The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effective possibilities of civilizing practices in the contemporary societies. For this, two fundamental hypotheses guided, so surreptitious but emphatic, the arguments of this analysis: the first would be the denial of the modern belief in the broad and inexorable powers of the rationality . both the rationality which pointed to their universally positive results, as that which was a scathing criticism of its inability to produce a civilly shared world; the second refers to the denial of a postmodern critical deconstruction of rationality, which resulted in the world of the relativism and the consequent configuration of the world without ethical appreciation. On occasion, we analyze the metaphysics that animated the modernity: the tireless attempt to separate the rationality from the negative influence of the irrationality data. However, not all thinkers surrendered to the rationalist project of the modernity. Freud, Arendt, Foucault, for example, realized that the combination of various disparate elements: it.s, simultaneously, rational and irrational; factual and evaluative; regular and contingent. It was these and other important authors who helped us to think about the second working hypothesis of this thesis, namely, that meaning of the terms modernity and civilization, as well as all the other terms relating to them, are constructed in their daily use, social practices, the collective shocks and political struggles. Thus, there is no meanings that precede their subscriptions in the world, i.e. the world is the result of the effect of each thing, each object, each process. With this, we are not saying that particular meaning of civilization cannot remain active in the orientation of collective conduct (of societies), as if we were denying the possibility of creating lasting consensus. We are not positioned in favor of the relativism; to the contrary, we have argued that, even in contemporary societies, can be viewed attempts to develop productive practices civilizing. Finally, what articulate such hypotheses is the understanding that the practices of any kind are studded end to end by relations of power, relation of force and interests, which provide the tone and texture of the scientific, social, political and cultural dynamics, which characterize, deeply, the development of the civilizing action. / O objetivo central desta tese é analisar as possibilidades efetivas de práticas civilizatórias nas sociedades contemporâneas. Para isso, duas hipóteses fundamentais nortearam, de maneira sub-reptícia, mas enfática, as argumentações desta análise: a primeira seria a recusa da crença moderna nos poderes amplos e inexoráveis da racionalidade tanto daquela que apontava para seus resultados universalmente positivos, quanto da que consistia numa crítica mordaz à sua incapacidade de produzir um mundo civilizatoriamente compartilhado; a segunda refere-se à recusa de uma desconstrução crítica pós-moderna da racionalidade, que resultou no mundo do relativismo e da consequente configuração do mundo vazio de valoração ética. Na ocasião, analisamos a metafísica que animava a modernidade: a tentativa incansável de separar a racionalidade da influência negativa dos dados da irracionalidade. Entretanto, nem todos os pensadores se renderam ao projeto racionalista da modernidade. Freud, Arendt, Foucault, por exemplo, perceberam que o processo civilizatório é ontologicamente constituído pela mistura prática de vários elementos díspares: é, simultaneamente, racional e irracional; factual e valorativo; regular e contingente. Foram esses e outros importantes autores que nos ajudaram a pensar sobre a segunda hipótese de trabalho desta tese, ou seja, a de que o significado dos termos modernidade e civilização, bem como todos os outros termos que lhes são referentes, são construídos em seu uso cotidiano, nas práticas sociais, nos embates coletivos e nas lutas políticas. Sendo assim, não existem significados prévios às suas inscrições no mundo, ou seja, mundo é resultado do efeito de cada coisa, cada objeto, cada processo. Com isso, não se quer dizer que determinado significado de civilização não possa manter-se ativo na orientação de condutas coletivas (de sociedades), como se estivéssemos negando a possibilidade de constituição de consensos duradouros. Não nos posicionamos em favor do relativismo, ao contrário, temos defendido que, mesmo nas sociedades contemporâneas, podem ser visualizadas produtivas tentativas de elaboração de práticas civilizatórias. Por último, o que articula tais hipóteses é o entendimento de que as práticas, de qualquer natureza, são cravejadas de ponta a ponta por relações de poder, por relações de força e de interesses, que fornecem o tom e a textura das dinâmicas científicas, sociais, políticas e culturais, dinâmicas essas que caracterizam, sobremaneira, o desenvolvimento da ação civilizatória.

