River discharge can affect ocean surface temperature by altering stratification within the oceanic mixed layer. A hitherto unexplored aspect of present climate is the feedback of river runoff onto climate. This thesis presents an investigation of the impact of global river runoff on oceans and climate using a fully coupled global climate model, Community Climate System Model (CCSM). Two model simulations for a period of 100 years have been carried out: 1) a reference run (CTRL) that incorporates all the features of a global coupled model with river runoff into the ocean embedded in it, and 2) a sensitivity run (NoRiv) in which the global river runoff into the ocean is blocked. Comparison of model climate devoid of fluvial discharge with the reference run reveals the significance of fluvial discharge in the present climate. By the end of 50 years of NoRiv experiment, salinity growth slows down and reaches a quasi-stable state. Regions close to river mouths exhibited maximum salinity rise that can potentially alter local density and stratification. On an average, denser and saltier waters in the NoRiv run annihilate barrier layer and form a deeper mixed layer, compared to CTRL run. Density gradient created by the modulation in salinity set forth anomalous currents and circulation across coastlines that carries coastal anomalies to open ocean, preventing local salinity buildup. Arctic Ocean, Bay of Bengal, northern high latitude Pacific and the Atlantic are the most affected regions in terms of changes in salinity and temperature. Model simulations demonstrate that major transformation in Arctic freshwater budget can have potential impact on northern Pacific and Atlantic climate. In the absence of runoff, global average sea surface temperature (SST) rise by about ~ 0.5oC, with major contribution from northern higher latitude oceans. In the Pacific, high latitude warming is related to deepening of mixed layer as well as the northward transport of low latitude warmer waters. Substantial cooling in the central equatorial Pacific (~1oC during winter) can alter large-scale ocean-atmosphere circulation, including El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The reinforcement of Pacific and Atlantic western boundary currents aids the transport of warm saline water from low latitudes to higher latitudes. The results suggest that the river runoff can have potential impact on oceanic climate. Response of Indian summer monsoon rainfall to global continental runoff is also examined. In the NoRiv run, average summer monsoon rainfall over India increased by ~ 0.55 mm day−1. Consistent with the increase in annual average Indian monsoon rainfall, all other northern hemispheric monsoon systems showed an increase, while southern hemispheric monsoons weakened. Associated with enhanced monsoon, the periodicity of ENSO in the NoRiv run changes as a result of cooling tendency in the equatorial Pacific, a sign of consistent La Niña. Equatorial Pacific cooling, in spite of a global ocean warming trend, is found to be primarily because of the enhanced local easterly winds and resultant strong equatorial upwelling. Cold anomaly due to upwelling spread entire equatorial Pacific basin within a span of 50 years. The La Niña situation in the Pacific favored increased monsoon rainfall over Indian subcontinent. Another surprising result of this study is the strengthening of ENSO-monsoon relationship in the NoRiv run. This suggests that the river discharge can be considered as a dampening force in the ENSO-monsoon relationship. Northern hemisphere showed a clear warming in the NoRiv simulation compared to CTRL, the result of which is an enhanced trans-hemispheric gradient. Cross-equatorial winds triggered by this gradient blow from southern hemisphere and shift the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) northward, increasing the precipitation in the northern hemisphere. The cooling in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and the warming in the west, reflected in the increase in number of positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events (9 positive and 5 negative IOD events in the last 50 years), also favored summer-time rainfall over India.

The thesis contains is familiar with the issues of renewable energy and global warming. Assessing the use of these resources in households in the Czech Republic. The selected family house, perform measurements on the existing heating system. In conclusion, there is suggestions for optimalization system houses, the possibility of linking the with renewable energy sources and an assessment of economic turn.

