This study is about Confucian humanism as the foundation of human rights and economic ethics. The study covers Korea, Japan and the Republic of China. The main research question lies in how Confucian humanism emerged as an enduring tradition, and how it impacts upon human rights and economic ethics of the three nations on their individual paths towards globalizing civil societies. Research elements are (i) literature review, (ii) focus group discussions and (iii) documentation corroborations. Literature reviews covered scholarly works of East Asia and international scholars. Narrative data were obtained from the focus group discussions. Documentation corroboration complemented the focus group discussions. The study explores the origin of Confucianism and proceeds to examine how the Confucian philosophical tradition gave naissance to Confucian humanism. From Confucian humanism, the thesis proceeds to Confucian governance (ching shih). Alternative political views of more egalitarian Confucian schools such as of Mencius also take up a good part of the governance theme. The role of life long self-cultivation is seen as the foundation of character-building for respective societal roles within Confucian ethics and social ethos. The modern democratic institution of human rights is argued as having emerged from the fertile demo-centric Confucian social psychology, but benefited directly from the Western institutional models. Discussions on the tradition of Confucianism and that of Confucian humanism progress through the important turning points throughout history, i.e., the Classic age of Confucius, the Neo-Confucian reformation, the Practical Learning sub-era of the Neo-Confucian era, and, finally, the contemporary Neo-Confucian. The discussions highlight that the Confucian tradition of 'humanity' that Confucius and his disciples formulated in the Classical age endured through the ages to modernity. They also point to the notion that Confucians pursued their intellectual, moral and aesthetic ideals to the highest possible level through the system of learning, philosophizing, and practicing in the tradition. The Confucian cosmology of the 'human to nature' nexus and the Confucian spirituality of cosmic immanence in the 'self' provide clues to the multi-layer structure of Confucian consciousness of self, selves and the greater self, namely society or the Heaven itself. The Neo-Confucian school of 'mind and heart' learning reinforced the inquiry into selves in nexus to nature and the universe. Religious tolerance and the adaptability of Confucianism have stood out as important qualities in the globalization of East-Asian values and ethos, i.e., Confucian 'souls and decorum.' Japan, as an island nation with a unique perception of its self-identity, employs Confucianism, still considered fundamentally as the philosophy of China, to reinforce the national identity without compromising the integrity of the Japanese tradition and sensitivity. Japanese aesthetic sensitivity would place aesthetic unity with nature on equal footing with that of moral unity with the world. Secularism and spirituality of Confucianism benefited from the peaceful co-existence amongst the three great philosophical traditions of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The thesis as an inquiry into Confucian humanism as a living tradition concludes by answering the main research question and its three associated postulates.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilea Venancio Porfirio.pdf: 1459814 bytes, checksum: 1987f28c10278fd4b163e31fb47f3126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development process of Brazilian society, based on the extensive accumulation of capital and in the reproduction of social inequalities, produces harmful consequences for a considerable part of the population, perpetuated in the poverty and consequent deprivation of rights guarantees. The result o this process is reflected on the distribution of wealth and of social goods, given to the ones that are on the base of the society, as an anomaly and values inversion. On this scenario the homeless population is inserted, less recognized segment, which particularities and singularities demand answers expressed in formulations of public policies of national scope and articulations. Abandoned by the public realm it demands, in advance, the comprehension that it finds itself on this condition, because the State and the society assumed, historically, and excluding and discriminatory capitalist developing process. This thesis is based on this premise and it objectives itself to demonstrate by newspapers news how the homeless people is presented under various denominations, multiple saturated visibilities of invisibilities manifested on the obscurity of the media means. Focusing this approach, we aim to reveal the essential axel of the analysis of the selected news, the comprehension of the universality of The Human Rights, assumed on the 1988 Constitution, which reinforces the value of human dignity, fundament of the democratic right state (Article 1º, III). Rarely, the media is going to recognize the street situation under its humanized subjectivity, essentially presented in the Constitution, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in National Program of Human Rights III and in the Homeless National Policy. The theoretical methodology base is the result of the analysis of an inventory of collection