<p>Bakgrund: Forskningen kring projekt har under senare år ökat i omfattning. En anledning är att projektorganiseringen utgör ett sätt att samla ett antal specialister för att få dem att samverka mot ett gemensamt mål. Utöver de interna relationer som uppstår i projekt förekommer det även involvering av interorganisatoriska partners i samarbetet vilket är speciellt vanligt i byggprojekt som karaktäriseras av en hög grad av interorganisatorisk specialisering. Problemformuleringar: Den utpräglade specialiseringen inom byggprojekt fordrar som all annan typ av specialisering, samordning och koordinering av resurser med den skillnaden att det här handlar om samordning över de organisatoriska gränserna. Det som denna studie behandlar är därför de relationer byggföretag har till sina underentreprenörer i samband medbyggprojekt. Fokus ligger på hur företag kan samverka vertikalt i förädlingskedjan för att på detta sätt uppnå konkurrensfördelar. </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att utforska styrning och kontraktering av interorganisatoriska relationer för projektbaserad byggverksamhet. Utöver detta är syftet att specificera en optimala relationen mellan byggherre och underentreprenör för de fall som studien omfattar. </p><p>Avgränsningar: Studien har avgränsats till att endast innefatta relationen mellan byggherre och underentreprenör. </p><p>Genomförande: Studien har genomförts med grund i kontraktsansatsen genom intervjuer på två byggföretag med olika strategi, storlek och geografisk placering. </p><p>Resultat: Resultatet visar att en optimal relation mellan byggherre och underentreprenör är avhängigt av i vilken grad samverkan kan ledan till utveckling hos de båda parterna. Alltför omfattande outsourcing av tjänster kan vara negativt precis som alltför täta relationer. Därför är situationen helt avgörande. Ger även stöd åt- samt utvecklar Alvesson&Lindkvists teori om ekonomisk kooperativa klaner.</p> / <p>Background: Business research focusing on different aspects of project work has recently increased. One reason is that project teams can be used as an effec- tive means of getting specialists from different parts of a business to work to- wards a common goal. In addition to the internal project relations that charac- terize project work, some businesses have also shown evidence of involving ex- ternal parties in projects. This is particularly common for construction projects where a large number of firms enter a project in order to achieve a high degree of interorganizational specialisation. </p><p>Purpose: The high extent of specialization within the construction industry in- creases the need for coordination of resources among participating firms. This thesis relates to this coordination with special regard to the relation between contractor and sub-contractor and the involvement of subcontractorsin the verti-cal dimension of the supply chain. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the procurement phases related to the involvement of subcontractors in con-struction projects. Further, the study aims at specifying the optimal relations between main- and sub contractor for the construction firms researched. D</p><p>elimitation: This thesis is solely focusing on the relations between main con- tractor and sub-contractor and is not dealing with other parties involved in con-struction projects. </p><p>Realization: The research material for this thesis has been obtained through in- terviews with employees of two Swedish construction firms that differ in strat- egy, size and geographical location. </p><p>Conclusion: The concluding remarks of the study indicate that the optimal rela- tion between main- and sub contractor is highly dependent on in what ways the relations may lead to long-term development for the parties. A high extent of outsourcing from the main contractor as well as too extensive partnering rela- tions may lead to substantial disadvantages in development for both firms. Therefore the environment in which the main contractor is operating is of great importance to the decision on how to handle subcontractor relations. The study also gives insights into the clan literature and supports and extends the theory of economic cooperative clans, developed by Mats Alvesson&Lars Lindkvist.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-144).

Th. Ph. D.--University of Wisconsin, 1979. / Bibliogr. p. 351-366. Index.

