Cloudiness and solar radiation affect the Earth's energy and water cycle and spa- tial distribution of these parameters is also connected to the atmospheric pressure field and atmospheric circulation. This thesis starts with a short overview of remote sensing of the atmosphere, the EUMETSAT organisation and its section CM SAF which focuses on the uses of satellite data for climate monitoring. Next is a description of cloud and ra- diation products used in this thesis. Daily means of these products in the Czech Republic are then used to calculate mean values, trends and anomalies for the whole time series. Obtained values are compared based on the weather circulation type using the Brádka classification. 1

The aim of this paper is evaluation of hydrological regime of the upper part of Lužnice River basin. Upper stream of the Lužnice river represents low intensity of modification. Larger part of the river is a meandering stream with many ponds and pools in the floodplain where the safe retention of water during floods is possible. First part of this paper focus on detailed area hydrography description. The main part concentrates to hydrological regime. The methodology of this research is based on statistical evaluation of the longtime data series from the Pilař station. Flood events and dry periods are analyzed during the past 46 years. Detailed discharge measurements (realized in this area by Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology) are used for recent flood evaluations. Higher occurrence of floods and dry periods was identified in the past 10 years.

Introduits dans l’environnement par l’intermédiaire de sources ponctuelles et diffuses, les virus et les bactériophages entériques peuvent se propager dans les cours d’eau par l’intermédiaire de différentes voies de dissémination. Détectées à la fois dans les eaux de surface et les sédiments des rivières, ces particules virales demeurent inertes dans le milieu hydrique. Leur propagation dépend donc uniquement des nombreuses interactions qu’elles partagent avec leur environnement. Qui plus est, la contamination virale des ressources en eau semble étroitement liée aux variations hydro-climatologiques. Mais malgré les connaissances déjà acquises à ce sujet, de multiples zones d’ombre subsistent concernant les variables et facteurs contrôlant le comportement in situ des particules virales dans le milieu hydrique. L’objectif de ce travail a donc été de définir le transport et le devenir des bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques dans une rivière en fonction de leurs caractéristiques propres et des conditions hydro-climatologiques. L’application de stratégies et méthodologies originales, tirées du domaine de l’hydrologie comme l’utilisation du temps de résidence de la masse d’eau ou l’échantillonnage automatique à haute fréquence, a permis d’étudier les comportements des bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques in situ. L’influence des facteurs environnementaux et plus particulièrement de la température de l’eau et du débit de la rivière sur la propagation et la survie in situ de ces particules infectieuses dans la colonne d’eau a été démontrée. Dans les sédiments, une distribution spatiale des bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques infectieux a été mise à jour. Cette particularité a pu être comprise et déchiffrée grâce à la combinaison de la caractérisation du sédiment et de l’étude du comportement d’attachement des quatre génogroupes. Les transferts de particules virales entre la colonne d’eau et les sédiments ont également pu être mis en exergue et s’avèrent être fortement dépendants des conditions hydro-climatologiques. Ainsi, la dynamique des bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques a pu être mieux appréhendée, et de même, les origines et la nature de la pollution virale ont été mieux discernées lors d’événements de crues. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de compléter le puzzle de la dynamique des bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques dans la rivière. Les nouvelles approches expérimentales et méthodes d’analyse mises en place devraient permettre d’aboutir à une meilleure évaluation des risques viraux pour la santé humaine liés à l’utilisation des ressources en eau / Introduced into the environment through point and diffuse sources, enteric viruses and bacteriophages can be spread in watercourses via various dissemination routes. Detected in both surface water and river sediment, these viral particles remain inert in environmental water. Their spread is governed by many interactions that they have with their direct environment. Moreover, viral contamination of water resources is closely related to hydro-climatological variations. Despite the important knowledge already reported on this subject, many grey areas remain about the variables and factors controlling the in situ behavior of viral particles in environmental water. The aim of this study was therefore to define the transport and fate of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in a river according to their intrinsic characteristics and hydro-climatological conditions. The application of innovative strategies and methodologies from the hydrological science domain, such as the use of the residence time of the river water mass or high frequency automatic sampling, allowed studying the in situ behavior of F-specific RNA bacteriophages. The influence of environmental factors, especially water temperature and flow rate, has been demonstrated to have an impact on the in situ propagation and survival of infectious viral particles in the water column. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of infectious F-specific RNA bacteriophages was underlined in sediments. The accurate characterization of sediment and the study of the attachment capacity of the four genogroups explained this specific distribution. Finally, transfers of viral particles between the water column and sediment was highlighted and appeared to be highly dependent on hydro-climatological conditions. Besides the gained knowledge of the dynamics of F-specific RNA bacteriophages, the sources and origins of viral pollution of streams during rain and flood events were elucidated. This work helps completing the jigsaw puzzle on presence and transmission of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in river systems. The novel experimental approach further enhances human health-dependent viral risk evaluation linked to water resource utilization and management

The Kentucky Mesonet is a high-density, mesoscale network of automated meteorological and climatological sensing platforms being developed across the commonwealth. Data communications, collection, processing, and delivery mechanisms play a critical role in such networks, and the World Meteorological Organization recognizes that “an observing system is not complete unless it is connected to other systems that deliver the data to the users.” This document reviews the implementation steps, decisions, and rationale surrounding communications and computing infrastructure development to support the Mesonet. A general overview of the network and technology-related research is provided followed by a review of pertinent literature related to in situ sensing network technology. Initial infrastructure design considerations are then examined followed by an in-depth review of the Mesonet communications and computing architecture. Finally, some general benefits of the Mesonet to the citizens of Kentucky are highlighted.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-19T18:41:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NIELZA MACEDO LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMet 2001..pdf: 25624730 bytes, checksum: b3ea3a96769b05231b9b60ab18dea2b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T18:41:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NIELZA MACEDO LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMet 2001..pdf: 25624730 bytes, checksum: b3ea3a96769b05231b9b60ab18dea2b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-18 / CNPq / O presente trabalho objetivou apresentar uma metodologia de previsão das chuvas que ocorrem no Estada da Paraíba, tendo por base o método das proporções apresentado por Silva (1988). Foram considerados 72 postos pluviométricos com mais de trinta anos de registros completos, distribuídos em três mesorregiões da Paraíba: mesorregião Ocidental (Sertões), Central (Cariris) e Oriental (Litoral, Agreste e Zona da Mata). Em cada mesorregião defmiu-se a correspondente estação chuvosa (EC) e diferentes sub-divisões das mesmas. As proporções Zj, razão entre as chuvas acumuladas no primeiro período (Xj) da EC e as chuvas de toda a EC, foram ajustadas ao modelo probabilístico Beta, usado para o cálculo dos quintis (primeiro e quarto) e da probabilidade de ocorrência de chuvas superior à média climatológica do segundo período (Yj) da EC. Avaliou-se a performance do modelo prognóstico por mesorregião nos anos de 1996 a 2001, inclusive. Nos anos de 1996 e 2000, com grande ocorrência de chuvas acima da média em Yj em todas as mesorregiões estudadas, o índice de acerto foi superior aos 80%, exceto para a EC8 em 2000. No ano de 1998, um ano muito seco, o índice foi inferior aos 80%, quando do prognóstico do total pluviométrico mínimo esperado. De um modo geral, a metodologia apresentada se mostrou consistente e de grande utilidade para a previsão de secas no Estado da Paraíba. / A methodology for forescating the acumulatcd rainfall (AR) in differcnt locations and mesoregions of Paraíba State, based on a model proposcd by Silva (1985,1988), was the objective of this study. A network of 72 rain stations, associated with three mesoregions of Paraíba State, were used. For each State mesoregion (Eastcrn, Central and Western) a rainy scason (RS) was established, with different subdivisions of them. The Beta probability distribution model was ajusted to lhe ratio betwccn lhe AR of the First period of the RS (Xi) and the total AR of the rainy season. That probabilislic model was used in the determination of statistical parameters (first - Ql and forth - Q4 quintis) and the probability of oceurrence of AR, in the second period of the RS, greater than the average of that same period, for each selected location. It was observed that in 1999 and 2000 therc were a great number of accumulated rainfall greater than the average of the second period (Yi) of the RS, for each of selected stations. The index of success, for the AR forecasted in those years, was greater than 80%, except for the RS denominated of EC8 in 2000. In 1998, considered a very dry year, the success index for oceurrence of the minimun AR was less than the expected valuc. Na important conclusion in that, the methodology presented is appropriated and seems to be am important tool for forecasting the oceurrence of drought in Paraíba State.

