<p>“Globalizing the Sculptural Landscape of Isis and Sarapis Cults in Roman Greece,” asks questions of cross-cultural exchange and viewership of sculptural assemblages set up in sanctuaries to the Egyptian gods. Focusing on cognitive dissonance, cultural imagining, and manipulations of time and space, I theorize ancient globalization as a set of loosely related processes that shifted a community's connections with place. My case studies range from the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE, including sanctuaries at Rhodes, Thessaloniki, Dion, Marathon, Gortyna, and Delos. At these sites, devotees combined mainstream Greco-Roman sculptures, Egyptian imports, and locally produced imitations of Egyptian artifacts. In the last case, local sculptors represented Egyptian subjects with Greco-Roman naturalistic styles, creating an exoticized visual ideal that had both local and global resonance. My dissertation argues that the sculptural assemblages set up in Egyptian sanctuaries allowed each community to construct complex narratives about the nature of the Egyptian gods. Further, these images participated in a form of globalization that motivated local communities to adopt foreign gods and reinterpret them to suit local needs. </p><p> I begin my dissertation by examining how Isis and Sarapis were represented in Greece. My first chapter focuses on single statues of Egyptian gods, describing their iconographies and stylistic tendencies through examples from Corinth and Gortyna. By comparing Greek examples with images of Sarapis, Isis, and Harpokrates from around the Mediterranean, I demonstrate that Greek communities relied on globally available visual tropes rather than creating site or region-specific interpretations. In the next section, I examine what other sources viewers drew upon to inform their experiences of Egyptian sculpture. In Chapter 3, I survey the textual evidence for Isiac cult practice in Greece as a way to reconstruct devotees’ expectations of sculptures in sanctuary contexts. At the core of this analysis are Apuleius’ Metamorphoses and Plutarch’s De Iside et Osiride, which offer a Greek perspective on the cult’s theology. These literary works rely on a tradition of aretalogical inscriptions—long hymns produced from roughly the late 4th century B.C.E. into the 4th century C.E. that describe the expansive syncretistic powers of Isis, Sarapis, and Harpokrates. This chapter argues that the textual evidence suggests that devotees may have expected their images to be especially miraculous and likely to intervene on their behalf, particularly when involved in ritual activity inside the sanctuary.</p><p> In the final two chapters, I consider sculptural programs and ritual activity in concert with sanctuary architecture. My fourth chapter focuses on sanctuaries where large amounts of sculpture were found in underground water crypts: Thessaloniki and Rhodes. These groups of statues can be connected to a particular sanctuary space, but their precise display contexts are not known. By reading these images together, I argue that local communities used these globally available images to construct new interpretations of these gods, ones that explored the complex intersections of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman identities in a globalized Mediterranean. My final chapter explores the Egyptian sanctuary at Marathon, a site where exceptional preservation allows us to study how viewers would have experienced images in architectural space. Using the Isiac visuality established in Chapter 3, I reconstruct the viewer's experience, arguing that the patron, Herodes Atticus, intended his viewer to inform his experience with the complex theology of Middle Platonism and prevailing elite attitudes about Roman imperialism.</p><p> Throughout my dissertation, I diverge from traditional approaches to culture change that center on the concepts of Romanization and identity. In order to access local experiences of globalization, I examine viewership on a micro-scale. I argue that viewers brought their concerns about culture change into dialogue with elements of cult, social status, art, and text to create new interpretations of Roman sculpture sensitive to the challenges of a highly connected Mediterranean world. In turn, these transcultural perspectives motivated Isiac devotees to create assemblages that combined elements from multiple cultures. These expansive attitudes also inspired Isiac devotees to commission exoticized images that brought together disparate cultures and styles in an eclectic manner that mirrored the haphazard way that travel brought change to the Mediterranean world. My dissertation thus offers a more theoretically rigorous way of modeling culture change in antiquity that recognizes local communities’ agency in producing their cultural landscapes, reconciling some of the problems of scale that have plagued earlier approaches to provincial Roman art.</p><p> These case studies demonstrate that cultural anxieties played a key role in how viewers experienced artistic imagery in the Hellenistic and Roman Mediterranean. This dissertation thus offers a new component in our understanding of ancient visuality, and, in turn, a better way to analyze how local communities dealt with the rise of connectivity and globalization.</p> / Dissertation