Esta dissertaÃÃo analisa o comportamento do consumidor idoso de baixa renda em seus hÃbitos de lazer a partir da anÃlise de estudos realizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica - IBGE e pelo LaboratÃrio de Estudo da Pobreza da UFC - LEP. O exame parte de uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica dos temas em questÃo, perpassando por uma pesquisa realizada com 100 pessoas idosas de baixa renda - residentes da zona metropolitana de Fortaleza/CE - para consolidaÃÃo da pesquisa teÃrica. A anÃlise dos dados primÃrios e secundÃrios extraÃdos destas pesquisas serviu para estabelecer uma reflexÃo entre os conceitos definidos cientificamente e o arquÃtipo de idoso compreendido pelo senso comum das pessoas. A principal suposiÃÃo deste trabalho sustenta-se na idÃia de que o idoso de modo geral possui uma forte necessidade de socializaÃÃo, influenciando fortemente seu comportamento de consumo. Quando visto na perspectiva do poder de compra â mais precisamente o de baixa renda â esta necessidade de socializaÃÃo os estimulando a se reunirem em grupos para realizarem suas atividades de lazer. De outro modo, o trabalho tambÃm se propÃe a produzir um discurso de valorizaÃÃo para este segmento e revelar algumas oportunidades mercadolÃgicas a serem exploradas pelas empresas que investem em sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social. / This dissertation analyzes the elderly consumer behavior of low-income their leisure habits from the analysis of studies conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE and the Laboratory Study of Poverty UFC - LEP. O take part of a literature review of the issues involved, passing by a survey of 100 elderly low-income people - residents of the metropolitan area Fortaleza / CE - to the theoretical research consolidation. The analysis of the primary data, and side extracted from these surveys served to establish a reflection among the concepts defined scientifically and the archetype of old understood by common sense of people. The main assumption of this work is based on the idea that the old mode general has a strong need for socialization, strongly influencing their consumer behavior. When viewed in the purchasing power perspective - more precisely the low-income - this need for socialization encouraging them to meet in groups to perform their leisure activities. Otherwise, the work also intends to produce a valuation of speech for this segment and reveal some market opportunities to be exploited by companies that invest in sustainability and social responsibility.

The reality today is that we are all interdependent and have to co-exist on this small planet therefore, the only sensible and intelligent way of resolving differences and clashes of interests, whether between individuals or nations, is through dialogue --the Dalai Lama Nomadic pastoralist communities all over the world depend on the keeping livestock for their livelihood, and are characterized by constant migration, in search of pasture and water, or what others may call “search for greener pastures”. Most often as the case such as in Northern Kenya these communities or clans are in conflict with each other mainly over the same scarce resources- water and pasture. This particular treatise explores the role of local NGOs in managing such inter-clan conflict. As aptly put by Lewis (1981: 10-13), when grazing land is abundant, settlement patterns of the pastoral communities may include many non patrilineal kin, or other clans, the true patrilineal kin is honored when pressure arises in the form of diminishing water and pasture, in such instances those who are not one‟s clan become undesirable aliens, thus it is was not a surprise to witness, in the course of conducting the study the many sprouting settlements in Wajir County consisting of entirely agnatic kin, meant to protect “clan‟s” ideals at any costs. Intra-clan and inter-clan conflicts are thus common in the entire Northern Kenya; this study explores the management of inter-clan conflict in Wajir County, North Eastern Province of Kenya. In particular, this research offers an exploration and discussion of the sources of inter-clan conflict, the role of the local NGOs and the perceptions of the local communities, politicians, provincial administration and the local peace committees in the processes of the managing inter-clan conflicts by the local NGOs. With reference to relevant research and literature, as well as the researcher‟s good background understanding on the interventions of the local NGOs in Wajir County, this treatise will provide a series of recommendations to respond to the recurrent inter-clan conflict in the Wajir County, which to some extent could also be applicable to communities with similar settings in Africa and beyond.

