3D-modeller är ett allt mer förekommande inslag i planförslag. Ett problem som kan uppstå med dagens 3D-modeller i planer är att de människor som ska ta del av 3D-modellen inte förstår vad de faktiskt visar. Beroende på om det är en tjänsteman på en kommun eller om du är en medborgare vid ett samråd som ska ta del av planen kan denne visa olika mycket information. Ett annat problem är att framtidens 3D-modeller ska kunna delas via olika applikationer och digitala medium. Dock kan en 3D-modell innehålla mycket information vilket gör att denne kan vara svår att dela. Ett verktyg för att lagra, dela och presentera stadsmodeller i 3D är CityGML. Hur kan CityGML användas i planförslag och är det ett verktyg för framtiden inom planering?För att ta reda på hur CityGML kan användas i planförslag och hur framtidens 3D-modeller kommer att se ut har en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med Sveriges fem största kommuner genomförts.Resultatet av studien visar att 3D-modeller i planförslag är ett måste. Dock varierar dess innehåll beroende på vem eller vilka som ska ta del av den. Därför kan CityGML’s olika detaljnivåer användas. CityGML är också ett verktyg som hör till framtiden inom planering då den även är en interaktiv modell som användare kan röra sig runt i och utforska. CityGML går även att dela via olika applikationer vilket är en del av framtiden inom 3D-visualisering.

A growing number of cities and municipalities in Sweden begin to work with city models in 3D. For the most part the models are used for visualizations of ongoing planning processes, but also for the analysis of noise, shadow studies and environmental disaster simulations. Gothenburg continues to develop the use of 3D maps in municipal operations and is demanding a way to create building elements (walls), which generates in 3D buildings, from roof constructions that are mapped from the primary map. A method has been investigated in the present study. The results are then presented as a 3D model of buildings, along with a terrain map that will facilitate the localization of the area. The created 3D buildings are then compared with roof-data from the primary map to see how well they harmonize with each other. Then also the handling and storage of three-dimensional data with the information model CityGML is investigated. A specification of the requirements and characteristics that the customer, the City Planning in Gothenburg, looks are essential for building modeling in 3D has also been established. The final result shows of 4% increase in the plane of 3D buildings compared to primary map. The increase would be slightly greater if the comparison is made on the volume instead. The results also revealed that the increase in plan is something that has occurred during the creation of the roof constructions, which was something that I couldn’t have affected during the work. The results also show that the CityGML is an appropriate information model for storage and handling of 3D. Gothenburg still have insufficient knowledge of CityGML, which is also one of the reasons why the information model hasn’t been implemented in the municipality work with 3D models.

A private telecom carrier partnered with the University of Waterloo to examine opportunities to improve their asset management processes. A reliance on traditional CAD technology made it difficult to generate an enterprise view of operational assets, such as poles and cables, since CAD documents were limited to neighbourhood scale coverage. The CAD documents had to communicate logical and locational properties of these assets. These requirements were often at odds since the elements in these CAD documents were occasionally moved to clarify logical aspects, the most common being connectivity with other telecommunications hardware. Elements within the drawings were also restricted to two dimensions, a legacy of early adoption of CAD technology within the telecom carrier. Developments in GIS and architectural technology that have occurred since the introduction of CAD offer opportunities to manage assets using enterprise geospatial systems with three dimensional content. Prominent technologies and standards, such as CityGML and Oracle, will be examined to develop a model to support requirements related to service location. A service location for this paper is a site that requires the deployment of specific resources to meet the needs of a service request. Additionally, as location displacement is an issue that needs to be addressed, an evaluation of data quality processes related to location will be presented. The results from this evaluation will then be used to construct a final standards based 3D geospatial service location model, one that should address the needs of the partner carrier.

