Au-delà de replacer les transformations du paysage commercial alimentaire dans deux contextes urbains différents, cette thèse a pour objectif de montrer qu’à travers le renouvellement de l’appareil marchand de proximité dans les centres-villes, il est possible de mettre en perspective les évolutions plus générales de la ville contemporaine. Qu’elle soit considérée compacte (Saragosse), ou au contraire diffuse (Toulouse), celle-ci présente des points forts et des faiblesses qui révèlent la difficulté de trouver une fabrique idéale de la ville ou plus modestement de promouvoir une organisation commerciale plus qu’une autre. La proximité redessinée au spectre du temps laisse ainsi entrevoir des réajustements incessants qui initiés par les mutations des formes, des formats, et des règlementations restent surtout insufflés par les aspirations versatiles des chalands. Exogènes ou endogènes, mobiles ou «assignés à résidence», ils restent au final, les principaux artisans de la reconfiguration globale de la ville par leur façon d’entreprendre l’espace urbain en général, mais aussi les territoires du quotidien. L’observation des pratiques les plus banales, permettent alors de pointer les disparités socio-spatiales les plus stigmatisantes. / Commercial activities are key indicators of social and urban changes. Studying the evolution of grocery stores located in city centers, we concentrate our work on the geographic and social analysis of these commercial mutations in two different metropolitan areas. We compare and analyse these dynamics in Zaragoza (Spain), described as a compact city, and  in Toulouse (France), considered as a critical example of uncontrolled urban sprawl. The weaknesses, forces and sustainability (in a social and environmental way) of these two urban morphologies are confronted. The contemporary idea of impulsing a perfect urban model, in a sense where all part of cities would be "close" in space and time by controlling the location of commercial activities, emerge as another urban utopia. Even if national and local authorities produce planning documents to reduce commuting related to shopping, consumers habits explain the major part of the urban recombinations observed. Finally, using a common indicator such as grocery stores enhance the usual social and spatial segregation our urban societies have to deal with.

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In Turkey, although there are many similar implemented or ongoing conservation interventions, some of historic city centers are in better condition than other ones in terms of urban conservation. Conservation discourse describes the conservation of historic city centers as a shared and sustaining responsibility of various actors. At that point, locality is essential because of near and directs relations with historic environment. However, there are basic problems to develop a synergy based on shared responsibilities of local actors in historic centers. Therefore, the study focuses on the question of &ldquo / What is the role of local conservation capacity in the maintenance of historic city centers as a governance process&rdquo / . The study essentially discusses two issues, local conservation capacity, which is determined as an amalgam term of capabilities of local authority and local community, and urban maintenance, which is used in widening context to determines not only rehabilitation projects, but also interventions of local community let to survive of historic buildings. The method of the study is established as a comparative structure bases on case study researches. Comparisons are made between varying levels of local conservation capacity to determine their relations with success in urban maintenance. As a result, in defined context, the historic city centers of Gaziantep and Sanliurfa are studied as case study areas to evaluate success in urban maintenance as a function of local governance in terms of local conservation capacity.