The turbulent nature of the wind flow coupled with additional turbulence created by the wind-building interaction result in highly non-uniform, fluctuating wind-loading on building envelopes. This is true even for simple rectangular symmetric buildings. Building codes and standards should reflect the information on which they are based as closely as possible, and this should be achieved without making the building codes too complicated and/or bulky. However, given the complexity of wind loading on low-rise buildings, its codification can be difficult, and it often entails significant inconsistencies. This required the development of alternative design methods, such as the Database-Assisted-Design (DAD) methodology, that can produce more accurate and risk-consistent estimates of wind loads or their effects. In this dissertation, the DAD methodology for rigid-structures has been further developed into a design tool capable of automatically helping to size member cross sections that closely meet codified strength and serviceability requirements. This was achieved by the integration of the wind engineering and structural engineering phases of designing for wind and gravity loads. Results obtained using this method showed DAD’s potential for practical use in structural design. Different methods of synthesizing aerodynamic and climatological data were investigated, and the effects of internal pressure in structural design were also studied in the context of DAD. This dissertation also addressed the issues of (i) insufficiently comprehensive aerodynamic databases for various types of building shapes, and (ii) the large volume (in size) of existing aerodynamic databases, that can significantly affect the extent to which the DAD methodology is used in engineering practice. This research is part of an initiative to renew the way we evaluate wind loads and perform designs. It is transformative insofar as it enables designs that are safe and economical owing to the risk-consistency inherent in DAD, meaning that enough structural muscle is provided to assure safe behavior, while fat is automatically eliminated in the interest of economy and CO2 footprint reduction.

Tall buildings are wind-sensitive structures and could experience high wind-induced effects. Aerodynamic boundary layer wind tunnel testing has been the most commonly used method for estimating wind effects on tall buildings. Design wind effects on tall buildings are estimated through analytical processing of the data obtained from aerodynamic wind tunnel tests. Even though it is widely agreed that the data obtained from wind tunnel testing is fairly reliable the post-test analytical procedures are still argued to have remarkable uncertainties. This research work attempted to assess the uncertainties occurring at different stages of the post-test analytical procedures in detail and suggest improved techniques for reducing the uncertainties. Results of the study showed that traditionally used simplifying approximations, particularly in the frequency domain approach, could cause significant uncertainties in estimating aerodynamic wind-induced responses. Based on identified shortcomings, a more accurate dual aerodynamic data analysis framework which works in the frequency and time domains was developed. The comprehensive analysis framework allows estimating modal, resultant and peak values of various wind-induced responses of a tall building more accurately. Estimating design wind effects on tall buildings also requires synthesizing the wind tunnel data with local climatological data of the study site. A novel copula based approach was developed for accurately synthesizing aerodynamic and climatological data up on investigating the causes of significant uncertainties in currently used synthesizing techniques. Improvement of the new approach over the existing techniques was also illustrated with a case study on a 50 story building. At last, a practical dynamic optimization approach was suggested for tuning structural properties of tall buildings towards attaining optimum performance against wind loads with less number of design iterations.

Problemas frequentes nas análises estatísticas de informações meteorológicas são a ocorrência de dados faltantes e ausência de conhecimento acerca da homogeneidade das informações contidas no banco de dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar e classificar a homogeneidade da série de precipitação pluvial da estação climatológica convencional da ESALQ, no período de 1917 a 1997, e comparar três métodos de imputação de dados, em diferentes intensidades amostrais (5%, 10% e 15%) de informações faltantes, geradas de forma aleatória. Foram utilizados três testes de homogeneidade da série: Pettitt, Buishand e normal padrão. Para o \"preenchimento\" das informações faltantes, foram comparados três métodos de imputação múltipla: PMM (Predictive Mean Matching), random forest e regressão linear via método bootstrap, em cada intensidade amostral de informações faltantes. Os métodos foram utilizados por meio do pacote MICE (Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations) do R. A comparação entre cada procedimento de imputação foi feita por meio da raiz do erro quadrático médio, índice de exatidão de Willmott e o índice de desempenho. A série de chuva foi entendida como de classe 1, ou seja, \"útil\" - Nenhum sinal claro de falta de homogeneidade foi aparente e, o