A private telecom carrier partnered with the University of Waterloo to examine opportunities to improve their asset management processes. A reliance on traditional CAD technology made it difficult to generate an enterprise view of operational assets, such as poles and cables, since CAD documents were limited to neighbourhood scale coverage. The CAD documents had to communicate logical and locational properties of these assets. These requirements were often at odds since the elements in these CAD documents were occasionally moved to clarify logical aspects, the most common being connectivity with other telecommunications hardware. Elements within the drawings were also restricted to two dimensions, a legacy of early adoption of CAD technology within the telecom carrier. Developments in GIS and architectural technology that have occurred since the introduction of CAD offer opportunities to manage assets using enterprise geospatial systems with three dimensional content. Prominent technologies and standards, such as CityGML and Oracle, will be examined to develop a model to support requirements related to service location. A service location for this paper is a site that requires the deployment of specific resources to meet the needs of a service request. Additionally, as location displacement is an issue that needs to be addressed, an evaluation of data quality processes related to location will be presented. The results from this evaluation will then be used to construct a final standards based 3D geospatial service location model, one that should address the needs of the partner carrier.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are two technologies/systems that are used in tandem in different phases of a civil infrastructure project. CAD systems provide tools to design and manage the interior space of buildings, while GIS is used to provide information about the geo-context. These two technologies encroach upon each other's territory. In fact, the business processes related to them do not even have these boundaries. Utilities infrastructure is an area wherein integrated information management, facilitated by input from both systems, is crucial. This research provides a framework and a data model, "Network for Interior Building Utilities" (NIBU), for integrated analysis and management of interior building utilities in a micro-scale environment. The framework considers managing individual network systems by providing semantic categorization of utilities, as well as a graph structure based on a "Modern" adjacency list data structure. The framework also considers managing the interdependencies between different network systems and the building structure. NIBU is a graph-based spatial data model can be used, in providing the location and specifications of interior utilities to a technician, to perform a maintenance operation, or to estimate the effect of different maintenance operations in different locations along utility service systems. The model focuses on two important aspects: 1) the relationship between interior utilities and building elements (or spaces) and 2) the building hierarchy structure to which the utilities network is related. A proper hierarchy of the building that supports the generation of human-oriented descriptions of interior utilities is also developed during the research. In addition, a method for partitioning of large building elements (and spaces) was utilized. The connection of the different utilities network systems and buildings were established using joints, based on a containment relationship. A user requirement study consisting of three use case scenarios ("maintenance operation", "emergency response" and "inspection operation") was conducted during the research, and these use cases were used to develop the required functionalities and to test the proposed framework. The framework relies on standards data models related to Building Information Model BIM/CAD and GIS, and these standard models were used as data sources for obtaining information about the utilities. BIMs support the semantic and geometric representation of interior building utilities, and, more recently, City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML) has been extended to model utilities infrastructure. Semantic harmonization was employed to achieve the integration and provide a formal mapping between the BIM i.e. Industry Foundation Class (IFC), CityGML and NIBU. The semantic and connectivity information from these (BIM/ GIS) standards were mapped onto NIBU. Furthermore, the building structure and the required hierarchy were obtained from these models. The research proves that BIMs provide the required amount of information that is needed for the framework and model (i.e. NIBU). By contrast, CityGML does not provide the amount of detail required by NIBU. The research also provides an information system that facilitates the use of BIM for geo-analysis purposes, by populating/implementing the NIBU and its functions. BIM4GeoA is a concept for combining existing Open Source Software (OSS) and Open Specification (OS) for efficient data management and analysis of building information within its broader context. The core components of the system are the Spatial Database (i.e. PostgreSQL/PostGIS), the Building Information Model Server, a Virtual Globe application (i.e. Google Earth 3D viewer), and the models of existing BIM/3D Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards (IFC, Keyhole Markup Language (KML), CityGML). Following the system development, a thorough analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these different components were completed to reinforce their strengths and eliminate their weaknesses. The system is used in implementing the NIBU model and its functions; i.e. NIBU is mapped to PostgreSQL/PostGIS spatial Data Base Management System (DBMS). The model is populated directly from a BIM Server with the help of an IFC parser developed during the research. Five analysis functions are implemented in the system to support spatial operations. These were: trace upstream, trace downstream, find ancestors, find source, and find disconnected. The investigation proves that NIBU provides the semantics and attributes, the connectivity information and the required relationship necessary to facilitating analysis of interior utility networks and manage its relations with building structures.