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The emigration of the Scots from the 18th to the 20th century has produced a diaspora. The thesis outlines how many diasporas are involved in the nationalist projects of their homeland. However, over the chronology of this study and beyond, whilst there were active movements to amend or end the Union of 1707, it has been found that the Scots were not. The thesis then proposes some explanations for this. Chapters one and two introduce methods, research material and context; they describe the Union, the emigrations and diasporas. The study uses for comparison purposes the Irish and Norwegian diasporas. Lines of enquiry such as nationalism, the use of soft power and gatekeeping behaviour are presented, with a discussion of Scottish nationalism. The study examines the approach to involving the diaspora of five groups; both SHRAs, the International Scots Home Rule League, the National Convention and the NPS/SNP. The response of Scottish MPs in the diaspora in England to the many attempts to legislate for home rule is also examined. The approach to the diaspora was found to be badly executed and targeted. Few visits were made, and only to the US and Canada. Communication was unfocussed and spasmodic. The Scottish associational clubs were frequently used as a conduit. A small part of the whole diaspora, these acted as gatekeepers, selectively mobilising for themselves as an elite which had no need of nationalism as they could succeed without it. Comparing the Irish, whose diaspora successfully supported its nationalist causes at home, is instructive. The study concludes that the spasmodic and amateurish nature of contact, the nature of the Associations and that of the diaspora itself were the main culprits in this case of a diaspora indifferent to the fate of nationalism in its home land.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-04T11:48:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Paulo Cardoso.pdf: 911847 bytes, checksum: fc606a4d430e6ee06ed627e9e27826bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T11:48:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Paulo Cardoso.pdf: 911847 bytes, checksum: fc606a4d430e6ee06ed627e9e27826bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-11 / According to Sacrosanctum Concilium 13, pious exercises should be recommended, but with determination that there should be harmonization with the liturgy. The Popular Piety can not substitut, in any way, the official liturgical practices of the Church. In this study we make analysis of the current reality, which will be based on ‗Liquid Modernity‘, expression of the Polish Sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. With this expression, Bauman identify the moment we are living, in which everything is predicted to be fleeting, including the human relations. In this context, the harmonization between Liturgy and Popular Piety is impaired, causing a mismatch between liturgical practices, with their stable norms, and popular devotions, prone to change more easily. However, pious exercises should be encouraged, even with the variants of the present time. For this analysis, the theoretical foundations are sought in the Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy, documents of the Popes, in the set of works written by Bauman and many others that help in understanding of the relation between the Popular Piety and the Liturgy in this period of history which Bauman classifies as ‗Liquid Modernity / De acordo com a Sacrosanctum Concilium 13, os exercícios piedosos devem ser recomendados, porém com a determinação de que de haja harmonização com a Liturgia. A Piedade Popular não pode substituir, de forma alguma, as práticas litúrgicas oficiais da Igreja. Nesse estudo fazemos uma análise da realidade atual, que será pautada pela ‗Modernidade Líquida‘, expressão do sociólogo polonês Zygmunt Bauman. Com esta expressão, Bauman identifica o momento que estamos vivendo, em que tudo está previsto para ser passageiro e fugaz, inclusive as relações humanas. Neste contexto, a harmonização entre Liturgia e Piedade Popular fica prejudicada, causando um descompasso entre as práticas litúrgicas, com suas normas estáveis, e as devoções populares, propensas a se alterarem mais facilmente. Contudo, os piedosos exercícios devem ser incentivados, mesmo com as variantes do tempo atual. Para esta análise, os fundamentos teóricos são buscados no Diretório sobre a Piedade Popular e a Liturgia, documentos dos papas, no conjunto de obras escritas por Bauman e tantas outras que auxiliam na compreensão da relação entre a Piedade Popular e a Liturgia neste período da história que Bauman classifica como ‗Modernidade Líquida