and daily reading, since 2010, of the newspapers O GLOBO, O DIA and EXTRA, from Rio de Janeiro, electing the news related to the years of 2012, 2013 and the first months of 2014. The findings in the analysis send us to the understanding about the naturalization, triviality criminality of poverty of the homeless. We have also noticed, in the printed news, the inexistence of a punctual discussion under the scope and perspective of human rights, highlighting the invisibility and lack of representation of this population. In the direction of the representation fortification of the homeless people, this paper presents also the experience of the Permanent Forum on Adult Population Living in the Streets, understood here in the Gramscian conception, which presumes na articulated necessity between the civil society and politics society, economy and politics / O processo de desenvolvimento econômico da sociedade brasileira, pautado na extensiva acumulação do capital e na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, produz consequências nefastas para considerável parcela da população, perpetrada na miséria e na consequente privação de garantias de direitos. A resultante desse processo reflete-se na distribuição da riqueza e dos bens sociais, reputada aos que se estabelecem na base da sociedade, como anomalia e inversão de valores. Nesse conjunto insere-se a população em situação de rua, segmento menos reconhecido, cujas particularidades e singularidades exigem respostas expressas em formulações de políticas públicas de alcance e articulação nacional. Abandonada no trato da esfera pública requer, antecipadamente, a compreensão de que se encontra nessa condição, porque Estado e sociedade assumiram, historicamente, um processo de desenvolvimento capitalista excludente e discriminador. Esta tese parte deste pressuposto e objetiva mostrar por meio de noticias de jornais como a população em situação de rua é apresentada sob diversas denominações, múltiplas visibilidades saturadas de invisibilidades manifestas na obscuridade do aparato midiático. Ao priorizar esta abordagem, busca-se revelar como eixo essencial nas análises das notícias selecionadas, a compreensão da universalidade dos Direitos Humanos, acolhida na Constituição de 1988, que consagra o valor da dignidade da pessoa humana, fundamento do estado democrático de direito (Artigo 1º, III). Raramente, o aparato midiático vai reconhecer o morador em situação de rua em sua subjetividade humanizada, essencialidade presente na Carta Constitucional, na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, no Programa Nacional de Direitos Humanos III e na Política Nacional para a População em Situação de Rua. A base teórico-metodológica é resultado da análise de um inventário de coleta e leitura diária, desde 2010, dos jornais O GLOBO, O DIA E EXTRA, do Rio de Janeiro, priorizando-se as notícias referentes aos anos de 2012, 2013 e aos primeiros meses de 2014. Os achados nas análises efetuadas remetem a um entendimento acerca da naturalização, da banalização e da criminalização da pobreza dos moradores em situação de rua. Percebe-se, também, nas notícias veiculadas, a inexistência de uma discussão pontual sob a ótica e a perspectiva dos direitos humanos, destacando-se a invisibilidade e a ausência de representatividade desta população. Na direção do fortalecimento da representatividade da população em situação de rua, este trabalho apresenta ainda a experiência do Fórum Permanente sobre População Adulta em Situação de Rua, manifestação da sociedade civil, entendida aqui na concepção gramsciana, que supõe uma necessária articulação entre sociedade civil e sociedade política, economia e política

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilea Venancio Porfirio.pdf: 1459814 bytes, checksum: 1987f28c10278fd4b163e31fb47f3126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development process of Brazilian society, based on the extensive accumulation of capital and in the reproduction of social inequalities, produces harmful consequences for a considerable part of the population, perpetuated in the poverty and consequent deprivation of rights guarantees. The result o this process is reflected on the distribution of wealth and of social goods, given to the ones that are on the base of the society, as an anomaly and values inversion. On this scenario the homeless population is inserted, less recognized segment, which particularities and singularities demand answers expressed in formulations of public policies of national scope and articulations. Abandoned by the public realm it demands, in advance, the comprehension that it finds itself on this condition, because the State and the society assumed, historically, and excluding and discriminatory capitalist developing process. This thesis is based on this premise and it objectives itself to demonstrate by newspapers news how the homeless people is presented under various denominations, multiple saturated visibilities of invisibilities manifested on the obscurity of the media means. Focusing this approach, we aim to reveal the essential axel of the analysis of the selected news, the comprehension of the universality of The Human Rights, assumed on the 1988 Constitution, which reinforces the value of human dignity, fundament of the democratic right state (Article 1º, III). Rarely, the media is going to recognize the street situation under its humanized subjectivity, essentially