Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, os estudos sobre a economia antiga foram transformados pela crítica sistemática do emprego de noções econômicas formais a sociedades que não formularam elas mesmas um conceito de economia. Os debates acadêmicos que então se travaram, nos termos dos próprios debatedores, tiveram em Moses Finley (1912-1986) um protagonista. A partir de uma análise das concepções de história econômica esposadas por Finley, dos mecanismos de validação de tais concepções e da trajetória desse historiador, esta tese procura iluminar algumas das condições sociais e epistemológicas que tornaram possível a reconfiguração das percepções acadêmicas modernas sobre a vida econômica antiga e estabelecer o papel por ele desempenhado nesse processo. / This thesis examines the role played by Moses I. Finley (1912-1986) in the academic controversies about ancient Greek and Roman economic history in the second half of the twentieth century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the studies on the ancient economy were transformed by systematic criticism of the use of formal economic notions in the analysis of societies which had not themselves forged a concept of economy. Among those who got involved in these debates, it is believed that Finley was its protagonist. Based on an analysis of the views on economic history held by Finley, of the mechanisms of validation of these views and of his trajectory, I try to elucidate some aspects of the social and epistemological conditions that made the reconfiguration of modern academic perception of ancient economic life possible.

Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, os estudos sobre a economia antiga foram transformados pela crítica sistemática do emprego de noções econômicas formais a sociedades que não formularam elas mesmas um conceito de economia. Os debates acadêmicos que então se travaram, nos termos dos próprios debatedores, tiveram em Moses Finley (1912-1986) um protagonista. A partir de uma análise das concepções de história econômica esposadas por Finley, dos mecanismos de validação de tais concepções e da trajetória desse historiador, esta tese procura iluminar algumas das condições sociais e epistemológicas que tornaram possível a reconfiguração das percepções acadêmicas modernas sobre a vida econômica antiga e estabelecer o papel por ele desempenhado nesse processo. / This thesis examines the role played by Moses I. Finley (1912-1986) in the academic controversies about ancient Greek and Roman economic history in the second half of the twentieth century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the studies on the ancient economy were transformed by systematic criticism of the use of formal economic notions in the analysis of societies which had not themselves forged a concept of economy. Among those who got involved in these debates, it is believed that Finley was its protagonist. Based on an analysis of the views on economic history held by Finley, of the mechanisms of validation of these views and of his trajectory, I try to elucidate some aspects of the social and epistemological conditions that made the reconfiguration of modern academic perception of ancient economic life possible.

Em seis décadas de atividade, entre 1927 e 1987, Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (1908- 1987) publicou mais de setecentos artigos e resenhas, que formam o corpus de sua obra. Em função da opção de Momigliano por estudos de extensão limitada, apresentados na forma de artigos e conferências, sua obra possui um caráter disperso, o que torna difícil uma visualização clara de sua totalidade. Ainda que compilada nos volumes dos Contributi publicados ao longo da vida do historiador (e após sua morte), tal compilação se apresenta problemática. A presente pesquisa visa propor um mapeamento da obra de Momigliano e uma discussão e contextualização da mesma, centrada nos principais focos de sua produção, com ênfase nas questões da história da historiografia e da paz e liberdade no mundo antigo. / In six decades of activity, between 1927 and 1987, Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (1908- 1987) published more than seven hundred articles and reviews, which form the body of his work. Due to his option for studies of limited extension, presented in the form of articles and conferences, his work possesses a dispersed character, what makes a clear visualization of its totality difficult. Although compiled in the nine volumes of the Contributi published along the historian\'s life (and after his death), such compilation is problematic. The present research proposes to trace a map of Momiglianos work and a discussion and contextualization of this work, centered in the main focuses of his production, with emphasis in the subjects of the history of the historiography and the peace and liberty in the ancient world.

Cette th��se ��tudie le parall��le ��tabli par les chercheurs et les sp��cialistes de la litt��rature compar��e entre Esfandiy��r et Achille. L'objectif majeur de cette ��tude est de savoir si le po��te iranien Ferdowsi ��tait sous l'influence de son homologue grec, l'a��de de l'Iliade et l'Odyss��e, lors de la cr��ation de son ��uvre le Chahnameh, ��pop��e nationale persane, et plus pr��cis��ment du h��ros de celle-ci, Esfandiy��r. L'��tude de la figure d'Esfandiy��r suivie de celle de l'oiseau l��gendaire S��morgh, de celle de Rostam, le meurtrier du prince kayanide, et enfin, l'��tude de l'espace mythique du Sist��n font l'objet de la premi��re partie de la th��se. Dans la deuxi��me partie, nous ��tudions de fa��on d��taill��e le parall��le existant entre Achille et Esfandiy��r tel qu'il a ��t�� propos�� par les chercheurs ��trangers et iraniens en tentant une approche plus minutieuse et approfondie de cette ��tude �� propos du h��ros grec Achille. La troisi��me partie propose une nouvelle approche comparative des h��ros dans laquelle sera ��tudi��e, �� c��t�� de la figure d'Achille et de celle d'Esfandiy��r, celle d'un troisi��me h��ros, Gilgamesh appartenant �� la tradition m��sopotamienne. Cet ��largissement a pour but de se demander si les traits que les chercheurs pr��c��dents ont d��gag��s comme preuves ou indices du parall��le entre Achille et Esfandiy��r, puisqu'ils se retrouvent au moins en partie chez Gilgamesh, ne sont pas tout simplement caract��ristiques du h��ros ��pique et repr��sentatifs du genre de l'��pop��e.

