Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

This study aims to investigate how the mechanisms of discrimination, othering, prejudice and enemy imaging work in conflict and non-conflict zones. The study further explored if the informants stories differ when in conflict zones. Enemy images theories were used as the theoretical base to investigate how the Somali majorities construct the enemy image of the Somali minorities (The Somali Bantusand the occupational groups). The aim and research questions are answered through a comparative case study that focuses on interviewing two Somali minority groups (occupational groups and the Bantu Somalis) who have the experience and lived both in Somalia (conflict context) and Somaliland (non conflict context). The result sof the study show that the majority of Somali clans use the delimitation between “them and us” a set of values that separate the two groups and characterize the minority groups as slaves and people of low social, economic, and political status. The majority groups perceive the minority groups as a threat to their assets and corevalues. This is what has been described as "our" and "their" essence, and the final aim, which is to legitimize violence, is clear in the data. While on the other hand, the majority groups referred to themselves as superior. The results indicated that there were no differences and only similarities in the narratives of the minority groups living in both conflict and non-conflict zones. This was an interesting discovery which was against the known and expected ideal. This thesis also suggests other ways of looking at the concept of enemy images suggesting further areas of research where deemed necessary.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Nous avons tenté dans ce travail d expliquer un phénomène d êvolution humaine, c'est-à-dire de biologie par un processus ne dépendant pas de la sélection naturelle mais des comportements et de l'histoire. Pourquoi les Tutsi du Rwanda sont-ils plus élancés que les Hima de l'Ankole, les Hutu et les Twa plus grands que leurs congénaires habitant l'autre rive du lac Kivu? Aucune contrainte climatique ne peut expliquer en ce cas précis ces différences morphologiques. Il faut chercher la solution au niveau de la structure sociale du Rwanda, seul point de référence commun aux trois groupes. Deux idéologies apparemment contradictoires y occupaient toute la place: système clanique et esprit de caste. Afin de dêteraiiner la responsabilité de chacune dans le développement du processus de tutstisation (allongement de la taille), elles furent examinées dans une perspective historique. Le gradiant géographique de l'influence Tutsi sur la morphologie des Twa (consitua.nt la caste inférieure), la répartition de ces derniers dans les clans en fonction de leurs métiers, ainsi que la localisation des sous-clans historiquement les plus importants nous ont permis d'affirmer que l'avênement du régime de castes et son corollaire, la tutsiisation datait d'une époque relativement récente. Après la chute des Renge dominant le clan Singa déjà multiracial et la défaite du peuple réfractaire Banda, l'esprit de caste envahit la partie méridionale du territoire a partir d'un foyer oriental très probablement alimenté par les Hima de l Ankole. En ces régions ou les Hima gouvemaient, les Iru (Hutu), incorporés aux clans des éleveurs étaient totalament exclus de l'univers pastoral. Au Rwanda, par contre, les Hutu pouvalent accéder a l'univers pastoral. De plus, le clan avait perdu sa fonction exogamique et était devenu multiracial. En principe, tout le monde aurait pu devenir Tutsi (ime dénomination politique) si ime nouvelle barrière n avait pas été érigée par l'aristocratie pour défendre sa position. Ce qu elle fit en survalorisant son morphotype et en instaurant un contrôle sur la circulation de ses propres femiaes, nors du système dotal. Dorénavant, elle n'avait pas seulement des vaches a donner, mais aussi et surtout des femmes dont la fonction était de reproduire les différences sociales.