método que resultou em menores valores da raiz quadrada dos erros e maiores índices foi o PMM, em especial na intensidade de 10% de informações faltantes. O índice de desempenho para os três métodos de imputação de dados em todas as intensidades de observações faltantes foi considerado \"Péssimo\" / Frequent problems in the statistical analyzes of meteorological information are the occurrence of missing data and missing of knowledge about the homogeneity of the information contained in the data base. The objective of this work was to test and classify the homogeneity of the rainfall series of the conventional climatological station of the ESALQ from 1917 to 1997 and to compare three methods of data imputation in different sample intensities (5%, 10% and 15%), of missing data, generated in a random way. Three homogeneity tests were used: Pettitt, Buishand and standard normal. For the \"filling\" of missing information, three methods of multiple imputation were compared: PMM (Predictive Mean Matching), random forest and linear regression via bootstrap method, in each sampling intensity of missing information. The methods were used by means of the MICE (Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations) package of R. The comparison of each imputation procedure was done by root mean square error, Willmott\'s accuracy index and performance index. The rainfall series was understood to be class 1 \"useful\" - No clear sign of lack of homogeneity was apparent and the method that resulted in smaller values of the square root of the errors and higher indexes was the PMM, in particular the intensity of 10% of missing information. The performance index for the three methods of imputation the data at all missing observation intensities was considered \"Terrible\"

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi propor um zoneamento agroclimático para a produção de roseiras (Rosaceae spp.) realizada ao ar livre no Rio Grande do Sul, classificando o Estado em áreas Aptas, Marginais e Inaptas do ponto de vista das temperaturas médias sazonais e anuais. Zoneou-se, também, as condições climáticas de anos-padrões mais chuvoso, menos chuvoso e habitual, bem como fez-se levantamento dos sistemas atmosféricos predominantes nestes anos. Fez-se fundamentação teórica relativa ao tema, bem como se utilizou a base de dados climáticos cartografada do Atlas Agroclimático da FEPAGRO/RS. Tal base foi digitalizada com auxilio de SIG, bem como foi feita a construção do banco de dados, no qual foram atribuídas as características de aptidão, de área marginal e inapta do ponto de vista climático para cada um dos elementos climáticos analisados. Ainda, as áreas aptas e marginais foram subdivididas em quatro classes para melhor atender às exigências climáticas da rosa a todos os elementos analisados. As estações do outono e primavera mostraram-se como sendo as estações de maior aptidão climática para o cultivo das rosáceas. Apenas as estações de verão e inverno apresentaram áreas inaptas para o cultivo da rosa. Entretanto foram consideradas para todas as estações, e todos os anos-padrões analisados, restrições climáticas relacionadas às temperaturas máximas e mínimas médias e absolutas; às horas de frio abaixo de 10°C; às condições médias de umidade relativa superiores à 75%, à insolação inferior à 6 horas/dia; radiação solar inferior a 2000 Lux/dia; e às rajadas médias de vento superiores à 46 m/s. A análise anual não apresentou áreas inaptas, mas pode ser observado o surgimento de diferentes subclasses ligadas às áreas aptas e marginais ao cultivo da rosa. Dentre os sistemas atmosféricos definidores da zonação climática, pode-se destacar a MPA e FPA na primavera, MPV, MTA e MTC no verão, MPA e FE no outono, e MPA no inverno. Tanto pesquisadores quanto produtores de rosas, pela sua percepção do tempo e do clima, afirmaram que as condições climáticas do Rio Grande do Sul, especialmente as grandes variações térmicas e elevada umidade do ar, bem como a baixa insolação, não são recomendadas para o cultivo da roseira. / This research concerned to propose an agroclimatic zoning for production rose (Rosaceae spp.) in outdoors conditions in Rio Grande do Sul, ranking the state in suitable areas, marginal and unsuitable from the viewpoint of the seasonal mean temperature and annual . Also, years-patterns weather was classified as year-wetter, less rainy and usual, and did a survey of prevailing weather systems in recent years. It was made the theoretical foundation on the subject, and we used the climatic data base of the Agroclimatic Maps from FEPAGRO / RS. This base was scanned with the aid of GIS, and was made to build the database in which they were awarded the characteristics of fitness, unfit and marginal area of the climatic point of view for each of the climatic elements analyzed. Still, the fit and marginal areas were divided into four classes to better meet the climatic requirements of the rose of all the factors analyzed. The seasons of spring and autumn proved to be the largest fitness stations climate for the cultivation of roses. Only the summer and winter showed areas unfit for cultivation of the rose. However they were considered for all seasons and all analyzed years-patterns, environmental constraints related to maximum and minimum temperatures and average absolute; the chilling hours below 10°C, the average conditions of relative humidity higher than 75%, the insolation less than 6 hours/day, solar radiation below 2000 Lux/day and the average wind gusts greater than 46 m/s. An annual review showed areas not suitable, but can be observed the emergence of different sub-classes related to marginal areas and suitable for the cultivation of the rose. Among the systems that define the atmospheric climate zoning, we can highlight the MPA and FPA in the spring, MPV, MTA and MTC in summer, FE and MPA in autumn, and MPA in the winter. Both researchers and producers of roses, by the perception of weather and climate, said the weather in Rio Grande do Sul, especially the large temperature fluctuations and high humidity and low insolation, are not recommended for cultivation rosebush.