configurator that functions as an interface for both the classification method and the choosing method is developed. Illustrated case studies are presented to validate its usage.The characteristics of sustainable remanufacturing products and processes defined in the first proposition offer to the users a comprehensive checklist when designing and making decisions. Meanwhile the second proposition encourages the usage by the industry of the existing academics tools/methods related to remanufacturing.

No description available.

[pt] Pesquisas recentes apontam que o Brasil ocupa lugar de destaque no ranking mundial de produção de papel e celulose. O setor é fundamental para economia nacional e é responsável por gerar diversos empregos diretos e indiretos. Porém, apesar de a madeira, principal matéria prima do processo produtivo, ser proveniente de florestas plantadas, as empresas do setor se deparam com problemas de cunho ambiental em função da grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos industriais gerados diariamente em suas fábricas, os quais, apresentam potencial de causar danos ambientais. Desta forma, o setor sofre com o forte apelo ambiental da sociedade, dos órgãos fiscalizadores e do mercado. Este fato tem levado as empresas a buscarem soluções alternativas para o descarte dos seus resíduos, com o intuito de valorizar e garantir um novo uso aos mesmo, ao invés, da simples disposição em aterro, levando em conta os conceitos e princípios da Economia Circular. Neste sentido buscou-se estudar na literatura os potenciais meios de valorização para os resíduos dregs e grits e, como resultado, encontrou-se utilizações dos mesmos como corretivos de acidez de solo e fertilizantes, estabilização de áreas degradadas, aplicação em obras rodoviárias, utilização na indústria de cerâmica e de cimento e na utilização como agregados em argamassas. Buscou-se também averiguar as práticas atuais adotadas por empresas do setor e os benefícios alcançados por elas como, por exemplo, a melhoria da imagem da empresa, redução do passivo ambiental e dos custos de transporte e disposição dos resíduos. / [en] Nowadays, the strong environmental, social and economic appeal faced by the industrial sector have been contributing to the development of studies and research aimed at finding alternatives to the use of solid waste generated in its processes, in order to add value to them and to minimize the amount of waste sent to landfills, promoting improvement in the environmental performance of their processes and still favoring their image in the market, especially in the international market. In this way the Circular Economy arises. According to Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013), the Circular Economy is restorative and regenerative by principle, arises precisely to put an end to the current linear industrial model, considered as pipe end, in which, the raw material extracted from nature is processed, consumed and discarded after use. The goal of Circular Economy is to keep products, components and materials at their highest level of usefulness and value, all the time. The model distinguishes between technical and biological cycles. Consumption happens only in biological cycles, where food and biologically-based materials (such as cotton or wood) are designed to feed back into the system through processes like composting and anaerobic digestion. These cycles regenerate living systems, such as soil, which provide renewable resources for the economy. Technical cycles recover and restore products, components, and materials through strategies like reuse, repair, remanufacture or (in the last resort) recycling (Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013). The circular economy incorporates ideas from different schools of thought as the regenerative design, cradle to cradle, industrial ecology, economy of performance, biomimicry, and the blue economy; This model of economy is based on three principles: nature as model, nature as a measure and nature as a mentor.

Ecological modernization is a paradigm and an environmental discourse, whichpromotes sustainable development of cities, it considers that economic growthand environmental protection are not opposed to each other, and it includesenvironmental protection in an existing social, economic and governmental structure (status quo). The goal of ecological modernization is the development of new technologies and systems to manage environmental impacts. The main advantages are higher involvement of society and the development of new practices as the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) or industrial ecology, which creates an economic and environmental win-win situation. However, this theory is accused of not considering the whole context of the problem and that it is too optimistic regarding the development of technologies and their adoption. Ecological modernization is an environmental discourse that has helped modern cities to adopt environmental practices; nevertheless, the solutions need to be holistic. / La modernización ecológica es un paradigma y un discurso ambiental que promueve el desarrollo sostenible de las ciudades, considera que el crecimiento económico y la protección del ambiente no son opuestos e incluye la protección ambiental en la estructura social, económica y gubernamental existente (status quo). El objetivo de la modernización ecológica es el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y sistemas para gestionar los impactos ambientales. Sus ventajas consisten en mayor  involucramiento de la sociedad y el desarrollo de nuevas prácticas como Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) o ecología industrial, lo que genera una situación de beneficio tanto económico como ambiental. Sin embargo, se dice que esta teoría no considera todo el contexto del problema y es muy optimista en cuanto al desarrollo de tecnologías y la adopción de las mismas en la comunidad. La modernización ecológica es un discurso ambiental que ha ayudado a las ciudades modernas a adoptar prácticas ambientales; sin embargo, las soluciones deben ser holísticas.