presented in the Constitution, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in National Program of Human Rights III and in the Homeless National Policy. The theoretical methodology base is the result of the analysis of an inventory of collection and daily reading, since 2010, of the newspapers O GLOBO, O DIA and EXTRA, from Rio de Janeiro, electing the news related to the years of 2012, 2013 and the first months of 2014. The findings in the analysis send us to the understanding about the naturalization, triviality criminality of poverty of the homeless. We have also noticed, in the printed news, the inexistence of a punctual discussion under the scope and perspective of human rights, highlighting the invisibility and lack of representation of this population. In the direction of the representation fortification of the homeless people, this paper presents also the experience of the Permanent Forum on Adult Population Living in the Streets, understood here in the Gramscian conception, which presumes na articulated necessity between the civil society and politics society, economy and politics / O processo de desenvolvimento econômico da sociedade brasileira, pautado na extensiva acumulação do capital e na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, produz consequências nefastas para considerável parcela da população, perpetrada na miséria e na consequente privação de garantias de direitos. A resultante desse processo reflete-se na distribuição da riqueza e dos bens sociais, reputada aos que se estabelecem na base da sociedade, como anomalia e inversão de valores. Nesse conjunto insere-se a população em situação de rua, segmento menos reconhecido, cujas particularidades e singularidades exigem respostas expressas em formulações de políticas públicas de alcance e articulação nacional. Abandonada no trato da esfera pública requer, antecipadamente, a compreensão de que se encontra nessa condição, porque Estado e sociedade assumiram, historicamente, um processo de desenvolvimento capitalista excludente e discriminador. Esta tese parte deste pressuposto e objetiva mostrar por meio de noticias de jornais como a população em situação de rua é apresentada sob diversas denominações, múltiplas visibilidades saturadas de invisibilidades manifestas na obscuridade do aparato midiático. Ao priorizar esta abordagem, busca-se revelar como eixo essencial nas análises das notícias selecionadas, a compreensão da universalidade dos Direitos Humanos, acolhida na Constituição de 1988, que consagra o valor da dignidade da pessoa humana, fundamento do estado democrático de direito (Artigo 1º, III). Raramente, o aparato midiático vai reconhecer o morador em situação de rua em sua subjetividade humanizada, essencialidade presente na Carta Constitucional, na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, no Programa Nacional de Direitos Humanos III e na Política Nacional para a População em Situação de Rua. A base teórico-metodológica é resultado da análise de um inventário de coleta e leitura diária, desde 2010, dos jornais O GLOBO, O DIA E EXTRA, do Rio de Janeiro, priorizando-se as notícias referentes aos anos de 2012, 2013 e aos primeiros meses de 2014. Os achados nas análises efetuadas remetem a um entendimento acerca da naturalização, da banalização e da criminalização da pobreza dos moradores em situação de rua. Percebe-se, também, nas notícias veiculadas, a inexistência de uma discussão pontual sob a ótica e a perspectiva dos direitos humanos, destacando-se a invisibilidade e a ausência de representatividade desta população. Na direção do fortalecimento da representatividade da população em situação de rua, este trabalho apresenta ainda a experiência do Fórum Permanente sobre População Adulta em Situação de Rua, manifestação da sociedade civil, entendida aqui na concepção gramsciana, que supõe uma necessária articulação entre sociedade civil e sociedade política, economia e política

La présente thèse porte sur les acteurs au sein des organisations non gouvernementales locales (ONG) qui, dans la configuration actuelle de l’aide internationale au développement, jouent un rôle de relais ou d’intermédiaires entre donateurs internationaux et populations bénéficiaires en Afrique subsaharienne. En analysant les trajectoires professionnelles de 32 femmes et hommes « leaders » dans des ONG de Cotonou (Bénin) et de Lomé (Togo), la thèse se propose d’appréhender les processus sociaux à travers lesquels ces individus deviennent intermédiaires dans les activités de développement. La recherche s’inscrit dans une approche théorique construite à la rencontre entre la perspective orientée vers l’acteur en socioanthropologie du développement, la sociologie de l’individuation et le paradigme des parcours de vie. La thèse prend également une posture comparative en contrastant, d’une part, les trajectoires professionnelles des intermédiaires du Bénin et du Togo, deux pays ayant connu entre les années 1990 et début 2000 des « destinées » opposées en ce qui a trait à leurs rapports avec les bailleurs de fonds étrangers. D’autre part, l’analyse compare deux générations d’intermédiaires et contraste l’expérience des intermédiaires féminins et masculins. L’analyse montre qu’en premier lieu, les conférences nationales en 1990 au Bénin et en 1991 au Togo ont constitué un tournant important dans les trajectoires professionnelles des intermédiaires dans les deux pays, créant subséquemment, d’un côté, un