In this thesis, a methodology is proposed for the conceptual design and optimisation of twin-turboprop Commuter & Regional aircraft suitable for operation over a specific short-haul route. Using this methodology, the optimum configuration and flight profiles of such aircraft for operation over various stage-lengths can be obtained. By significantly modifying an existing computer code for synthesis and trajectory optimisation of commuter aircraft (CASTOR), a new code (CRAGER) has been developed to estimate the generalised cost of travel incurred by a passenger for air-travel between two cities. A new sub-module has been developed for the geometric sizing of a suitable airport as per ICAO/FAA recommendations, and estimation of the airport cost, i.e. the cost associated with setting-up and operating this airport at one of the two cities. This module is incorporated into CRAGER. Generalised cost is assumed to consist of the access cost, flight cost, time cost and the airport cost, and is proposed as a new objective function to be minimised. In an exploratory case study, the efficacy of two stochastic optimisation methods viz. Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Simulated Annealing (SA) was demonstrated for handling complicated objective functions related to aircraft conceptual design. In particular, the SIMANN SA code was found to be quite robust and easy to implement, and came up with better solutions compared to conventional gradient based optimisers for multi-modal objective functions. As an example of the application of the proposed methodology, several case studies were carried out for business travel in India, using both CASTOR & CRAGER. Based on a survey of existing regional airports in India, the airports were classified under three levels, enabling estimation of airport cost associated with operating a specific aircraft. A model was developed for predicting the demand for business travel in India between a metropolitan city (hub) and another city located near-by (spoke). The case studies revealed the non-linear nature of the airport sub-module, due to the airport classification system followed by ICAO & FAA. It was seen that when the annual travel demand is low, the generalised cost is dominated by the airport cost and the time cost. With increase in annual travel demand, however, the flight costs dominate the generalised cost, hence larger aircraft have lower generalised costs. High-capacity aircraft were seen to have a low flight cost, but this advantage was more than overcome by the excessively high airport and time costs associated with them. Compared to pressurised aircraft, the un-pressurised commuter aircraft suffer from severe penalties due to limitations imposed on their cruising altitude and descent profile. Finally, the optimum 50 seater aircraft obtained by CRAGER had better or marginally lower DOC and generalised cost compared to existing aircraft.

The thesis is about analysing the capability of the civil aircraft industry in contributing towards improved national technological competitiveness. The South African government recognises the potential for the country’s aircraft industry to contribute to the growth of the national economy. However, it is not known if the current support mechanisms are adequate for developing the appropriate technological base and for promoting the innovative capabilities of the industry. Countries with successful aircraft industries were studied: South Korea and Brazil were used to represent emerging economies and France was used to represent developed economies. This was done to analyse existing models or frameworks and/or commonalities that led to the successful development of technologically competitive civil aircraft industries internationally. The South African civil aircraft industry was also studied, and its technology development competence was compared to that of successful countries. How the local technology development framework could be structured or improved, using lessons from successful countries, was considered. Local participants were representatives of the South African government departments or ministries (DTI; and DST), academia (The University of the Witwatersrand – Wits; and the University of Cape Town – UCT), research institutions (CSIR and NRF), and firms (Aerosud, Denel, and Aerospace Monitoring and Systems – AMS). Based on the analysis of the findings, frameworks aimed at improving the technological base of the South African civil aircraft industry were proposed as follows: </ul> <li> The development of technology capability building through government interventions. This emphasises aggressive government interventions that encourage collaboration between firms in the industry, and with research and higher education institutions, followed by major investment in research and development.</li> <li> An institutional structure for the development of national aircraft technology. This is aimed at strengthening the technology development arena of the South African aircraft industry, through acquired projects, but with less emphasis on business acquisition.</li> <li> The establishment of the South African Aircraft Industry Corporation (SAAIC), a technology development and skills-transfer programme.</li> </ul> Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / unrestricted