Der internationale Standard CityGML ist zu einer zentralen Schnittstelle für die geometrische wie semantische Beschreibung von 3D-Stadtmodellen geworden. Das Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformationstechnik (IGG) der Technischen Universität Berlin leistet mit ihren Entwicklung der 3D City Database und der Importer/Exporter Software einen entscheidenden Beitrag die Komplexität von CityGML-Daten in einer Geodatenbank intuitiv und effizient nutzen zu können. Die Software des IGG ist Open Source, unterstützte mit Oracle Spatial (ab Version 10g) aber bisher nur ein proprietäres Datenbank Management System (DBMS). Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit wurde eine Portierung auf die freie Datenbank-Software PostgreSQL/PostGIS vorgenommen und mit der Performanz der Oracle-Version verglichen. PostGIS gilt als eine der ausgereiftesten Geodatenbanken und wurde in diesem Jahr mit dem Release der Version 2.0 nochmals um zahlreiche Funktionen und Features (u.a. auch 3D-Unterstützung) erweitert. Die Ergebnisse des Vergleiches sowie die umfangreiche Gegenüberstellung aller verwendeten Konzepte (SQL, PL, Java) geben Aufschluss auf die Charakteristika beider räumlicher DBMS und ermöglichen einen Erkenntnisgewinn über die Projektgrenzen hinaus. / The international standard CityGML has become a key interface for describing 3D city models in a geometric and semantic manner. With the relational database schema 3D City Database and an according Importer/Exporter tool the Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation (IGG) of the Technische Universität Berlin plays a leading role in developing concepts and tools that help to facilitate the understanding and handling of the complex CityGML data model. The software itself runs under the Open Source label but yet the only supported database management system (DBMS) is Oracle Spatial (since version 10g), which is proprietary. Within this Master's thesis the 3D City Database and the Importer/Exporter were ported to the free DBMS PostgreSQL/PostGIS and compared to the performance of the Oracle version. PostGIS is one the most sophisticated spatial database systems and was recently extended by several features (like 3D support) for the release of the version 2.0. The results of the comparison analysis as well as a detailed explanation of concepts and implementations (SQL, PL, Java) will provide insights in the characteristics of the two DBMS that go beyond the project focus.

Les modélisations 3D de ville se multiplient à travers le monde et deviennent aujourd’hui accessibles grâce à la volonté des communes de les proposer librement. Il est ainsi aujourd’hui possible d’accéder à plusieurs milliers de kilomètres carrés de territoires urbains modélisés en 3D. Nous présentons dans cette thèse un ensemble de méthodes permettant d’enrichir un modèle virtuel 3D de ville, de l’organiser afin de faciliter son utilisation, puis de l’analyser en détectant les changements entre deux millésimes ou en mesurant son ambiance visuelle selon les besoins de l’utilisateur. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un algorithme permettant de compléter un modèle 3D en y adjoignant une définition sémantique grâce au cadastre, ainsi qu’une méthode de calcul de la canopée végétale 3D par croisement de données. Puis nous proposons des stratégies d’organisation du modèle 3D de la ville selon des critères géométriques et sémantiques afin de faciliter son parcours. Nous présentons ensuite des méthodes comparant deux millésimes de données représentant un même territoire dans le but de produire un unique modèle temporel contenant un ensemble de versions. Enfin, nous cherchons à mesurer l’ambiance visuelle de la ville via l’analyse de la composition d’un champ de vision ainsi que de l’ensoleillement et des ombres portées présentes sur un territoire. Ces mesures peuvent être liées à des données externes afin de proposer de multiples interprétations en fonction des besoins de l’utilisateur.Tous ces travaux se font dans un contexte d’interopérabilité et de généricité puisqu’ils ont pour objectif de pouvoir être utilisés avec des jeux de données provenant du monde entier. Nous basons donc nos méthodes sur l’utilisation de standards internationaux aussi bien pour les données en entrée que pour les résultats en sortie. Il est ainsi possible, dans le cadre d’une approche voulue dans un contexte de pluralité scientifique au sein du LabEx IMU, de mettre à disposition de la communauté les résultats mais aussi nos algorithmes proposés au sein d’un logiciel développé en open source. / 3D virtual models of cities are