The purpose of this thesis work is to improve the perceived climate comfort in larger truck cabins since the European commission’s new stronger carbon dioxide standards have introduced an update to the EU 96/53 directive. This directive increases the dimensions and weights of heavy truck motor vehicles, extending the driver’s cabin length by 500 mm in order to increment the truck’s energy efficiency and aerodynamics. This update was seen also as an enabler to improve the truck driver’s performance, comfort and preference towards Scania. Since the cabin of the truck is to be considered the place where the driver spends the most of its time, ensuring the driver’s comfort when resting inside means to ensure the accomplishment of their labor safely. One system used to provide comfort in the cabin when resting is the climate control unit. This unit creates an inner climate controlled environment by providing warm or cool air through an installed Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. In order to introduce a new auxiliary unit, the design thinking methodology was chosen. This allowed to ground the proposed concepts on the actual needs of the final users. Based on their input, the aforementioned concepts were analyzed and downsized in order to prototype and test the selected ones. The final concepts of a 500 mm larger cabin were tested in a climate chamber under warm and cold conditions: 37°C and -15°C respectively. Then, these concepts were compared against the short cabin (current cabin) and the 500 mm larger cabin without any mounted prototype. During each test, a thermal manikin was placed in the cabin’s bed in order to obtain not only temperature readings, but also the estimated comfort that the user would sense under these circumstances. As it could be expected, the 500 mm larger cabin without any added concept presented a temperature degradation of the current HVAC system compared to the short cabin. The areas of temperature concentration (warm or cold) were identified, being the rear wall of the cabin the most affected. The implementation of the concepts compared to the larger cabin gave positive results, reducing the time to reach the set temperature in the HVAC system controls in both warm and cold environments. The analysis of the results lead to the conclusion that the enlargement of a truck creates a need to maintain or improve the behavior of its HVAC system. The implementation of an auxiliary unit to the main system in the rear of the cabin showed not only temperature enhancements, but also a thermal comfort improvement for the user, allowing it to rest and therefore, to fulfill its tasks with the best mental and physical conditions. / Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att förbättra den upplevda klimatkomforten i större lastbilshytter sedan EU-kommissionens nya hårdare koldioxidstandarder har medfört en uppdatering av EU-direktivet 96/53. Detta direktiv ökar dimensionerna och vikterna för tunga lastbilar och förlänger förarhyttens längd med 500 mm för att öka lastbilens energieffektivitet och aerodynamik. Denna uppdatering sågs också som en möjlighet att förbättra lastbilschaufförens prestation, komfort och inställning till Scania. Eftersom lastbilshytten är den plats där föraren tillbringar den största delen av sin tid, är det viktigt att säkerställa förarens komfort när han eller hon vilar i hytten för att kunna utföra sitt arbete på ett säkert sätt. Ett system som används för att ge föraren komfort när han eller hon vilar i hytten är klimatenhet. Denna enhet skapar en inre klimatkontrollerad miljö genom att tillföra varm eller kall luft via ett installerat HVAC-system (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning). För att introducera ett nytt hjälpenhet valdes metodiken design thinking. Detta gjorde det möjligt för de föreslagna koncepten att baseras på de faktiska behoven hos de slutliga användarna. Baserat på deras input, gjordes analyser av de tidigare nämnda koncepten för att sedan välja ut, prototypa och testa de utvalda. De slutliga koncepten med en 500 mm större hytt testades i en klimatkammare under varma och kalla förhållanden: 37°C respektive -15°C. Därefter jämfördes dessa koncept med den korta hytten (nuvarande hytt) och den 500 mm större hytten utan någon monterad prototyp. Under varje test placerades en klimatdocka i hyttens säng för att inte bara få temperaturavläsningar, utan också den uppskattade komfort som användaren skulle känna under dessa omständigheter. Som väntat uppvisade den 500 mm större hytten utan något extra koncept en temperaturförsämring av det nuvarande HVAC-systemet jämfört med den korta hytten. Områdena med varm eller kall temperatur identifierades och kabinens bakre vägg var den som påverkades mest. Implementeringen av koncepten jämfört med den större hytten gav positiva resultat, vilket minskade tiden för att nå den inställda temperaturen för HVAC-systemet i både varma och kalla miljöer. Analysen av resultaten ledde till slutsatsen att förstoringen av en lastbil skapar ett behov av att bibehålla eller förbättra beteendet hos dess HVAC-system. Implementeringen av en hjälpenhet till huvudsystemet i den bakre delen av hytten visade inte bara temperaturförbättringar, men också en förbättring av klimatkomforten för användaren, vilket gör att föraren den kan vila och därmed utföra sina uppgifter med de bästa mentala och fysiska förutsättningarna.

This diploma thesis aims to illuminate the issue of global climate change, its progression and describes the components of the climate system. The thesis addresses the impact of greenhouse gases on the climate system, the phenomenon of global warming, and the consequences along with their manifestations in the nature itself. The paper includes one chapter solely dedicated to the characterisation of environmental protection in historical context, with emphasis on the climate protection. The chapter also mentions a number of key international agreements and conferences. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the Indonesian legislation on climate protection in Indonesia. It also describes the global-scale impacts of selected activities and mentions number of international agreements and Indonesian regulation seeking to tackle the issue of climate change.

As alternative fuels are becoming more common, technologies need to adjust to them. Natural gas is one of the alternative fuels that has grown during the latest years in the transport sector. Natural gas consists of around 97 % methane and is the cleanest fossil fuel. The use of natural gas can make it easier to transition to biogas as it has equivalent properties. Today Scania CV AB's trucks fuelled by natural gas are using auxiliary cabin heaters driven by diesel. This means that the natural gas trucks have two fuels on-board the truck. The goal of this project is to find a concept to eliminate the diesel fuel and replace it with an auxiliary cabin heater driven by another energy source. It will improve the heating solution and make it superior from an environmental perspective. The result of the project lead to a short-term solution with an auxiliary heater fuelled by natural gas. A long-term solution is to have a cooperation with a manufacturer to develop a better natural gas auxiliary heater that fulfils more of the requirements in the technical specification. An experiment plan is devised to test parameters out of reach of the project.