Cette th��se ��tudie le parall��le ��tabli par les chercheurs et les sp��cialistes de la litt��rature compar��e entre Esfandiy��r et Achille. L'objectif majeur de cette ��tude est de savoir si le po��te iranien Ferdowsi ��tait sous l'influence de son homologue grec, l'a��de de l'Iliade et l'Odyss��e, lors de la cr��ation de son ��uvre le Chahnameh, ��pop��e nationale persane, et plus pr��cis��ment du h��ros de celle-ci, Esfandiy��r. L'��tude de la figure d'Esfandiy��r suivie de celle de l'oiseau l��gendaire S��morgh, de celle de Rostam, le meurtrier du prince kayanide, et enfin, l'��tude de l'espace mythique du Sist��n font l'objet de la premi��re partie de la th��se. Dans la deuxi��me partie, nous ��tudions de fa��on d��taill��e le parall��le existant entre Achille et Esfandiy��r tel qu'il a ��t�� propos�� par les chercheurs ��trangers et iraniens en tentant une approche plus minutieuse et approfondie de cette ��tude �� propos du h��ros grec Achille. La troisi��me partie propose une nouvelle approche comparative des h��ros dans laquelle sera ��tudi��e, �� c��t�� de la figure d'Achille et de celle d'Esfandiy��r, celle d'un troisi��me h��ros, Gilgamesh appartenant �� la tradition m��sopotamienne. Cet ��largissement a pour but de se demander si les traits que les chercheurs pr��c��dents ont d��gag��s comme preuves ou indices du parall��le entre Achille et Esfandiy��r, puisqu'ils se retrouvent au moins en partie chez Gilgamesh, ne sont pas tout simplement caract��ristiques du h��ros ��pique et repr��sentatifs du genre de l'��pop��e.

Plato's late works contain an unexpectedly consistent treatment of the physics and metaphysics of souls. In the course of showing this, I argue that: (1) the middle period dialogues Phaedo and Republic assume, but do not mention, a Form of Soul; (2) the Timaeus contains a physical theory according to which all changes of every kind are forms of spatial motion; (3) Plato's view of souls as self-movers is identifiable in more of his late dialogues than is usually recognized (namely, in the Statesman as well as in the Phaedrus, Timaeus, and Laws ); (9) in the definition of souls as self-movers, "motion" should be read as "spatial motion" rather than "change" in general, and (5) neither the Phaedrus nor the Timaeus contains the claim that human souls are immortal, while both dialogues contain a concept of "soul-stuff;" a material from which individual souls are manufactured.

<p>This dissertation considers the role of the critic in democratic political culture by engaging Socrates. Since Socrates so often stands as an exemplar for many different styles of critical activity, both in political rhetoric and in popular culture, I address the roots of these many figures of Socrates by examining the multiple aspects of Socrates as they appear in Plato's dialogues. Starting from the different metaphors that Socrates uses to describe himself - the stingray, the master of erotics, the midwife, the practitioner of the true political art, and the gadfly - I parse these different strands of Socrates' character and assess their coherence. While each of these descriptions captures a different angle of Socrates' activity vis-à-vis Athenian democracy, I argue that together they also hold one essential aspect in common: Socrates' strange relationship to Athens as both connected and disconnected, immanent in his criticism and yet radically so. As strange both in the context of Athens and in relation to his interpreters, I further advance that the figure of Socrates suggests a kind of political activity committed to disturbance and displacement while also working across, with, and against conventional boundaries and languages. Moreover, I maintain that the Socrates suggests new forms of critical associations that take up his practice of philosophy in democratic culture today.</p> / Dissertation