multiplying throughout the world and now become accessible thanks to the will of the communes to propose them freely. Today, it is possible to access several thousand square kilometres of urban territories modelled in 3D.We present in this thesis a set of methods to enrich a 3D virtual city model, organize it to facilitate its use and then analyse it by detecting changes between two vintages or by measuring its visual atmosphere according to the user’s needs. We first propose an algorithm to complete a 3D model by adding a semantic definition thanks to the cadastre, and a method to compute the 3D plant canopy by crossing data. Then we propose strategies to organize the 3D model of the city according to geometric and semantic criteria in order to facilitate its browsing. We then present methods comparing two vintages of data representing the same territory in order to produce a single temporal model containing a set of versions. Finally, we try to measure the visual atmosphere of the city by analysing the composition of a field of vision as well as the amount of sunshine and the shadows on a territory. These measurements can be linked to external data in order to propose multiple interpretations according to the user’s needs.All this work is done in a context of interoperability and genericity since it aims to be used with datasets from all over the world. We therefore base our methods on the use of international standards for both input and output data. It is thus possible, in a context of scientific plurality within the LabEx IMU, to make available to the community the results but also our algorithms proposed within an open source developed software.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-12T22:43:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Talita Stael Pimenta da Silva Costa.pdf: 5242687 bytes, checksum: 8c20e0efdf66e06cc52ded4792c7759e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-17T22:34:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Talita Stael Pimenta da Silva Costa.pdf: 5242687 bytes, checksum: 8c20e0efdf66e06cc52ded4792c7759e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T22:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Talita Stael Pimenta da Silva Costa.pdf: 5242687 bytes, checksum: 8c20e0efdf66e06cc52ded4792c7759e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / CAPES / O crescimento populacional dos grandes centros urbanos provocou uma intensa verticalização das cidades, tornando-se esses registros um desafio para a administração territorial. Isto ocorre porque o edifício contém um conjunto de situações jurídicas individualizadas (apartamenntos, lojas), que deve ser representado de forma tridimensional. Assim, emergem as possibilidades e necessidades de utilização do Cadastro 3D, para um acompanhamento de questões jurídicas relacionadas aos valores de propriedade e restrições das mesmas com respeito aos espaços subterrâneo e aéreo (como no caso dos edifícios), para um melhor gerenciamento espacial. A falta de um conjunto padronizado de conceitos e terminologias referentes à administração territorial levou à formulação e publicação da ISO 19152 - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), que também prevê a modelagem de cadastro tridimensional. Em paralelo, a OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium), adotou o CityGML, que é baseado em um série de padrões da ISO 191xx, como um padrão oficial para produção de modelos urbanos, voltado ao armazenamento, visualização e interoperabilidade destas informações. O LADM e o CityGML sendo compatíveis, torna possível a integração desses modelos. Assim, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia para a modelagem do Cadastro 3D de edifícios com base no LADM, envolvendo no estudo a experiência de alguns países na modelagem do cadastro 3D a partir do LADM e sua aplicabilidade para o cadastro de edifícios. A partir desse entendimento, o trabalho utilizou dados referentes ao cadastro territorial do município do Recife (bidimensional) para elaboração da modelagem 3D, num estudo de caso voltado para o Cadastro 3D de apartamentos. As modelagens foram feitas usando linguagem UML através de diagramas de classe, a partir da estrutura de herança proposta pelo LADM e CityGML. Para tanto foram gerados quatro modelos: de análise, LADM 3D, CityGML e LADM 3D-CityGML, sendo este último o modelo final integrado. Assim, como resultado final, apresenta-se a modelagem 3D para edifícios (apartamentos) de acordo com a ISO19.152:2012 do LADM integrada ao CityGML. Após a integração dos modelos, sua validação foi realizada a partir dos dados