民用航空器貿易之「AB大戰」，係指歐盟空中巴士公司（Airbus）與美國波音公司（Boeing）為了爭取訂單，聯合其母國政府，對民用航空器採購商之政府施加壓力，因而引發的貿易爭端，這也正是WTO民用航空器貿易協定（Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft ）制定之背景。 我國自二○○二年二月一日正式簽署上述協定，自應遵守該協定第4條禁止使用不合理壓力與誘因影響購機決定之規定。不料同年華航中程客機之採購，卻引發歐盟指控有違前述規定。事件最後在華航宣佈同時向波音、空中巴士購機後落幕，但也顯見AB大戰並未因民用航空器貿易協定之出爐而停息。 由於民用航空器產業目前最大者即為歐美之A、B兩大生產廠商，一旦一造在爭取訂單時，採取了違反民用航空器貿易協定第4條之手段，且得以因控方難以舉証其之違反而免於任何後果，則根據賽局理論，另一造必也會採取相仿之謀略。 根據上述的發現，華航未來的購機，難免會再度陷入腹背受脅、受誘的困境，不過由於舉證責任之困難，美、歐應不致對我國訴諸爭端解決，愈發突顯民用航空器貿易協定第4條規範功能之有限。 / Airbus and Boeing have long been in trade conflict, also known as the “AB War”, under which both companies unite their respective governments to exert pressure on the governments of countries which procure civil aircraft, all for the purpose of securing contracts. It is also the background behind the adapt of the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft. Taiwan became official signatory of the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft on Feb.1, 2002. As a signatory, Taiwan should obey the rules of Article 4 which forbids using unreasonable pressure and inducement to affect decisions on aircraft procurement. However, the procurement of aircraft by China Airlines at the same year was accused by the EU of violating the rule discussed above. The dispute ended finally after China Airlines announced that it would procure aircraft from both of these companies. It also reveals that this war has not been finished even with the existence of the agreement. Airbus and Boeing are the biggest manufacturers in world’s civil aircraft industry. If one of them adopts measures violating Article 4 of the agreement, and is relieved from any consequences because the plaintiff cannot prove the disobedience, the rival side would undoubtedly, at the time, according to the game theory, the take the same strategy. According to the discovery above, in the future the China Airlines will unavoidably fall into same dilemma of being threatened and induced by the manufacturers. However, It is believed that U.S and EU would not easily seek settlement of controversies considering the difficulty in producing proof. It also discloses that the function of Article 4 is obviously limited.

International protection of civil aviation safety(in particular against acts endangering the safety of aviation). This work deals with issues of the current scope of the international means of protection of civil aviation safety against acts which immediately threaten the safety of air transport. The work is based on the thesis that, through the available international instruments, the safety of civil aviation cannot be ensured. It seems that in practice the appropriate permission takes over UN Security Council, which its resolutions shall establish appropriate sanctions against States that support terrorism are guilty. The UN Security Council by its resolutions No. 731, 748 and 883 and 1192 created a precedent for the avoidance of any negotiations with terrorists, as provided for in the Montreal Convention. Through article 24 of the Charter of the United Nations is entitled to accept the UN Security Council resolution, which opposed the established multilateral antiterrorism Convention in the background. International protection of the safety of civil aviation is fragmented and does not meet the conditions of civil aviation in the atmosphere of 21 st. century. The optimal solution would be that States have established definitively, universally accepted definition of terrorism, which would become even...

