Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fjs_dr_botfca.pdf: 1185742 bytes, checksum: 29392c93db0c4947a9ef1eda0e2f548e (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A tecnologia de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários não tem sido realizada de maneira adequada por grande parte dos agricultores, causando grandes desperdícios do produto e contaminação ambiental. O tamanho único de gotas durante a pulverização ao longo do dia, independentemente das condições climáticas, é um fator que contribui para a baixa eficiência, causando desperdícios por deriva e ineficiência na cobertura do alvo. Para contornar o problema, uma nova possibilidade seria desenvolver metodologias para ajustar o tamanho de gotas às condições climáticas no momento da pulverização. Com este intuito, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um protótipo de pulverizador com sistema de comutação de pontas na barra de pulverização e avaliar este sistema para ajuste da classe do tamanho de gotas às condições climáticas, além de utilizá-lo para aplicações em taxas variáveis (VRT - Variable Rate Technology), através da comutação de pontas de diferentes vazões. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos específicos, denominados algoritmo climático e algoritmo VRT. Foram ensaiados dois sensores de fluxo (fluxômetros de turbina e eletromagnético) para uso no controle da vazão e, também, os sistemas com sensores climáticos (SSCs) de leituras de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, utilizados no sistema de ajuste às condições climáticas. O tempo de comutação das pontas para os dois algoritmos foi determinado e ajustado para que não houvesse falha nem sobreposição durante a comutação. Os tempos de resposta (TR) dos dois sistemas de aplicação foram obtidos com o auxílio de recursos de videografia, através do cálculo da diferença de tempo entre o instante do comando para 2 comutação das pontas e o instante em que ocorria a última fase da operação... / The application technology of pesticides has not been carried through in adequate way by great part of farmers, causing great losses of pesticides and contamination of water sources and adjacent areas. Spraying target with the same drops sizes during all day long, independent of the climatic conditions, is a factor that contributes for this low efficiency, causing wastefulness by drift and inefficiency in spray coverage of the intended target. To skirt the problem, a new possibility is to develop methodologies that can adjust the sizes of drops to climatic conditions while spraying. With this intent, the objective of this work was to develop a spraying prototype with a nozzle commutation system in the spraying bar and, evaluate this system for adjusting the drops sizes to climatic conditions, beyond using it for application in variables rates (VRT - Variable Rate Technology), through the commutation of nozzles of different outflows, based in recommendation map. For this it was developed specifics algorithms, denominated climatic algorithm and VRT algorithm. Sensors were evaluated in order to know its characteristics of performance. It was carried out tests of two sensors of flow (electromagnetic and turbine) to be used in outflow control. It was also assayed systems with climatic sensors (SSCs) of reading of temperature and relative humidity of the air used in a system that adjusted the spray to climatic conditions. The nozzles commutation time was determined for both algorithms and adjusted so that it did not have imperfections nor overlapping during the commutation. The times responses (TR), of the two systems, 4 was obtained with video resources, by calculating the time difference between the instant of the command for nozzles commutation and the instant that happened the last phase... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi / Banca: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Banca: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Banca: Antonio Gabriel Filho / Banca: Marco Antonio Gandolfo / Resumo: A tecnologia de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários não tem sido realizada de maneira adequada por grande parte dos agricultores, causando grandes desperdícios do produto e contaminação ambiental. O tamanho único de gotas durante a pulverização ao longo do dia, independentemente das condições climáticas, é um fator que contribui para a baixa eficiência, causando desperdícios por deriva e ineficiência na cobertura do alvo. Para contornar o problema, uma nova possibilidade seria desenvolver metodologias para ajustar o tamanho de gotas às condições climáticas no momento da pulverização. Com este intuito, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um protótipo de pulverizador com sistema de comutação de pontas na barra de pulverização e avaliar este sistema para ajuste da classe do tamanho de gotas às condições climáticas, além de utilizá-lo para aplicações em taxas variáveis (VRT - Variable Rate Technology), através da comutação de pontas de diferentes vazões. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos específicos, denominados algoritmo climático e algoritmo VRT. Foram ensaiados dois sensores de fluxo (fluxômetros de turbina e eletromagnético) para uso no controle da vazão e, também, os sistemas com sensores climáticos (SSCs) de leituras de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, utilizados no sistema de ajuste às condições climáticas. O tempo de comutação das pontas para os dois algoritmos foi determinado e ajustado para que não houvesse falha nem sobreposição durante a comutação. Os tempos de resposta (TR) dos dois sistemas de aplicação foram obtidos com o auxílio de recursos de videografia, através do cálculo da diferença de tempo entre o instante do comando para 2 comutação das pontas e o instante em que ocorria a última fase da operação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The application technology of pesticides has not been carried through in adequate way by great part of farmers, causing great losses of pesticides and contamination of water sources and adjacent areas. Spraying target with the same drops sizes during all day long, independent of the climatic conditions, is a factor that contributes for this low efficiency, causing wastefulness by drift and inefficiency in spray coverage of the intended target. To skirt the problem, a new possibility is to develop methodologies that can adjust the sizes of drops to climatic conditions while spraying. With this intent, the objective of this work was to develop a spraying prototype with a nozzle commutation system in the spraying bar and, evaluate this system for adjusting the drops sizes to climatic conditions, beyond using it for application in variables rates (VRT - Variable Rate Technology), through the commutation of nozzles of different outflows, based in recommendation map. For this it was developed specifics algorithms, denominated climatic algorithm and VRT algorithm. Sensors were evaluated in order to know its characteristics of performance. It was carried out tests of two sensors of flow (electromagnetic and turbine) to be used in outflow control. It was also assayed systems with climatic sensors (SSCs) of reading of temperature and relative humidity of the air used in a system that adjusted the spray to climatic conditions. The nozzles commutation time was determined for both algorithms and adjusted so that it did not have imperfections nor overlapping during the commutation. The times responses (TR), of the two systems, 4 was obtained with video resources, by calculating the time difference between the instant of the command for nozzles commutation and the instant that happened the last phase... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Godinho (arquivo PDF).pdf: 765402 bytes, checksum: b85725866dfde96ee501b0becac3385d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / The sugarcane international scenery and their industrialized products are extremely interesting, mainly for Brazil the largest sugar s world manufacturing and the largest cane ethanol s producing. In this context the São Paulo State, the largest producing of the Federation demonstrates business and political disposition for the agricultural and industrial expansion of the sugarcane. This expansion is being accomplished in areas of extensive cattle raising of low productivity, in degraded soils. The cattle raising in São Paulo is concentrated in the West region; therefore the sugarcane expansion in this area is in great execution. The environmental conditions in the West of São Paulo are typical and the development of the sugarcane crop presents specific aspects. In this context the present work found to study the biometrics and technological parameters and leaf nutrients, of six sugarcane cultivars, precocious cycle, medium cycles and late cycles. The results obtained from technological parameters did not show significant differences among the cultivars tested, likely because of low rainfall during the period observed, which could constrain plant s performances. The leaf nutrients analyzed presented differences for Mg and S, in late cycle cultivars, which presented smaller productivities of sugar in function of smaller sugarcane productivities. Our results indicated that an adequate S soil concentration is essential for sugarcane s yield. / O panorama internacional da cultura canavieira e seus produtos industrializados são extremamente interessantes, principalmente para o Brasil, maior produtor de açúcar de cana do mundo e maior produtor de etanol de cana. Neste contexto, o Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor da Federação demonstra disposição empresarial e política para a expansão agrícola e industrial da cana-de-açúcar, em particular, esta expansão está sendo realizada em áreas de pecuária extensiva de baixa produtividade, em solos degradados. A pecuária, em São Paulo, está concentrada no Oeste Paulista, portanto a expansão canavieira nesta região está em franca execução. As condições edafoclimáticas do Oeste Paulista são típicas e o desenvolvimento da cultura canavieira apresenta aspectos específicos. Neste contexto o presente trabalho buscou estudar os parâmetros biométricos e tecnológicos, de seis cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, de ciclo precoce, médio e tardio. Os resultados obtidos para as analises tecnológicas não diferenciaram as cultivares precoces, medias e tardias, provavelmente devido a baixa precipitação ocorrida no período o que poderia ter limitado o desempenho das cultivares testadas. Os nutrientes foliares analisados apresentaram diferenças para Mg e S, nas cultivares tardias, que apresentaram menores produtividades de açúcar em função de menores produtividades das plantas em campo. O S mostrou ser indispensável nos solos arenosos do Oeste Paulista.