cadastrais de apartamentos. Com isso, a pesquisa demonstra a importância do modelo desenvolvido e demonstram a viabilidade do modelo desenvolvido para a situação dos edifícios presentes nas grandes cidades. / The population growth of large urban centers led to a massive verticalization of the cities, becoming these records a challenge for territorial administration. This is because the building contains a set of individualized legal situations (apartamenntos, shops), which must be represented in three dimensional form. Thus, the possibilities and requirements for use of the register, for a monitoring of legal issues related to property values, and the same restrictions with respect to the underground and air spaces (as in the case of buildings), to a better space management. The lack of a standardized set of concepts and terminology relating to the territorial administration led to the formulation and publication of ISO 19152-Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which also provides for registration three-dimensional modeling. In parallel, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), adopted the CityGML, which is based on a series of ISO 191xx standards, as an official standard for production of urban models, back to storage, visualization and interoperability of this information. The LADM and CityGML being compatible, makes possible the integration of these models. Thus, this research aimed to present a methodology for modeling the 3D Register of buildings based on study involving LADM the experience of some countries in modeling of 3D cadastre from LADM and applicability to the directory of your buildings. From this understanding, the work used data relating to the registration of the municipality of Recife (two-dimensional) for elaboration of 3D modeling, a case study focused on the registration of apartments 3D. The molds were made using UML language using class diagrams from the inheritance structure proposed by LADM and CityGML. For both were generated four models: analysis, 3D LADM, CityGML and 3D LADM-CityGML, the latter being the integrated model. So, as a final result, the 3D modeling for buildings (apartments) in accordance with ISO 19,152:2012 the LADM integrated CityGML. After the integration of the models, your validation was performed from the registration data. With that, the research demonstrates the importance of the model developed and demonstrate the viability of the model developed for the situation of the present buildings in large cities.

Virtual City Environments (VCEs) and Mirror Worlds can be a useful resource for communities such as the local government, researchers and the general public to collaborate on tasks like town planning, threat assessment, commerce and research. There are open standards like Extensible 3D (X3D, which represents 3D graphics) and CityGML (a Geography Markup Language to manage 3D building data). These standards are royalty-free and used to create, manage, share and portray such environments. However, there are critical challenges to delivering such complex and detailed Mirror Worlds in real-time. In this work, we focus on runtime data structures and performance for Level-of-Detail (LOD) management and real-time portrayal. We begin with a VCE defined in existing semantic models such as the CityGML specification. We implement and evaluate a novel X3D-based Level-of-Detail technique called ProxyPrismLOD, which leverages the CityGML standard of a 4-step LOD hierarchy. For switching between different models of the same object at near ranges, our LOD technique uses a custom shape we call a ProxyPrism to optimally encapsulate irregularly and asymmetrically shaped building models. First, we ran a user study to understand the visual dynamics of range-based LOD switching. Specifically, we evaluated several scaling factors for an exponential range cutoff function. The function is based on the model's size as well as the environment density. In this experiment, participants rated "visual granularity" and "distraction" levels of the LOD technique over two Software Field-of-View (sFOV) conditions. A scaling factor of Beta = 3 was determined. Second, we ran a series of simulations to study the performance benefits of ProxyPrismLOD technique over the basic range-based LOD. We observed performance benefits up to 7.46% in terms of overall Frames-per-Seconds (FPS) on the models we tested. / Master of Science

Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle, die Objekte, Phänomene und Prozesse in urbanen Räumen in digitaler Form repräsentieren. Sie haben sich zu einem Kernthema von Geoinformationssystemen entwickelt und bilden einen zentralen Bestandteil geovirtueller 3D-Welten. Virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle finden nicht nur Verwendung als Mittel für Experten in Bereichen wie Stadtplanung, Funknetzplanung, oder Lärmanalyse, sondern auch für allgemeine Nutzer, die realitätsnah dargestellte virtuelle Städte in Bereichen wie Bürgerbeteiligung, Tourismus oder Unterhaltung nutzen und z. B. in Anwendungen wie GoogleEarth eine räumliche Umgebung intuitiv erkunden und durch eigene 3D-Modelle oder zusätzliche Informationen erweitern. Die Erzeugung und Darstellung virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle besteht aus einer Vielzahl von Prozessschritten, von denen in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei näher betrachtet werden: Texturierung und Visualisierung. Im Bereich der Texturierung werden Konzepte und Verfahren zur automatischen Ableitung von Fototexturen aus georeferenzierten Schrägluftbildern sowie zur Speicherung oberflächengebundener Daten in virtuellen 3D-Stadtmodellen entwickelt. Im Bereich der Visualisierung werden Konzepte und Verfahren für die multiperspektivische Darstellung sowie für die hochqualitative Darstellung nichtlinearer Projektionen virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle in interaktiven Systemen vorgestellt. Die automatische Ableitung von Fototexturen aus georeferenzierten Schrägluftbildern ermöglicht die Veredelung vorliegender virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle. Schrägluftbilder bieten sich zur Texturierung an, da sie einen Großteil der Oberflächen einer Stadt, insbesondere Gebäudefassaden, mit hoher Redundanz erfassen. Das Verfahren extrahiert aus dem verfügbaren Bildmaterial alle Ansichten einer Oberfläche und fügt diese pixelpräzise zu einer Textur zusammen. Durch Anwendung auf alle Oberflächen wird das virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodell flächendeckend texturiert. Der beschriebene Ansatz wurde am Beispiel des offiziellen Berliner 3D-Stadtmodells sowie der in GoogleEarth integrierten Innenstadt von München erprobt. Die Speicherung oberflächengebundener Daten, zu denen auch Texturen zählen, wurde im Kontext von CityGML, einem international standardisierten Datenmodell und Austauschformat für virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle, untersucht. Es wird ein Datenmodell auf Basis computergrafischer Konzepte entworfen und in den CityGML-Standard integriert. Dieses Datenmodell richtet sich dabei an praktischen Anwendungsfällen aus und lässt sich domänenübergreifend verwenden. Die interaktive multiperspektivische Darstellung virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle ergänzt die gewohnte perspektivische Darstellung nahtlos um eine zweite Perspektive mit dem Ziel, den Informationsgehalt der Darstellung zu erhöhen. Diese Art der Darstellung ist durch die Panoramakarten von H. C. Berann inspiriert; Hauptproblem ist die Übertragung des multiperspektivischen Prinzips auf ein interaktives System. Die Arbeit stellt eine technische Umsetzung dieser Darstellung für 3D-Grafikhardware vor und demonstriert die Erweiterung von Vogel- und Fußgängerperspektive. Die hochqualitative Darstellung nichtlinearer Projektionen beschreibt deren Umsetzung auf 3D-Grafikhardware, wobei neben der Bildwiederholrate die Bildqualität das wesentliche Entwicklungskriterium ist. Insbesondere erlauben die beiden vorgestellten Verfahren, dynamische Geometrieverfeinerung und stückweise perspektivische Projektionen, die uneingeschränkte Nutzung aller hardwareseitig verfügbaren, qualitätssteigernden Funktionen wie z.~B. Bildraumgradienten oder anisotroper Texturfilterung. Beide Verfahren sind generisch und unterstützen verschiedene Projektionstypen. Sie ermöglichen die anpassungsfreie Verwendung gängiger computergrafischer Effekte wie Stilisierungsverfahren oder prozeduraler Texturen für nichtlineare Projektionen bei optimaler Bildqualität. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt wesentliche Technologien für die Verarbeitung virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle: Zum einen lassen sich mit den Ergebnissen der Arbeit Texturen für virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle automatisiert herstellen und als eigenständige Attribute in das virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodell einfügen. Somit trägt diese Arbeit dazu bei, die Herstellung und Fortführung texturierter virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle zu verbessern. Zum anderen zeigt die Arbeit Varianten und technische Lösungen für neuartige Projektionstypen für virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle in interaktiven Visualisierungen. Solche nichtlinearen Projektionen stellen Schlüsselbausteine dar, um neuartige Benutzungsschnittstellen für und Interaktionsformen mit virtuellen 3D-Stadtmodellen zu ermöglichen, insbesondere für mobile Geräte und immersive Umgebungen. / This thesis concentrates on virtual 3D city models that digitally encode objects, phenomena, and processes in urban environments. Such models have become core elements of geographic information systems and constitute a major component of geovirtual 3D worlds. Expert users make use of virtual 3D city models in various application domains, such as urban planning, radio-network planning, and noise immision simulation. Regular users utilize virtual 3D city models in domains, such as tourism, and entertainment. They intuitively explore photorealistic virtual 3D city models through mainstream applications such as GoogleEarth, which additionally enable users to extend virtual 3D city models by custom 3D models and supplemental information. Creation and rendering of virtual 3D city models comprise a large number of processes, from which texturing and visualization are in the focus of this thesis. In the area of texturing, this thesis presents concepts and techniques for automatic derivation of photo textures from georeferenced oblique aerial imagery and a concept for the integration of surface-bound data into virtual 3D city model datasets. In the area of visualization, this thesis presents concepts and techniques for multiperspective views and for high-quality rendering of nonlinearly projected virtual 3D city models in interactive systems. The automatic derivation of photo textures from georeferenced oblique aerial imagery is a refinement process for a given virtual 3D city model. Our approach uses oblique aerial imagery, since it provides a citywide highly redundant coverage of surfaces, particularly building facades. From this imagery, our approach extracts all views of a given surface and creates a photo texture by selecting the best view on a pixel level. By processing all surfaces, the virtual 3D city model becomes completely textured. This approach has been tested for the official 3D city model of Berlin and the model of the inner city of Munich accessible in GoogleEarth. The integration of surface-bound data, which include textures, into virtual 3D city model datasets has been performed in the context of CityGML, an international standard for the exchange and storage of virtual 3D city models. We derive a data model from a set of use cases and integrate it into the CityGML standard. The data model uses well-known concepts from computer graphics for data representation. Interactive multiperspective views of virtual 3D city models seamlessly supplement a regular perspective view with a second perspective. Such a construction is inspired by panorama maps by H. C. Berann and aims at increasing the amount of information in the image. Key aspect is the construction's use in an interactive system. This thesis presents an approach to create multiperspective views on 3D graphics hardware and exemplifies the extension of bird's eye and pedestrian views. High-quality rendering of nonlinearly projected virtual 3D city models focuses on the implementation of nonlinear projections on 3D graphics hardware. The developed concepts and techniques focus on high image quality. This thesis presents two such concepts, namely dynamic mesh refinement and piecewise perspective projections, which both enable the use of all graphics hardware features, such as screen space gradients and anisotropic texture filtering under nonlinear projections. Both concepts are generic and customizable towards specific projections. They enable the use of common computer graphics effects, such as stylization effects or procedural textures, for nonlinear projections at optimal image quality and interactive frame rates. This thesis comprises essential techniques for virtual 3D city model processing. First, the results of this thesis enable automated creation of textures for and their integration as individual attributes into virtual 3D city models. Hence, this thesis contributes to an improved creation and continuation of textured virtual 3D city models. Furthermore, the results provide novel approaches to and technical solutions for projecting virtual 3D city models in interactive visualizations. Such nonlinear projections are key components of novel user interfaces and interaction techniques for virtual 3D city models, particularly on mobile devices and in immersive environments.