L'objectif est de cette thèse est de développer, de tester puis d'implémenter des schémas de surveillance et d'estimation des paramètres essentiels aux pilotes et aux lois embarquées, offrant ainsi une alternative et un complément aux signaux mesures par les capteurs. Les méthodes développées au cours de la thèse ont donc plusieurs finalités applicatives : estimer les états avion ainsi que des paramètres externes (comme le vent et les erreurs de modélisation), détecter la défaillance d'un ou plusieurs capteurs lorsqu'un dysfonctionnement se produit, et enfin s'adapter à cette dégradation de manière à continuer à délivrer des estimées exploitables par les systèmes sur un horizon temporel plus ou moins long.D'un point de vue pratique, dans le domaine de la détection, on cherchera à ce que le processus de détection d'une panne soit capable : 1) de distinguer une faute sur les sondes d'incidence d'une faute sur le paramètre de vitesse conventionnelle ou d’une erreur sur la masse renseignée par le pilote dès le début du vol. Une faute sur un de ces paramètres est aujourd'hui détectée sans qu'une isolation de la source ne soit possible 2) d'identifier des modes communs de panne, c'est-à-dire un embarquement simultané cohérent de plusieurs capteurs mesurant le même paramètre. La redondance matérielle utilisée aujourd'hui ne permet pas de détecter un embarquement simultané cohérent de deux ou trois capteurs 3) de sélectionner les sources toujours valides lorsque le schéma de vote majoritaire détecte une faute d'un capteur. Le schéma actuellement en usage sur avion combine les sources redondantes pour délivrer une mesure consolidée. En cas d'invalidation de celle-ci suite à la perte d'au moins deux capteurs, il est en effet possible que le troisième soit toujours valide et puisse être utilisé pour le reste du vol.Les bénéfices potentiels à plus long terme se situent donc dans l'amélioration des performances (en réduisant par exemple le nombre de commutations de lois), et dans la diminution de la charge de travail des pilotes en accroissant encore la disponibilité des fonctions de haut niveau destinées à les seconder et à alléger leur tâche (protections du domaine de vol, pilote automatique, etc.). La détection de modes communs de panne participera aussi à augmenter encore la sécurité en vol. / The improvement of the aircraft performance and the decrease of the pilots’workload require more complex new aircraft avionic systems. This complexificationpaves the way for new constraints, such as improving the availability of the most criticalflight parameters used by the pilots (mainly the calibrated airspeed) or by themost advanced flight control systems (as the angle of attack, the altitude pressureor the aircraft weight). Today, their availability is mainly guaranteed by mean of astrong hardware redundancy (triplex type for civil aircraft). However, this solution isperfectible and penalizes the overall system performances in terms of weight, powerconsumption, space requirements and extra maintenance needs. Some faults, suchas common mode failures, which correspond to simultaneous and consistent faultsof at least two sensors measuring a same variable, cannot be detected. In this thesis,a solution based on the principle of the so-called analytical redundancy has beendeveloped to detect them and reconstruct through time the missing signals. Thissolution depends on the measurements, and kinematic and flight dynamic equationsavailable. For instance, the lift force equation combines numerous flight parametersof interest. It is of great value in the data fusion process on condition of having anaccurate surrogate model (as lookup tables adjusted with flight data, neural network,etc.) to estimate the lift force coefficient. In the end, an extended Kalmanfilter has been developed to estimate the critical longitudinal flight parameters. Besides,the existing complementarity between this model-based approach and severalsignal-based methods has permitted to have sensor faults and weight error diagnosisalong with unitary sensor validation capabilities. The architecture and its relatedembedded algorithms finally developed have been done with respect to the strongindustrial constraints (particularly in term of computation burden and formalism).They have been validated using simulation and flight data sets, especially for theisolation of slow drift common mode failures as they represent today the most challengingsensor faults to detect.

由於民用航空器產業之經濟特性，補貼成為該產業發展之必要支柱，然因補貼係不公平之貿易行為，因此在WTO下曾引發數個民用航空器補貼爭端，包括巴西與加拿大間之區域航空器補貼案及美國與歐盟間之大型民用航空器補貼爭議。有鑑於民用航空器產業之特殊性，本文主要之研究目的在於探究SCM協定下對於民用航空器補貼及出口補貼之認定基準。本文以巴西與加拿大間之區域航空器補貼案小組與上訴機構之判定基準為基礎，輔以其他WTO裁決先例，分析「歐盟─大型民用航空器補貼案」美歐訴狀中之主張，試圖推斷本案小組對於爭端措施可能之裁決、解析過往案例中未曾闡釋之補貼要件，以期能進一步釐清SCM協定補貼及出口補貼要件之認定。 / Because of the economic characteristics of the civil aircraft industry, subsidies in practice are deemed necessary for the development of the industry. Subsidy measures taken by WTO members will distort resource allocations, and may have an adverse effect on other members. In this connection, there are 7 civil aircraft subsidy disputes under the WTO so far, including 3 regional civil aircraft disputes between Canada and Brazil and 4 large civil aircraft disputes between the United States and European Communities. In view of the fact that the civil aircraft industry possesses certain special features, the main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the requirements of determination of civil aircraft subsidies and export subsidies under the SCM Agreement. In order to further clarify the determinations of subsidies and export subsidies under the SCM Agreement, the author will take the findings in the Canada and Brazil disputes and other WTO preceding cases as the basis to analyze the arguments in the United States and European Communities written submissions of European Communities- Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, try to presume the panel rulings of that case, and explore the subsidy conditions never explained by WTO preceding cases.