Chiu, Shu Ju Ann. / "March 2011." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [302]-317). / Questionnaire in Chinese. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iv / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.V / Chapter Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Statement of Problem --- p.3 / Theoretical Discussion of Chinese Overseas and the Internet --- p.10 / Methodology --- p.20 / Thesis Chapters --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter II. --- Old and New Immigrants and the Internet in Manhattan Chinatown --- p.32 / Realignment of Social Structure after 9/11 --- p.36 / Changing Occupational Composition after 9/11 --- p.41 / Locality and Community Identifications of Old and New Immigrants --- p.45 / Transnational Migration and the Internet in Manhattan Chinatown --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter III. --- Emigrant Families and the Internet in Guangdong and Fujian --- p.65 / Transnational Migration to New York --- p.66 / Jiangmen Wuyi: Hometown of Old Cantonese Immigrants --- p.71 / Fuzhou Shiyi: Hometown of New Fujianese Immigrants --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter IV. --- Hometown Association and Homepage: CCBA-NY and Fujianese.com --- p.102 / Hometown Websites in Manhattan Chinatown --- p.104 / Weblog and the Profile of Hometown Associations --- p.113 / The Online Persona of CCBA-NY and Fujianese.com --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter V. --- Ancestral Worship Ritual and the Politics of Traditional Associations --- p.136 / Kinship Rhetoric and Cultural Politics of Ethnicity --- p.138 / The Sacred Place and Cultural Politics of New Fujianese Associations --- p.147 / The Sacred Space to Honor Ancestors for Old Cantonese Associations --- p.158 / Chapter Chapter VI. --- Online Debates over the Cultural Landmark of Manhattan Chinatown --- p.168 / Chinatown Visitor Information Kiosk --- p.170 / Chinese Archway --- p.176 / Confucius and Lin Zexu --- p.183 / Chapter Chapter VII. --- Miss Internet and the Hometown Memory of Fuzhou Migrants --- p.199 / The Internet Users and Non-Internet Users in the Fujianese Community --- p.201 / "Miss NY Chinese Pageant, Hometown Memory and Cultural Identity" --- p.211 / MissFujianese.com and the Cultural Construction --- p.222 / Chapter Chapter VIII. --- Online Ethnic Media and Social Action against Discrimination from American Mainstream Society --- p.239 / The Rally against CW11 and the Online Chinese Daily Press --- p.241 / The Rally against CBS and the Ethnic Websites --- p.250 / Online Social World of Chinese Immigrants --- p.262 / Chapter Chapter IX. --- Conclusion --- p.277 / Appendix --- p.295 / Bibliography --- p.302

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Mid-Ming times witnessed the rise of Neo-Confucianized merchants in Huizhou. The combined effort of Cheng surnamed merchants and the prestigious scholar-official Cheng Minzheng revived the trend of lineage construction in a recognizable pattern. First, the branch Shi Zhong temples were made to be used as ancestral halls of the Chengs. Then, multi-volume genealogies of enlarged kinships were compiled to form conglomerated lineages. The climax of this lineage-building process was the publication of the Conglomerated Lineage of the Chengs of Huizhou (Xin'an Chengshi tongzong shipu) compiled by Cheng Minzheng in 1482. This work created a constructed lineage but also realized a long cherished social ideal of the Confucian scholar. The local merchants were enthusiastic about such lineage-building activities, because the lineage itself facilitated their commercial enterprises and the building of it lessened the social tension brought about by their pursuit of profit. / The founding of the Ming dynasty influenced Huizhou in two ways. First, powerful families rising from Yuan times were weakened during the Hongwu and Yongle reigns. Consequently, Neo-Confucian social practices local elites supported such as lineage construction became inactive. Second, the Ming pursued a state policy of regulating local cults. Of the many local gods in Huizhou, only Wang Hua and Cheng Lingxi became legitimate gods recognized by the state. As a result, the Shi Zhong (everlasting loyalty) Temple worshiping Cheng Lingxi became an official temple in Huizhou. In time, branch Shi Zhong temples appeared in many areas in Huizhou and nearby regions. / The Mongolian conquest of China saw new social mobility in Huizhou. A group of new power holders arose because of the new regime's recruitment policy, which emphasized the appointee's class background and ability to collect taxes. The suspension of civil examinations in early Yuan times drove a large number of Confucian office-aspirants to become teachers in rural schools. These literati, however, helped spread Neo-Confucianism more widely than before. By late Yuan times, the new power holders in Huizhou also absorbed Neo-Confucianism and put it into practice in the construction of lineage halls and in the compilation of genealogies. Neo-Confucianism became socialized. / The study analyzes the various elements that made the Cheng lineage and defines these elements in the historical context of Huizhou from the Southern Song to the mid-Ming. Crucial elements include the rise of Cheng Lingxi, a famous warlord in sixth century. Cheng Lingxi was rewarded an official title by the Southern Song dynasty for which he became an authoritative god in early Ming times. Huizhou prefecture assumed increasing importance in Southern Song times because of its proximity to the capital at Lin'an. It became a communication hub for metropolitan Lin'an and the inland areas. Local government in Huizhou was strengthened and elites there entered the political center through civil examinations. Zhu Xi and his version of Neo-Confucianism were also well received there in late Southern Song times when both became orthodox. / This dissertation studies the construction process of the conglomerate lineage of the Chengs in Huizhou prefecture in mid-Ming China. This organization used the rule of decent-line to unite the families bearing the surname of Cheng and maintained the unity by means of genealogies and ancestral halls. The emergence of the conglomerated Cheng lineage bespeaks the emergence of a Neo-Confucian order jointly built by literati-officials and rising merchants in mid-Ming Huizhou. / 章毅. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 232-241). / Adviser: Hung-lam Chu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0687. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 232-241). / Zhang Yi.