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The human being has always been and always will be dependent on water, like all forms of life on the planet earth. Considering this, hydrology becomes fundamental to all plans, either on urban or rural areas. Therefore it is necessary several studies on the various factors related to the hydrological cycle and its positions on time and space in order to plan for the various situations. Knowing the relationship between soil and environment is important to manage and preserve this natural resource and the various aspects related to it. This work aims to migrate the scale from 1:750.000 of the Soil Map to the Cachoeira Cinco Veados Watershed, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, through field observations as toposequence, landscape and soil cuts exposed on the road sides of the basin, creating a soil map for the basin, regionalizing and discriminating the different soils mapped to the level of Order (first Category Level). The work also aims to analyze this basin s soil map and classify it according to the different land uses in order to represent the Soil Available Water Capacity (CAD) and calculate the climatic water balance of the watershed. To do it so, the average temperatures throughout the year were analyzed to estimate the potential evapotranspiration by the Thornthwaite method as well as the rainfall of the basin throughout the year. The spreadsheet BHídrico V.3.2 was used to calculate the basin s water balance through the climatological balance method of Thornthwaite & Mather. All the months showed to have water availability for the Cachoeira Cinco Veados watershed, with the exception of December. The conclusion is that throughout the whole hydrological year, the potential evapotranspiration does not exceed the minimum rainfall of the watershed and there are the necessary conditions for the development of plants, with the exception of December only. For this reason, a more specific analysis was directed to the climatic water balance of this month. The resulting map of the climatic water balance for the month of December was analyzed within each one of the four Thiessen polygons created for this purpose. The use of the climatological water balance is efficient on the orientation for making decisions on watershed managing. / O ser humano sempre foi e sempre será dependente da água, como toda e qualquer forma de vida do planeta terra. Considerando isso, a hidrologia torna-se fundamental para todos os planejamentos, sendo estes em meio urbano ou em meio rural. Portanto se faz necessário diversos estudos sobre os vários fatores inerentes ao ciclo hidrológico e suas posições no tempo e no espaço, visando o planejamento para as mais adversas situações. Ter conhecimento sobre as relações entre o solo com o meio é muito importante para se manejar e preservar adequadamente este recurso natural, bem como os diversos elementos a ele relacionados. Este trabalho objetiva migrar a escala de 1:750.000 do mapa de solos para a bacia Cachoeira Cinco Veados, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, através de observações de campo como a toposequência, a paisagem e a visualização de perfis de solos expostos em cortes de estrada na bacia, gerando um mapa dos solos da bacia, regionalizando e discriminando os diferentes solos mapeados ao nível de Ordem (1º Nível Categórico). Objetiva-se também analisar este mapa dos solos da bacia e classificá-lo de acordo com os diferentes usos da terra com o propósito de representar a capacidade de água disponível (CAD) do solo e fazer o balanço hídrico climatológico da bacia. Para tal foram analisadas as temperaturas médias do ar ao longo do ano para se estimar a evapotranspiração potencial pelo método de Thornthwaite e analisado o regime de chuvas da bacia ao longo do ano. Utilizou-se a planilha eletrônica BHídrico V.3.2 para calcular o balanço hídrico da bacia pelo método do balanço climatológico de Thornthwaite & Mather. Todos os meses apresentaram disponibilidade hídrica para a bacia Cachoeira Cinco Veados, com exceção do mês de dezembro. Conclui-se que durante todo o ano hidrológico, a evapotranspiração potencial não supera a precipitação mínima da bacia e ocorrendo as condições hídricas necessárias ao desenvolvimento das plantas, com apenas a exceção do mês de dezembro. Devido a isso, direcionou-se uma análise mais específica do balanço hídrico climatológico deste mês. O mapa resultante do balanço hídrico climatológico para o mês de dezembro foi analisado dentro de cada um dos quatro polígonos de Thiessen criados para este fim. O uso do balanço hídrico climatológico demonstra-se eficaz no auxílio a tomadas de decisão para o manejo de bacias hidrográficas.