<p>This dissertation identifies Cicero's <italic>Consolatio</italic>, Seneca's <italic>Ad Polybium de consolatione</italic>, and Boethius' <italic>De consolatione Philosophiae</italic> as self-consolations, in which these Roman authors employ philosophical argument and literary art, in order to provide a therapy for their own crippling experience of grief. This therapeutic discourse unfolds between two contradictory conditions, though, since the philosophers must possess the self-mastery and self-possession that qualifies the consoler to perform his task felicitously, and they must lack those very same qualifications, insofar as their experience of loss has exposed their dependence upon others and they thus require consolation. Foucault's theoretical treatment of ancient philosophical discourse is supplemented by Lacanian critical theory and the political theology of Giorgio Agamben to perform analyses of the consolatory texts and their political context. These analyses reveal that self-consolation overcomes the contradictory conditions that found this discourse through literary and rhetorical artifice. But this resolution then places the apparent completeness of the philosophical argument in doubt, as the consoled authors in each case finally call for a decisive action that would join philosophical reflection to the merely human world that philosophy would have these consolers leave behind. Each author's self-consolation therefore demonstrates a split allegiance to the Roman political community and to a Socratic philosophical heritage that advocates for withdrawal from politics.</p> / Dissertation

<p>This dissertation seeks to identify what makes Cicero’s approach to politics unique. The author's methodology is to turn to Cicero’s unique interpretation of Plato as the crux of what made his thinking neither Stoic nor Aristotelian nor even Platonic (at least, in the usual sense of the word) but Ciceronian. As the author demonstrates in his reading of Cicero’s correspondences and dialogues during the downward spiral of a decade that ended in the fall of the Republic (that is, from Cicero’s return from exile in 57 BC to Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BC), it is through Cicero's reading of Plato that the former develops his characteristically Ciceronian approach to politics—that is, his appreciation for the tension between the political ideal on the one hand and the reality of human nature on the other as well as the need for rhetoric to fuse a practicable compromise between the two. This triangulation of political ideal, human nature, and rhetoric is developed by Cicero through his dialogues "de Oratore," "de Re publica," and "de Legibus."</p> / Dissertation

Em seis décadas de atividade, entre 1927 e 1987, Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (1908- 1987) publicou mais de setecentos artigos e resenhas, que formam o corpus de sua obra. Em função da opção de Momigliano por estudos de extensão limitada, apresentados na forma de artigos e conferências, sua obra possui um caráter disperso, o que torna difícil uma visualização clara de sua totalidade. Ainda que compilada nos volumes dos Contributi publicados ao longo da vida do historiador (e após sua morte), tal compilação se apresenta problemática. A presente pesquisa visa propor um mapeamento da obra de Momigliano e uma discussão e contextualização da mesma, centrada nos principais focos de sua produção, com ênfase nas questões da história da historiografia e da paz e liberdade no mundo antigo. / In six decades of activity, between 1927 and 1987, Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (1908- 1987) published more than seven hundred articles and reviews, which form the body of his work. Due to his option for studies of limited extension, presented in the form of articles and conferences, his work possesses a dispersed character, what makes a clear visualization of its totality difficult. Although compiled in the nine volumes of the Contributi published along the historian\'s life (and after his death), such compilation is problematic. The present research proposes to trace a map of Momiglianos work and a discussion and contextualization of this work, centered in the main focuses of his production, with emphasis in the subjects of the history of the historiography and the peace and liberty in the ancient world.

Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, os estudos sobre a economia antiga foram transformados pela crítica sistemática do emprego de noções econômicas formais a sociedades que não formularam elas mesmas um conceito de economia. Os debates acadêmicos que então se travaram, nos termos dos próprios debatedores, tiveram em Moses Finley (1912-1986) um protagonista. A partir de uma análise das concepções de história econômica esposadas por Finley, dos mecanismos de validação de tais concepções e da trajetória desse historiador, esta tese procura iluminar algumas das condições sociais e epistemológicas que tornaram possível a reconfiguração das percepções acadêmicas modernas sobre a vida econômica antiga e estabelecer o papel por ele desempenhado nesse processo. / This thesis examines the role played by Moses I. Finley (1912-1986) in the academic controversies about ancient Greek and Roman economic history in the second half of the twentieth century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the studies on the ancient economy were transformed by systematic criticism of the use of formal economic notions in the analysis of societies which had not themselves forged a concept of economy. Among those who got involved in these debates, it is believed that Finley was its protagonist. Based on an analysis of the views on economic history held by Finley, of the mechanisms of validation of these views and of his trajectory, I try to elucidate some aspects of the social and epistemological conditions that made the reconfiguration of modern academic perception of ancient economic life possible.

Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, os estudos sobre a economia antiga foram transformados pela crítica sistemática do emprego de noções econômicas formais a sociedades que não formularam elas mesmas um conceito de economia. Os debates acadêmicos que então se travaram, nos termos dos próprios debatedores, tiveram em Moses Finley (1912-1986) um protagonista. A partir de uma análise das concepções de história econômica esposadas por Finley, dos mecanismos de validação de tais concepções e da trajetória desse historiador, esta tese procura iluminar algumas das condições sociais e epistemológicas que tornaram possível a reconfiguração das percepções acadêmicas modernas sobre a vida econômica antiga e estabelecer o papel por ele desempenhado nesse processo. / This thesis examines the role played by Moses I. Finley (1912-1986) in the academic controversies about ancient Greek and Roman economic history in the second half of the twentieth century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the studies on the ancient economy were transformed by systematic criticism of the use of formal economic notions in the analysis of societies which had not themselves forged a concept of economy. Among those who got involved in these debates, it is believed that Finley was its protagonist. Based on an analysis of the views on economic history held by Finley, of the mechanisms of validation of these views and of his trajectory, I try to elucidate some aspects of the social and epistemological conditions that made the reconfiguration of modern academic perception of ancient economic life possible.

Em seis décadas de atividade, entre 1927 e 1987, Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (1908- 1987) publicou mais de setecentos artigos e resenhas, que formam o corpus de sua obra. Em função da opção de Momigliano por estudos de extensão limitada, apresentados na forma de artigos e conferências, sua obra possui um caráter disperso, o que torna difícil uma visualização clara de sua totalidade. Ainda que compilada nos volumes dos Contributi publicados ao longo da vida do historiador (e após sua morte), tal compilação se apresenta problemática. A presente pesquisa visa propor um mapeamento da obra de Momigliano e uma discussão e contextualização da mesma, centrada nos principais focos de sua produção, com ênfase nas questões da história da historiografia e da paz e liberdade no mundo antigo. / In six decades of activity, between 1927 and 1987, Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (1908- 1987) published more than seven hundred articles and reviews, which form the body of his work. Due to his option for studies of limited extension, presented in the form of articles and conferences, his work possesses a dispersed character, what makes a clear visualization of its totality difficult. Although compiled in the nine volumes of the Contributi published along the historian\'s life (and after his death), such compilation is problematic. The present research proposes to trace a map of Momiglianos work and a discussion and contextualization of this work, centered in the main focuses of his production, with emphasis in the subjects of the history of the historiography and the peace and liberty in the ancient world.