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Godinho (arquivo PDF).pdf: 765402 bytes, checksum: b85725866dfde96ee501b0becac3385d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / The sugarcane international scenery and their industrialized products are extremely interesting, mainly for Brazil the largest sugar s world manufacturing and the largest cane ethanol s producing. In this context the São Paulo State, the largest producing of the Federation demonstrates business and political disposition for the agricultural and industrial expansion of the sugarcane. This expansion is being accomplished in areas of extensive cattle raising of low productivity, in degraded soils. The cattle raising in São Paulo is concentrated in the West region; therefore the sugarcane expansion in this area is in great execution. The environmental conditions in the West of São Paulo are typical and the development of the sugarcane crop presents specific aspects. In this context the present work found to study the biometrics and technological parameters and leaf nutrients, of six sugarcane cultivars, precocious cycle, medium cycles and late cycles. The results obtained from technological parameters did not show significant differences among the cultivars tested, likely because of low rainfall during the period observed, which could constrain plant s performances. The leaf nutrients analyzed presented differences for Mg and S, in late cycle cultivars, which presented smaller productivities of sugar in function of smaller sugarcane productivities. Our results indicated that an adequate S soil concentration is essential for sugarcane s yield. / O panorama internacional da cultura canavieira e seus produtos industrializados são extremamente interessantes, principalmente para o Brasil, maior produtor de açúcar de cana do mundo e maior produtor de etanol de cana. Neste contexto, o Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor da Federação demonstra disposição empresarial e política para a expansão agrícola e industrial da cana-de-açúcar, em particular, esta expansão está sendo realizada em áreas de pecuária extensiva de baixa produtividade, em solos degradados. A pecuária, em São Paulo, está concentrada no Oeste Paulista, portanto a expansão canavieira nesta região está em franca execução. As condições edafoclimáticas do Oeste Paulista são típicas e o desenvolvimento da cultura canavieira apresenta aspectos específicos. Neste contexto o presente trabalho buscou estudar os parâmetros biométricos e tecnológicos, de seis cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, de ciclo precoce, médio e tardio. Os resultados obtidos para as analises tecnológicas não diferenciaram as cultivares precoces, medias e tardias, provavelmente devido a baixa precipitação ocorrida no período o que poderia ter limitado o desempenho das cultivares testadas. Os nutrientes foliares analisados apresentaram diferenças para Mg e S, nas cultivares tardias, que apresentaram menores produtividades de açúcar em função de menores produtividades das plantas em campo. O S mostrou ser indispensável nos solos arenosos do Oeste Paulista.

Dissertation deals with thermal technical assessment songs vegetation roof with moisture, the more the influence of vegetation on the roof thermal stability of the structure. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the beneficial effect of vegetation roofs, specifically growing Formation of thermo-technical point of view on the favorable temperature conditions in the building. Such speech can be captured only if it is judged-temperature profile dynamically daily operation of real marginal climatic temperatures. Using a stationary or quasi-stationary boundary climatic temperatures which are usually used for the determination of the energy performance of buildings, said effect can not be collected. Demanding simulation calculation, which apply material properties - thermal conductivity, density and thermal capacity, but gives a realistic picture of the thermal processes in progress not only in the roof structure of the building, but also across the entire circuit construction of a building. During the preparation of the dissertation was assembled machine program that works with the energy flow between rooms in the building and the surrounding environment. Furthermore calculates temperature gain of residence of persons, internal lighting and sunlight. The values of the internal environment are calculated from surface temperature, relative humidity, air exchange and, of course, the indoor air temperature with hourly weather data. In constructing the program was included in the calculation of the solar radiation both on flat and on an inclined surface. The output of the energy value and temperature conditions in individual rooms, which include not only thermal insulation but also thermal storage properties of an object. Using experimental measurements were able to demonstrate that the calculated values closely correlate real thermal processes, so it can be demonstrated through the calculated results of the vegetation roof has a favorable effect on the thermal state espe

This thesis deals with using thermography to detect defect of photovoltaic panels.There is research of the effect of climatic conditions to photovoltaic panel temperature. At the end of the thesis is degradation of pv panels calculated.