The broad objective of this dissertation is an interdisciplinary study uniting historical linguistics, classical philology, and comparative poetics in an attempt to investigate archaic Greek poetic texts from a diachronic perspective. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part, “Etymology and Poetics”, is devoted to several cases where scantiness of attestation and lack of semantic information render traditional philological methods of textual interpretation insufficient. In such cases, the meaning of a word has to be arrived at through linguistic analysis and verified through appeal to related poetic traditions, such as that of Indo-Iranian. Chapter 1 proposes a new interpretation for the enigmatic word ἀάατο̋, the Homeric epithet of the waters of the Styx, which is shown to have meant ‘sunless’. Chapter 2 deals with the word ἀριδείκετο̋, argued to mean ‘famous’: this solution finds support in the use of the root *dei̯k- in the poetic expression “to show forth praise”, found in Greek choral lyric and the Rigveda. Chapter 3 investigates the history of the verbs ἰάπτω ‘to harm’ and ἰάπτω ‘to send forth (to Hades)’. Chapter 4 improves the text of Pindar (O. 6.54), restoring a form ἀπειράτωι. Chapter 5 discusses the difficult word ἀμαυρό̋, establishing for it a meaning ‘weak’ and proposing a new etymology. Finally, Chapter 6 places Alc. 34 in the context of comparative mythology, with the object of reconstructing the history of the Lesbian lyric tradition. The second part, “Grammar of Poetry”, shifts the focus of the inquiry from comparative poetics to the language of early Greek poetry and its use. Chapter 7 addresses the problematic Homeric aorist infinitives in -έειν, showing how these artificial forms were created by allomorphic remodeling driven by metrical necessity; the problem is placed in the wider context of the debate about the transmission and development of Homeric epic diction. The metrical and linguistic facts relating to the distribution of infinitives are further discussed in Chapter 8, where it is argued that the unexpected Aeolic form νηφέμεν in Archil. 4 should be viewed as an intentional allusion to the epic tradition, specifically, the famous midsummer picnic scene in Hesiod. / Linguistics

Scholarship on Archaic and Classical Greek lamps has traditionally been in the form of typological studies and catalogues. This dissertation represents an alternative to such works, offering a fuller picture of the function of lamps in Greek life. Incorporating archaeological, iconographic, and literary evidence, the study takes a gendered approach to lamp use, examines the objects’ social and symbolic functions, and explores their conceptual place in Greek society. The core of the dissertation consists of three main chapters. Chapter two looks at women and lamps. It begins with an examination of the opening lines of Aristophanes’ Ekklesiazousai, and then assesses women’s lamp use in the home, where the objects helped women perform tasks ranging from early-morning baking to genital depilation. Their use by women at Athens during funeral processions is also considered. Indeed, women and lamps were closely linked during these periods. The objects came to symbolize domesticity and, by association, femininity. They also helped to create and perpetuate female stereotypes, and could be instrumental in controlling women’s behaviors. Women’s conceptions of their lamps grew from use: they saw them as quiet companions and perhaps emblems of burden. Chapter three investigates male lamp use. Lamps and their stands played a role in civic and private dining. They functioned on many levels within red-figure representations of the symposium, and these images offer clues about lamp use at actual symposia. When carried by individuals for street lighting, lamps facilitated travel in the dark while marking the social status of their users. Many literary references suggest that men connected the objects with the concept of exposure, of matters private as well as political, an idea connected to the objects’ use and symbolism in the female arena. Chapter four explores the significance of lamps in the contexts of burial and religion. To a certain extent, the association between women and lamps observed in the home obtained in these spheres, especially in graves on Sicily and in cults of female deities. The study and its findings expand our understanding of uses and perceptions of an often overlooked class of objects, and of gender and social dynamics in Archaic and Classical Greece. / The Classics

This dissertation explores the relationship between social memory and the formation of community and individual identities in the Roman provinces of western continental Europe. While contributing to the burgeoning interest in memory in the Roman world, this study seeks to counterbalance the prevailing trends in modern scholarship that have generally neglected the role of memory in the West, focusing instead on the Greek East, or have misrepresented the importance of 'forgetting' in the provinces of Spain and Gaul. Through a combination of archaeological, literary, and especially epigraphic evidence, the project aims to paint a picture of local complexity, diversity, and agency, a corrective of previous emphases on the homogenizing processes of 'Romanization'. Having built a framework for understanding the ways in which local communities were imagined and reimagined, and how they situated themselves in time and space and differentiated themselves from 'others', the study then seeks to demonstrate the central place of social memory in the construction and performance of these local identities. This analysis takes into account the variform manifestations of community memory - from the cult of local heroes to the interweaving of Roman and local pasts in foundation myths, from dancers and druids to cosmologies and iconographies - and offers a new lens through which to view the western provinces. More broadly, in arguing for the fundamental importance of communities and of local identity within the Roman world, the project works toward an alternative model to both top-down and centripetal-acculturative interpretations of Roman imperialism. / The Classics