Cette th��se ��tudie le parall��le ��tabli par les chercheurs et les sp��cialistes de la litt��rature compar��e entre Esfandiy��r et Achille. L'objectif majeur de cette ��tude est de savoir si le po��te iranien Ferdowsi ��tait sous l'influence de son homologue grec, l'a��de de l'Iliade et l'Odyss��e, lors de la cr��ation de son ��uvre le Chahnameh, ��pop��e nationale persane, et plus pr��cis��ment du h��ros de celle-ci, Esfandiy��r. L'��tude de la figure d'Esfandiy��r suivie de celle de l'oiseau l��gendaire S��morgh, de celle de Rostam, le meurtrier du prince kayanide, et enfin, l'��tude de l'espace mythique du Sist��n font l'objet de la premi��re partie de la th��se. Dans la deuxi��me partie, nous ��tudions de fa��on d��taill��e le parall��le existant entre Achille et Esfandiy��r tel qu'il a ��t�� propos�� par les chercheurs ��trangers et iraniens en tentant une approche plus minutieuse et approfondie de cette ��tude �� propos du h��ros grec Achille. La troisi��me partie propose une nouvelle approche comparative des h��ros dans laquelle sera ��tudi��e, �� c��t�� de la figure d'Achille et de celle d'Esfandiy��r, celle d'un troisi��me h��ros, Gilgamesh appartenant �� la tradition m��sopotamienne. Cet ��largissement a pour but de se demander si les traits que les chercheurs pr��c��dents ont d��gag��s comme preuves ou indices du parall��le entre Achille et Esfandiy��r, puisqu'ils se retrouvent au moins en partie chez Gilgamesh, ne sont pas tout simplement caract��ristiques du h��ros ��pique et repr��sentatifs du genre de l'��pop��e.

Cette th��se ��tudie le parall��le ��tabli par les chercheurs et les sp��cialistes de la litt��rature compar��e entre Esfandiy��r et Achille. L'objectif majeur de cette ��tude est de savoir si le po��te iranien Ferdowsi ��tait sous l'influence de son homologue grec, l'a��de de l'Iliade et l'Odyss��e, lors de la cr��ation de son ��uvre le Chahnameh, ��pop��e nationale persane, et plus pr��cis��ment du h��ros de celle-ci, Esfandiy��r. L'��tude de la figure d'Esfandiy��r suivie de celle de l'oiseau l��gendaire S��morgh, de celle de Rostam, le meurtrier du prince kayanide, et enfin, l'��tude de l'espace mythique du Sist��n font l'objet de la premi��re partie de la th��se. Dans la deuxi��me partie, nous ��tudions de fa��on d��taill��e le parall��le existant entre Achille et Esfandiy��r tel qu'il a ��t�� propos�� par les chercheurs ��trangers et iraniens en tentant une approche plus minutieuse et approfondie de cette ��tude �� propos du h��ros grec Achille. La troisi��me partie propose une nouvelle approche comparative des h��ros dans laquelle sera ��tudi��e, �� c��t�� de la figure d'Achille et de celle d'Esfandiy��r, celle d'un troisi��me h��ros, Gilgamesh appartenant �� la tradition m��sopotamienne. Cet ��largissement a pour but de se demander si les traits que les chercheurs pr��c��dents ont d��gag��s comme preuves ou indices du parall��le entre Achille et Esfandiy��r, puisqu'ils se retrouvent au moins en partie chez Gilgamesh, ne sont pas tout simplement caract��ristiques du h��ros ��pique et repr��sentatifs du genre de l'��pop��e.

Plato's late works contain an unexpectedly consistent treatment of the physics and metaphysics of souls. In the course of showing this, I argue that: (1) the middle period dialogues Phaedo and Republic assume, but do not mention, a Form of Soul; (2) the Timaeus contains a physical theory according to which all changes of every kind are forms of spatial motion; (3) Plato's view of souls as self-movers is identifiable in more of his late dialogues than is usually recognized (namely, in the Statesman as well as in the Phaedrus, Timaeus, and Laws ); (9) in the definition of souls as self-movers, "motion" should be read as "spatial motion" rather than "change" in general, and (5) neither the Phaedrus nor the Timaeus contains the claim that human souls are immortal, while both dialogues contain a concept of "soul-stuff;" a material from which individual souls are manufactured.