美國與歐盟在航空產業的補貼爭議已有數十年之久，雙方互相指控對方補貼其國內民用航空器製造業，此一爭議雖經雙方談判協商，但終究談判破裂而進入世界貿易組織（WTO）爭端解決機構，成為WTO歷史上涉案金額最大的一次貿易糾紛案。雖然美國與歐盟就航空器補貼爭議相互於WTO下提出訴訟，總計成立了四個爭端案件，在如此複雜的情況下，目前僅歐盟航空補貼案（DS316）已進入至言詞辯論程序，其他爭議案均未進入實質審理程序，尚無資料可得分析，因此僅就DS316一案而為討論。 / 在該案中，美方指控歐盟以開發補助、基礎設施、研發技術補助等措施為空中巴士進行補貼，提升空中巴士之市場競爭力，對美國波音公司產生不良影響。上述措施是否違反WTO規定，著實進一步分析探討之必要，因此本文將介紹補貼及民用航空器的相關規定，由SCM協定下之補貼構成要件－政府財務補助、利益及特定性之要件，判斷歐盟是否構成補貼，而其中尚須檢驗美國與歐盟首次書狀中論點之合理性、考量過去小組類似判斷之見解與顧及1992年美歐航空器的雙邊協定，最後嘗試預測未來小組判斷中，對補貼之構成與否及其法律效果之意見。 / Subsidy dispute of aviation between the US and EU has been lasting over the past decades. Both sides accused each other of subsidizing domestic civil aircraft industry. In spite of having made efforts to solve the trade clash through negotiations, they eventually took the subsidy dispute before Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization（WTO） after the negotiations had failed. In the biggest case ever to come before WTO, US and EU separately filed legal complaints against each other at the WTO, which set up four dispute cases. However, except the oral arguments were held in the European Communities-Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft（DS316）, the three other cases have not yet entered into substantial procedures. Therefore, this thesis intends to focus on the DS316 due to no related data available to analyze the rest of the cases. / In DS316, the US argued that EU subsidized Airbus by way of such measures as Launch Aid, Infrastructure & Regional Aid and Research & Technology to improve Airbus’s competitiveness in the aviation market and put its US rival Boeing at disadvantage. Given that whether the EU subsides are against the trade rules of the WTO needs further studies, this thesis would like to interpret related rules which regulate subsidy and civil aircraft industry. It would also like to decide if the EU involved in subsidizing by examining the constitutive requirements of subsidy under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（SCM agreement）including financial contribution, benefit and specificity. This thesis will review the rationality of arguments in the first written submissions both by the US and EU, and then deliberate the opinions of similar decisions from the WTO panel in the past as well as take into account the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the United States of America concerning the Application of the GATT Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft on Trade in Large Civil Aircraft in 1992. Finally, this article tries to forecast the opinions about what is regarded as subsidy and the related legal effects in future decisions by the WTO panel.

LPV approaches are being published in the Czech Republic nowadays. Their usage is enabled by the EGNOS European satellite augmentation system. However, published decision heights do not allow equivalence with the ILS CAT I precision approach yet. This work presents the model of automated control of aircraft precision approach. Verification of its functionality shows that applicable airspace requirements can be fulfilled for lower values of decision heights than values already published. The model is developed using contemporary methods of model-based development in the tool supporting common processing of both continuous and discrete signals. Although model architecture follows the structure of commonly used ILS system in definition of coordinate system and in establishing control in two separate directions it allows curved approach. Usage of digital navigation data provided by satellite system opens further opportunities in its usage, expansion and improvements. Model functionality in control of flight course, position and height control is verified in the scenarios covering detailed thesis goals. The goals were defined based on definition of precision approach process and include navigation signal drop-out, impact of wind, various flight path angles and curved approach. Analysis of behavior of controlled aircraft dynamics was a stimulator for research of specific system modules up to the application level, i.e. specific simulations of successful precision approaches.