contexte favorable aux intermédiaires du Bénin, et de l’autre, un environnement délétère pour ceux du Togo. Toutefois, au cours des dix dernières années, ces différences de conditions de travail se sont beaucoup atténuées et les défis relevés par les intermédiaires dans les deux pays sont à nouveau similaires; les contextes actuels sont caractérisés par un soutien étatique au minima, un champ d’activités très concurrentiel et politisé, une professionnalisation du champ, et une forte dépendance vis-à-vis des bailleurs de fonds extérieurs. En second lieu, l’analyse des récits de vie a permis de ressortir quatre types de profils des intermédiaires au moment où ils intègrent le champ des ONG : les « reconvertis », les « nouveaux diplômés des années 1990 », les « carriéristes », et les « activistes ». La comparaison générationnelle suggère en outre que les deux premiers types décrivent mieux les intermédiaires ayant commencé leurs activités avant les années 2000, alors que les « carriéristes » sont pour l’essentiel des intermédiaires de la jeune génération qui intègre le domaine de l’intermédiation après 2000. Aussi, la recherche montre que pour entrer, mais surtout « durer », dans le champ des ONG ces individus utilisent divers réseaux politiques et associatifs et savent « manœuvrer », notamment en choisissant une « thématique porteuse », en veillant à maintenir une constante « visibilité » ou en ayant recours à des formations continues pour acquérir ou consolider des compétences recherchées par les bailleurs de fonds. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des trajectoires professionnelles féminines a révélé qu’alors que le poids des responsabilités familiales a fait que les « pionnières » de l’intermédiation sont entrées de façon tardive dans une profession dominée par les hommes, et se sont toutes focalisées sur des thématiques liées directement aux droits des femmes, les parcours de leurs cadettes sont bien différents. Ces dernières ne travaillent pas dans le traditionnel domaine du « genre », et même si elles reconnaissent aussi leurs difficultés à concilier responsabilités professionnelles et devoir familial, elles ne sont pas prêtes à mettre de côté leur carrière et ont une perception très différente de leurs aînées des rôles genrés au sein de la famille. / This dissertation focuses on individuals in local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who, in the current configuration of international development, act as relays or intermediaries between international donors and recipient populations in sub-Saharan Africa. By analyzing the careers of 32 female and male "leaders" in NGOs in Cotonou (Benin) and Lomé (Togo), the dissertation aims to understand the social processes through which these individuals become intermediaries in the development arena. The research mobilizes a theoretical approach that combines the actor-oriented perspective in socio-anthropology of development, the sociology of individuation and the life course paradigm. This thesis also takes a comparative approach, first, by contrasting the careers of development intermediaries from Benin with those from Togo, two countries that experienced in the 1990s and early 2000s opposite fates in terms of their relations with international donors. Also, the analysis compares two generations of intermediaries and contrast the experiences of male and female intermediaries. The analysis shows that, first, the Benin National conference of 1990 and the one in Togo in 1991 were turning points in the careers of intermediaries in both countries, by creating a supportive working environment for intermediaries in Benin, and, on the opposite, a deleterious context for those in Togo. However, over the past decade, these differences in working conditions have dwindled, and the challenges faced by intermediaries in both countries are once again similar; the current contexts are characterized by a limited state support, a very competitive and politicized working environment, a professionalization of the field, and a strong dependence toward external donors. Second, four types of intermediaries’ profiles at the time they enter the NGO sector emerged from the life history analysis: the "converted", the "new graduates of the 1990s," the "careerists" and the "activists". Generational comparison shows that the first two types best describe the intermediaries that started their activities before 2000, while "careerists" are mostly intermediaries from the younger post-2000 generation. The research also shows that in order to enter, and more importantly to "last", in the NGO sector these individuals use various political and associative networks and develop various strategies such as choosing a “fashionable” field of interest, remaining “visible”, and constantly seeking trainings in order to acquire “marketable” expertise. In addition, the analysis of women's professional trajectories revealed that while “pioneers” female intermediaries entered the male dominated NGO sector late in their life due to their familial obligations and all worked in the area of women's rights, the experience of their younger counterparts are quite different. The latter work outside the traditional “gender” arena; and, although they also have difficulties reconciling work and family duties, they are not ready to give up their career, and they have very different perceptions of gender roles within the family than their older counterparts.