Thesis (M.Ed.) --University of Limpopo, 2009

<p>This thesis in social anthropology is based on the essence of Scottishness i.e. Scottish identity and Scottish clans. The thesis intends to raise the meaning of Scottish history for the Scottish identity and to analyse the relation between Scots and Englishmen. It is also meant to study how Geertz and Lewellen’s theories work in the Scottish field. This thesis intends to contribute to a better understanding and deeper insight into the uniqueness of Scottish culture.</p>

Bakgrund: Forskningen kring projekt har under senare år ökat i omfattning. En anledning är att projektorganiseringen utgör ett sätt att samla ett antal specialister för att få dem att samverka mot ett gemensamt mål. Utöver de interna relationer som uppstår i projekt förekommer det även involvering av interorganisatoriska partners i samarbetet vilket är speciellt vanligt i byggprojekt som karaktäriseras av en hög grad av interorganisatorisk specialisering. Problemformuleringar: Den utpräglade specialiseringen inom byggprojekt fordrar som all annan typ av specialisering, samordning och koordinering av resurser med den skillnaden att det här handlar om samordning över de organisatoriska gränserna. Det som denna studie behandlar är därför de relationer byggföretag har till sina underentreprenörer i samband medbyggprojekt. Fokus ligger på hur företag kan samverka vertikalt i förädlingskedjan för att på detta sätt uppnå konkurrensfördelar. Syfte: Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att utforska styrning och kontraktering av interorganisatoriska relationer för projektbaserad byggverksamhet. Utöver detta är syftet att specificera en optimala relationen mellan byggherre och underentreprenör för de fall som studien omfattar. Avgränsningar: Studien har avgränsats till att endast innefatta relationen mellan byggherre och underentreprenör. Genomförande: Studien har genomförts med grund i kontraktsansatsen genom intervjuer på två byggföretag med olika strategi, storlek och geografisk placering. Resultat: Resultatet visar att en optimal relation mellan byggherre och underentreprenör är avhängigt av i vilken grad samverkan kan ledan till utveckling hos de båda parterna. Alltför omfattande outsourcing av tjänster kan vara negativt precis som alltför täta relationer. Därför är situationen helt avgörande. Ger även stöd åt- samt utvecklar Alvesson&amp;Lindkvists teori om ekonomisk kooperativa klaner. / Background: Business research focusing on different aspects of project work has recently increased. One reason is that project teams can be used as an effec- tive means of getting specialists from different parts of a business to work to- wards a common goal. In addition to the internal project relations that charac- terize project work, some businesses have also shown evidence of involving ex- ternal parties in projects. This is particularly common for construction projects where a large number of firms enter a project in order to achieve a high degree of interorganizational specialisation. Purpose: The high extent of specialization within the construction industry in- creases the need for coordination of resources among participating firms. This thesis relates to this coordination with special regard to the relation between contractor and sub-contractor and the involvement of subcontractorsin the verti-cal dimension of the supply chain. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the procurement phases related to the involvement of subcontractors in con-struction projects. Further, the study aims at specifying the optimal relations between main- and sub contractor for the construction firms researched. D elimitation: This thesis is solely focusing on the relations between main con- tractor and sub-contractor and is not dealing with other parties involved in con-struction projects. Realization: The research material for this thesis has been obtained through in- terviews with employees of two Swedish construction firms that differ in strat- egy, size and geographical location. Conclusion: The concluding remarks of the study indicate that the optimal rela- tion between main- and sub contractor is highly dependent on in what ways the relations may lead to long-term development for the parties. A high extent of outsourcing from the main contractor as well as too extensive partnering rela- tions may lead to substantial disadvantages in development for both firms. Therefore the environment in which the main contractor is operating is of great importance to the decision on how to handle subcontractor relations. The study also gives insights into the clan literature and supports and extends the theory of economic cooperative clans, developed by Mats Alvesson&amp;Lars Lindkvist.

This thesis in social anthropology is based on the essence of Scottishness i.e. Scottish identity and Scottish clans. The thesis intends to raise the meaning of Scottish history for the Scottish identity and to analyse the relation between Scots and Englishmen. It is also meant to study how Geertz and Lewellen’s theories work in the Scottish field. This thesis intends to contribute to a better understanding and deeper insight into the uniqueness of Scottish culture.