中國河南省鄧州市，被稱為世界鄧氏的發源地。鄧姓後人自五千年前開始便不斷外遷，至今分佈在世界各地的鄧氏總人口達七百餘萬。自二千年開始，位於鄧州市有“天下鄧氏第一陵“之稱的吾離陵園，成為鄧州市的重點發展項目之一，市政府積極向世界鄧氏宣傳鄧州和陵園保護建設，部分鄧氏後人也紛紛捐款支持。本論文探討跨地域網絡與文化遺產保護的關係，透過在三個鄧氏團體（鄧村、香港和多倫多）的田野考察，了解鄧氏後人對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的看法。我將會探究為何鄧州政府和部分鄧氏後人投資巨款於陵墓建設上，而其他人則拒絶贊助？在全球化的環境下，政治、經濟、宗教、社會和文化因素如何推動或拒絶族氏文化遺產的建立？本論文的最終目的是探討跨地域網絡如何影響文化遺產管理，和不同利益團體對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的解讀。 / The Tang clan is said to have originated from Dengzhou City, Henan Province, China; members of the Tang clan began their migratory trek 5,000 years ago, and now they claim that there are 7 millions descendents all over the world. Since the 2000s, the Wuli Mausoleum - claimed to be the First Mausoleum of the Tang clan, has caught the attention of the Dengzhou government, which has since been promoting this to the Tangs across the world. The local government is eager to preserve the Mausoleum and a preservation plan has been announced; some Tang descendants have made substantial donations towards the project. This ethnographic study explores the nature of the transregional connections on heritage management and the meanings of building a global “Tang heritage“ among three regional Tang groups, namely in Dengcun (Henan Province), Hong Kong and Toronto. This study addresses the following questions: Why are the local government and some Tangs willing to spend enormous sums of money on the conservation of the Mausoleum, while others refuse to do so? What are the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious factors facilitating the promotion or denial of the Tang heritage in today’s globalized world? The ultimate goal of this research is to understand the politics and power dynamics among various stakeholders in the process of heritage management through a construction of transregional connections in post-Mao China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Hiu Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-153). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / List of Illustrations / Abstract / 摘要 / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heritage as a Contested Idea --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) Vs. Local Interpretation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Uses of Heritage --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Significance of Kinship in Heritage Relations --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Management of Archaeological Sites --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Legends of the Tang Clan and the Wuli Mausoleum --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Setting: Dengzhou City as the “Ancestral Homeland“ of the Tangs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Authenticity of the Mausoleum: Is it an Archaeological Site? --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Wuli Mausoleum and its Changing Cultural Context --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Government of Dengzhou City --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Bureau of Culture and its Cultural Policy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Roles of the Government in the Conservation Project --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Politics of the “pseudo“ Tang Lineage Association Head Office --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion: Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) and the Power Penetration of the Government --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Mausoleum and its Local Associated People: The Dengcun Tangs in Dengzhou City --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1 --- Locating the Tangs --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Setting: The Local Community - the Dengcun Tangs --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- “An Inseparable Relationship“: The Tomb and the Dengcun Tangs --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Interests of the Dengcun Tangs --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion: “Weapons of the Weak“ - Intense Negotiations --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction: The Tangs in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Ping Shan Tangs --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for not Being Interested in the Project --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Hong Kong Tang Clansmen Association --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Discussion: Engage or Disengage - “Capital“ --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background: The Tang Community in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Toronto Tangs and the Conservation Project --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion: What are the factors affecting their perceptions? --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion: The “Tang Heritage“ and its Transregional Connections --- p.124 / Bibliography --- p.146

Basotho family odes (diboko) form part of oral literature, and refer to names of families, clans or totems. They constitute poetic compositions conveying information about clans' historical origin, philosophy and ancestors. The performance of this oral art form makes use of formulaic techniques such as linking, parallelism, alliteration, etc., which are commonly used in praise poetry. As basis to the content of these oral art forms, the genealogies of the various Basotho clans are discussed to show the reflection of the progenitor names in the clan praises. The functions of family odes are of educational, social and religious nature. Other functions include their use in compositions of other genres, such as, praise poems, mine workers' chants, traditional doctors' falls (mawa) and songs. The recitation of this oral art form is characterised by the instability of the texts, which takes the form of extensions, additions, truncations, improvisations and genre transitions. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