Förtätning är ett av samhällsplaneringens mest diskuterade ämne, dels för att uppnå målen för hållbar utveckling men också för att tillgodose den ökade efterfrågan på centrala bostäder. Det finns för- och nackdelar med att planera för en kompakt stad och för en förtätning. Fördelar med att förtäta en stad och skapa blandad användning är att det leder till ett minskat bilberoende då det finns en närhet till det behövliga som exempelvis affärer, arbete och skola. Det finns en mängd olika sätt att förtäta en stad på. Det finns exempelvis påbyggnad, ombyggnad eller nybyggnad. Två strategier som har diskuterats är vertikal- och horisontell planering. Vertikal planering innebär att det byggs på höjden och har blivit ett vanligare sätt att planera på under senare tid och sättet har fått allt mer uppmärksamhet jämfört med horisontell planering där det byggs lägre byggnader på en större markyta. Rumslig multikriterieanalys kommer att tillämpas i detta arbete för att se om det finns möjliga förtätningsområden i Östersunds centrala del. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att identifiera de mest lämpliga platserna i Östersunds centrala del där en förtätning kan ske. Litteraturgranskning och intervjuer ligger som grund för framtagandet och rangordningen av de kriterier och faktorer som ingår i multikriterieanalyserna. Först granskades litteratur för att få en bättre förståelse samt en teoretisk grund för vilka faktorer och kriterier som var av betydelse att hantera i analyserna. De kriterier och faktorer som togs fram stärktes genom intervjuer med en sakkunnig planarkitekt på Östersunds kommun. De faktorer som var av betydelse skulle sedan rangordnas och detta gjordes av fem planarkitekter på Östersunds kommun. Efter detta viktades faktorerna. Viktningsmetoden som användes var Rank Sum weights (RS) (Roszkowska, 2013). Multikriterieanalyserna resulterade i nio restriktionskartor samt fem faktorkartor. Därefter skapades det två resultatkartor där den första visar på de lämpligaste platserna inom kvarteren att förtäta och den andra visar de lämpligaste kvarteren att förtäta. Detta resulterade i fyra kvarter och fem platser som fick de högsta värdena och dessa har analyserats och utvärderats mer ingående och ställts mot varandra för att få fram den mest lämpliga platsen att förtäta. Det kvarter med det högsta värdet var ”Skinnhandlaren” därefter ”Onkel Adam”, ”Lagmannen” och sist ”Magistern/Busstorget”. Utifrån beskrivningen och utvärderingarna av kvarten har studien kommit fram till att kvarteret Magistern/Busstorget var det lämpligaste att förtäta. / Densification is one of the most discussed subjects of urban planning, partly to achieve sustainable development goals, but also to meet the increased demand for central housing. There are obvious pros and cons of planning for compact citties and densification. The advantages of densifying a city and creating mixed use are that it leads to a reduced car dependency, as there is proximity to the needs, such as business, work and school. There are a variety of ways to densify a city such as vertical extension of existing buildings, rebuilding of existing houses or new construction. Two exemples of planning concepts have shaped the built environment; vertical planning means tall buildings with small footprints and it has become a more common way of planning, and the concept has gained more attention than horizontal planning, building lower buildings on a larger areas. Spatial multicriteria analysis is applied in this thesis to see if there are possible densification areas in the central part of Östersund city. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the most suitable places in the central part of Östersund city where a densification can occur. The literature review and interviews form the basis of the development of the analysis, containing the ranking of the criteria and factors. First, literature was reviewed to gain a better understanding as well as a theoretical basis for the factors and criteria that were relevant to manage in the analyses. The criteria and factors were strengthened through interviews with an expert level architect of Östersund municipality office. The factors that were relevant were then ranked by five planners at Östersund municipality office. After that, the factors were weighted. The weighting method used was Rank Sum weights (RS) (Roszkowska, 2013). The MCA resulted in nine restriction maps and five factor maps. Then, two result maps were created where the first shows the most suitable places in the neighbourhoods to densify and the other shows the most suitable neighbourhood area to densify. This resulted in four neighbourhoods and five places that received the highest values, and these have been analyzed and evaluated more thoroughly and set against each other to find the most suitable site to densify. The neighbourhoods with the highest value was "Skinnhandlaren" then "Onkel Adam", "Lagmannen" and last "Magistern/ Busstorget". Based on the description and the evaluations of the neighbourhoods, the study has found that the Magister/Busstorget neighbourhood was the most suitable for densification.

Recently, downtown shopping areas have faced a number of challenges, which have undermined their vitality and viability. Some scholars argue that the coincidence of long-term shifts in policies, demographic recomposition and mobility increase and medium- and short-term impacts of changes in business and consumers’ behavior has had negative impact on the economic performance of city center shopping areas. There is an increasing interest in retail vacancy in city centers as it reflects the declining performance of the shopping areas.Retail vacancy is a complex and extensive problem. It is associated with numerous issues such as neglect and under-utilization of space, and is often considered undesirable. Vacancy can lead to decay and dilapidation of the area, but also attracts crime and can thereby result in disadvantaged neighborhoods. In addition, vacancy is also undesirable in the context of a sustainable and efficient use of space. Due to the fact that retail vacancy affects not only economic performance of retailers, but also the area itself, the public space, and, therefore has a spatial characteristics, local and regional authorities are involved in the process of addressing the issue.The thesis aims at identifying different policy arrangements for addressing retail vacancy in Antwerpen province (Belgium) and analyzing their transferability to the institutional settings of the Gelderland province (the Netherlands). This research contributes to the existing academic literature on the retail vacancy by filling the existing gap and giving insights in policy arrangements and institutional environment of the issue in international comparative perspective.