The master's thesis focuses on the toxicological aspects of chemical accidents. The aim is to determine the main acute risk of dangerous toxic chemical substances that can be escape in chemical accidents and determine their impact on life and damage to the health of the population and characterize the factors affecting the spread of these dangerous chemicals. The practical part focuses on the toxicological aspects of selected industrial pollutants.

Denna rapport undersöker logistiska utmaningar och möjligheter för att öka självförsörjningsgraden inom livsmedelsproduktionen i Norrbotten, Sverige. Norrbotten står inför svårigheter på grund av extrema klimat- och geografiska förhållanden, vilket påverkar tillgängligheten till varor och tjänster. Målet med studien var att föreslå åtgärder för att förbättra regionens logistiknätverk och öka självförsörjningsgraden. Genom en litteraturstudie och empirisk datainsamling från workshopen "Arctic Food Arena" analyseras självförsörjningsgraden och logistikutmaningarna i Norrbotten. Resultatet visade att ekonomiska utmaningar för lokala producenter och minskad primärproduktion är hinder för hållbarhet. En betydande minskning av mjölkinvägningen förutspås, vilket kan påverka både jordbruksnäringen och den regionala ekonomin. Dessutom minskar antalet mjölkkor dramatiskt, vilket är oroande för framtiden. Importen av livsmedel som inte kan produceras lokalt utgör en utmaning, men växthusodling har potential att täcka denna efterfrågan. Spannmålsodlingen har minskat betydligt, vilket ökar beroendet av import. Inom logistik och distribution är utsläpp av växthusgaser från mjölkproduktionen en oro, men närodlat är inte alltid den mest effektiva åtgärden för att minska utsläpp. Utmaningar inom paketering, lagring, orderhantering och ekonomi finns inom jordbrukssektorn. Trots möjligheten att outsourca vissa aktiviteter väljer de flesta producenter att behålla kontrollen över processen för att minska kostnader och bibehålla kvalitet. Ekonomiska incitament är avgörande för både jordbrukare och konsumenter, eftersom deras val påverkar konkurrensen inom den regionala jord- och lantbrukssektorn. För att effektivt hantera säsongsbetonade produkter och minska förluster föreslås optimering av lagringskapaciteten genom investeringar i kyl- och fryslager samt användning av externa logistiklösningar. Ökad självförsörjning är en del av ekvationen, men ensam räcker den inte för att minska klimatpåverkan. Det krävs en klimatvänligare produktionsprocess, där en starkt klimatmedveten strategi och investeringar för att minska utsläppen och optimera resursanvändningen på lång sikt. / This thesis analyzes challenges and opportunities connected to logistics to increase self-sufficiency in food production in Norrbotten, Sweden. The northern location and extreme climate contribute to different challenges and difficulties for transportation and production. The aim of this study was to propose actions to improve logistics and self-sufficiency in the region. By a literature review and data collection from the workshop “Arctic Food Arena,” the analysis of the degree of self-sufficiency was made. The results showed challenges in profitability for local producers, and a decrease in primary production was a major issue for sustainability. A continuous decrease in dairy cows and milk production is to be reckoned with in the future, which can affect the regional economy. Another challenge is that due to the cold climate, some food can't be produced locally. Greenhouse farming has proved to be a good alternative in this matter. The grain cultivation has seen a large reduction, which has increased the dependence on imported goods. In logistics and distribution, greenhouse gas emissions from milk production are a big concern, but locally produced food is not necessarily the most effective way to reduce emissions. Packaging, storage, order processing, and finance are other areas where challenges occur. Most producers choose to maintain control by themselves instead of outsourcing these tasks to a third party, even though they are time-consuming and not performed very well. Economic incentives are crucial for both farmers and consumers, as their choices impact competition within the regional agriculture sector. To effectively manage seasonal products and reduce losses, optimizing storage capacity through investments in refrigeration facilities and the utilization of external logistics solutions is proposed. Increased self-sufficiency is part of the equation, but it alone is insufficient to reduce climate impact. A more climate-friendly production process is necessary, involving a strongly climate-conscious strategy and investments to decrease emissions and optimize resource utilization in the long term.