久米村是十四至十五世紀琉球地方向明國朝貢初期移住那霸的福建人－「閩人三十六姓」－所形成的聚落。久米村人對琉球王國外交、文化、思想、信仰有深遠的影響。本論文以時間為縱軸，以民族集團客觀特徵的姓名、語言、信仰、主觀認同意識為橫軸，探討閩人三十六姓自十四世紀末移住琉球那霸久米村之後至今600年之間，在琉球‧沖繩社會脈絡下改變的過程和因應機制，以及客觀文化特徵與主觀認同意識的相互關係。 論文除「緒論」、「結論」外，本論有六章，第一章「久米村人的形成」，寫久米村人的人來源、社會組織、現況，和久米村的地理位置。第二章「久米村人的職業」，重點在描述久米村人在封貢體系中擔任外交官重要角色的實態。第三章「久米村的姓名」，探討久米村人的命名制度及其因時代所起的變化。第四章「久米村人的語言」，析論久米村人閩南話、漢語官話、琉球語及日語之使用與變遷。第五章「久米村人的宗教信仰」，研析久米村人之祖先崇拜、天妃信仰，以及琉球民間信仰與日本民間信仰對久米村人信仰的影響。三、四、五章並分別就姓名、語言、信仰之客觀的文化特徵，探討其作為久米村人民族邊界的有效性。第六章「久米村人的認定與認同」，敘述琉球王國的身分認定制度，並析論此一制度對久米村人主觀認同的影響。 關鍵詞：沖繩 閩人三十六姓 認定 認同 / Kume Village was initially formed by 36 Fujian clans in the 14th Century when the Ryukyu Islands became one of the tributaries to the Ming Empire of China. Kume Villagers had a great influence on the Ryukyu Kingdom in diplomacy, culture, thought, and belief perspectives. The tenets of this dissertation focus on the development of the people of Kume Village; their careers, the evolution of their languages, their system of assigning names to individuals, and how they related first to China, then later to the Okinawa Kingdom, Japan, and how they were perceived by Okinawans throughout this time. The dissertation consists of six chapters. The first chapter, "The Kume Village", writes where Kume villagers come from originally, its past and present social organization, and the Kume Village geographical position. The second chapter, "The Kume Villagers’ Social Niche", mainly describes the important role Kume villagers play in the tribute system as diplomats. The third chapter, "The Naming of a Kume Villager", discusses the Kume Villagers naming system and its evolution. The fourth chapter "The Kume Villager’s Language” analyzes these 4 languages: Southern Fujian, Chinese Mandarin, Ryukyu Islands, and Japanese as they are imported and integrated by the Kume community. The fifth chapter, "The Kume Villagers Religious Beliefs", analyzes the Kume Villagers worship of ancestors, Tian Fei beliefs, as well as how the Ryukyu Islands folklores and the Japanese folklores influenced Kume Villagers. The third, fourth, and fifth chapters test the validity of name, language, and general belief mores as robust ethnic boundaries. The sixth chapter, "Caste-assignment and Social Identity", narrates the establishment of distinct castes and government relegation of the Kume Villagers into an elite class and analyzes how this policy influenced Kume Villagers. Applying time and several ethnic features as its frames of reference, this dissertation debates in detail the development of the culture of Kume Villagers parallel to and as the result of their interaction with Okinawa society in the last 600 years. Keywords：Okinawa, 36 Fujian clans, Chinese overseas, Identity

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many powerful lineages appeared in the Jiangnan area. In this thesis, I take the Hua lineage of Wuxi county as an example, to study the emergence and transformation of these institutions, as well as the change of local society in the period. / In the Hua lineage, the word "lineage" includes two kinds of meanings: one is continued by blood, the other is constructed by special means. The former is implied in the the Hua Zhengu story in early Ming dynasty, which described when the family arrived at the bank of Lake E, reclaimed land, and, in time, became a lineage having many descendants. The latter was performed in ceremonies by many people surnamed Hua who lived in Wuxi county, including Hua Zhengu's descendants, who, through the ceremonies, designated themselves members of a large lineage. The ceremonies were supported by the building of ancestral halls, by compiling genealogies, and recalling stories of their connections to the ancestors. In the middle of the Ming dynasty, people of the Hua surname at Dangkou, where Hua Zhengu had settled, came to be known as a great lineage in Wuxi County. / My focus is not on building a "lineage society" . In the Jiangnan area, lineages were actively built only by a small number of people, while most of their members kept only a loose connection with their lineage. So the lineage exerted little authority on its members. In fact, the importance of the lineage lies in its economic function. Under the process of economic development, by building a charitable estate, lineage became a corporation, which in turn further accelerated the economic development of local society. Through the study of the impact the lineage and the town it settled had on each other, this thesis describes the specificity of the Jiangnan lineage in the Ming and Qing dynasties. / 余艶. / Adviser: David Faure. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-148). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Yu Yan.

Du fait de leur isolement, les lieux comme Grand-Galet et Ravine-Ango ont gardé des fonctionnements traditionnels où chaque membre de la famille a un rôle et une fonction complémentaires. L'évolution rapide de la société réunionnaise au cours des 50 dernières années a eu des incidences sur ces localités en fonction de leur isolement.(Résumé de l'auteur)