En matière d'aménagement urbain, les rues piétonnes ont longtemps incarné une vision passéiste et nostalgique. Largement absent des travaux sur l'évolution de la ville occidentale du second XXe siècle, ce phénomène, sans histoire et sans acteurs, n'aurait rien à apprendre des enjeux de l'aménagement des centres-villes à cette époque, sinon d'une patrimonialisation jugée évidente. Or, si on définit la piétonnisation comme une opération consistant, dans un centre urbain, à fermer un secteur à la circulation et à en réaménager entièrement les espaces publics pour le confort et loisir des seuls piétons (notamment en faisant disparaître la distinction chaussée/trottoirs), alors il n'existe aucune rue piétonne en Europe avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. De tels aménagements n'apparaissent que vers 1960, aux États-Unis et en République fédérale d'Allemagne. Il est dès lors possible d'avancer l'hypothèse selon laquelle la piétonnisation correspondrait à une approche historiquement datée de l'aménagement urbain (1960-1970), au même titre que les grands ensembles ou les villes nouvelles, et n'aurait pas un lien évident avec la patrimonialisation.Partant de ce constat, une double ambition a fondé ce travail. La première est de combler une lacune historiographique. Alors que les secteurs piétonniers sont devenus l'une des réalités les mieux partagées de la ville européenne du second XXe siècle, leur étude constitue un angle mort de la recherche, ne permettant pas d'établir les connexions mais aussi les ruptures avec le regain d'intérêt actuel pour les espaces dédiés aux piétons dans la ville. La seconde est de nature épistémologique et cherche à contribuer au renouvellement de l'approche des processus complexes qui ont accompagné la mutation des centres anciens après 1945. Il s'agit de sortir d'une pratique historienne où l'intervention de l’État constituerait le paradigme explicatif du changement urbain et d'explorer la capacité d'initiative des acteurs locaux de l'aménagement des villes, le rôle des mobilisations sociales et l'influence des échanges transnationaux dans le changement urbain. Il s'agit aussi de déconstruire une grille de lecture qui réserverait aux marges urbaines l'innovation et aux centres le conservatisme et la patrimonialisation. Dans le contexte contraint des centres anciens, aménager la ville ne peut se suffire de solutions évidentes. / Pedestrian streets have been regarded as anachronistic urban planning for a long time. Largely absent from french academic works on the evolution of western cities till the Second World War, pedestianisation has no history and is an anonymous phenomenon. It seems that nothing has to be learned from this layout, except it confirms city centers patrimonialization. But, considering pedestrianisation means closing an urban area to automobile traffic and redesigning entirely public spaces for pedestrian only (with uniform pavement), no pedestrian street is to be found in Europe before the second half of the twentieth century. This kind of layout appeared around 1960 in the United States and in Federal Republic of Germany. Our hypothesis is that pedestrianisation does belong to the 1960s-1970s urban planning and has no obvious connection with patrimonialisation.Based on this observation, this dissertation has two aims. The first one is to fill a gap in french historiography. While pedestrian areas are common in European towns, the subject remains a blind spot that prevent analysis of continuity and change with the interest for pedestrian places in present urban planning. The second deals with epistemological issues. It aims to renew the approach of city centers evolution after 1945, breaking with the paradigm of State policies as the sole driving force of urban planning and exploring, in this field, the role of local initiatives, social mobilisations and transnational exchanges. It also aims to deconstruct a mental framework in which innovation belongs to new urbanised areas, whereas city centers are to be dedicated to patrimonalization and heritage conservation. Dealing with the old urban fabric, urban planning has no obvious solution.