abstract: Global photovoltaic (PV) module installation in 2018 is estimated to exceed 100 GW, and crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cell-based modules have a share more than 90% of the global PV market. To reduce the social cost of PV electricity, further developments in reliability of solar panels are expected. These will lead to realize longer module lifetime and reduced levelized cost of energy. As many as 86 failure modes are observed in PV modules [1] and series resistance increase is one of the major durability issues of all. Series resistance constitutes emitter sheet resistance, metal-semiconductor contact resistance, and resistance across the metal-solder ribbon. Solder bond degradation at the cell interconnect is one of the primary causes for increase in series resistance, which is also considered to be an invisible defect [1]. Combination of intermetallic compounds (IMC) formation during soldering and their growth due to solid state diffusion over its lifetime result in formation of weak interfaces between the solar cell and the interconnect. Thermal cycling under regular operating conditions induce thermo-mechanical fatigue over these weak interfaces resulting in contact reduction or loss. Contact reduction or loss leads to increase in series resistance which further manifests into power and fill factor loss. The degree of intermixing of metallic interfaces and contact loss depends on climatic conditions as temperature and humidity (moisture ingression into the PV module laminate) play a vital role in reaction kinetics of these layers. Modules from Arizona and Florida served as a good sample set to analyze the effects of hot and humid climatic conditions respectively. The results obtained in the current thesis quantifies the thickness of IMC formation from SEM-EDS profiles, where similar modules obtained from different climatic conditions were compared. The results indicate the thickness of the IMC and detachment degree to be growing with age and operating temperatures of the module. This can be seen in CuxSny IMC which is thicker in the case of Arizona module. The results obtained from FL ii aged modules also show that humidity accelerates the formation of IMC as they showed thicker AgxSny layer and weak interconnect-contact interfaces as compared to Arizona modules. It is also shown that climatic conditions have different effects on rate at which CuxSny and AgxSny intermetallic compounds are formed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2018

Parmi l’ensemble des matériaux constitutifs d’une couverture d’installation de stockage de déchets, l’argile et le GéoSynthétique Bentonitique (GSB), couramment utilisés, peuvent présenter des défauts qu’il est nécessaire de caractériser afin de prévoir les éventuels travaux de remise en état partielle ou totale du site. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la capacité des méthodes géophysiques de Tomographie de Résistivité Electrique (TRE), de Polarisation Spontanée (PS) et d’Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP) à caractériser les couvertures. Pour cela, un site expérimental constitué de deux couvertures, au sein desquelles des défauts ont été volontairement créés, a été mis en place. Le suivi temporel effectué sur la couverture sans GSB a montré que les conditions météorologiques du mois précédant les mesures ont une incidence sur la détection des défauts. De plus, les variations de comportement hydrique et électrique détectées en TRE au sein du matériau de couverture ont notamment pu être attribuées à l’existence d’hétérogénéités de composition. La présence de GSB rend plus difficile la détection des défauts quelle que soit la méthode utilisée. Cependant, il semble que le temps passant l’évolution du GSB permette une détection plus aisée. Enfin, les prospections effectuées sur une installation de stockage de déchets dangereux ont mis en évidence la nécessité de coupler plusieurs méthodes géophysiques. L’hétérogénéité des matériaux de couverture et de l’état du GSB, mise en évidence par la TRE, a été confirmée par des observations in situ sur des sondages à la tarière manuelle. / Among the whole landfill cover materials, clay and Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), commonly used, may contain defects which are necessary to characterize in order to plan possible repair work, partial or total. The aim of this thesis is to define the ability of the following geophysical methods, the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), the Self Potential (SP) and the Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP) to characterize covers. To do this, an experimental site composed of two covers in which defects have been intentionally made has been built. These covers are composed of a clayey material upon which a GCL has been placed for one of these covers. The monitoring performed on the cover without the GCL has outlined that the climatic conditions of the month preceding measurements have an impact on the defects’ detection. Moreover, hydric and electrical behavior variations detected by ERT in the clayey material have in particular be linked with the presence of composition heterogeneities. The presence of the GCL makes more difficult the detection of defects whatever the method used. However, it seems that, over time, the evolution of the GCL enables an easier detection. Finally, surveys carried out on an industrial waste landfill have shown the necessity of coupling geophysical methods. The heterogeneity of the cover materials and the GCL has been checked by manual auger holes.