<p>Chronic low back pain is the second most prevalent chronic condition in Canadian primary care settings. The treatment and diagnosis of chronic pain is challenging for primary care clinicians. Their main challenges are lack of knowledge and their approach toward assessing and treating pain. Evidence based guidelines have been developed for neuropathic pain and low back pain.</p> <p>CDSSs for chronic diseases are becoming popular in primary care settings as a mean to implement CPGs. A CDSS prototype for diagnosis and treatment of chronic, non-cancer pain in primary care was developed at McMaster University. It is evident that poor usability can hinder the uptake of health information technologies.</p> <p>The objective of this study was to test the usability of Pain Assistant using think aloud protocols with SUS scores in 2 iterations. In this study 13 primary care providers including family physicians, nurse practitioners and residents used Pain Assistant to complete 3 different patient case scenarios. Participants were asked to comment on both barriers and facilitators of usability of Pain Assistant. Additionally time to complete patient case scenarios was calculated for each participant. A comparison questionnaire gathered user preference between introducing CPGs in paper format and computerized decision support system.</p> <p>This study showed that iterative usability testing of the Pain Assistant with participation of real-end users has the potential to uncover usability issues of the Pain Assistant. Problems of user interface were the main usability barrier in first testing iteration following by problems of content. Changes were made to system design for second round based on the issues came up in the first iteration. However, because of time constrains not all the changes were implemented for second round of testing. Most of the refinements were to resolve user interface issues. In the second iteration, the problems with the content of Pain Assistant were the major barrier. The changes to the system design were successful in resolving user interface problems since the changed issues did not come up again in second round. Pain Assistant had an above the average usability score however no significant changes seen in SUS score. The time needed to complete tasks remained identical in both iterations. In addition, participants preferred to have CPGs in electronic formats than paper. Further study after implementing all the system changes needed to determine the effectiveness of system refinements.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

The purpose of the study was to describe the effects of an EMR on patient management in selected HIV clinics in Johannesburg. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was undertaken in four HIV clinics in Johannesburg. The subjects (N=44) were the healthcare workers selected by stratified random sampling. Consent was requested from each subject and from the clinics in Johannesburg. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Median age of subjects was 36, 82% were female. 86% had tertiary qualifications. 55% were clinicians. 52% had 2-3 years work experience. 80% had computer experience, 86% had over one year EMR experience. 90% used the EMR daily, 93% preferred EMR to paper. 93% had EMR training, 17% used EMR to capture clinical data. 87% perceived EMR to have more benefits; most felt doctor-patient relationship was not interfered with. 89% were satisfied with the EMR’s overall performance. The effects of EMR benefit HIV patient management. / Health Studies / MA (Public Health)

Opportunistic infections (OIs) have been identified as a leading cause of poor outcomes in the ARV therapy (ART) programme. In order to reduce OIs, the Malawi, MoH introduced routine prescription of cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) in 2005. The MoH also started scaling up a point-of-care electronic medical record (EMR) system in 2007 to improve monitoring and evaluation. This study had the following objectives: i) to quantify prescription of CPT before and after implementing EMR; ii) to compare the difference in CPT prescription before and after implementing EMR. A historically controlled study design was used to compare CPT prescriptions one year before, and one year after implementation of the EMR at two health facilities. The data indicated that there was a significant (P <0.001) decrease in CPT prescribing at one health facility and a significant increase in CPT prescription at another. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The purpose of the study was to describe the effects of an EMR on patient management in selected HIV clinics in Johannesburg. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was undertaken in four HIV clinics in Johannesburg. The subjects (N=44) were the healthcare workers selected by stratified random sampling. Consent was requested from each subject and from the clinics in Johannesburg. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Median age of subjects was 36, 82% were female. 86% had tertiary qualifications. 55% were clinicians. 52% had 2-3 years work experience. 80% had computer experience, 86% had over one year EMR experience. 90% used the EMR daily, 93% preferred EMR to paper. 93% had EMR training, 17% used EMR to capture clinical data. 87% perceived EMR to have more benefits; most felt doctor-patient relationship was not interfered with. 89% were satisfied with the EMR’s overall performance. The effects of EMR benefit HIV patient management. / Health Studies / MA (Public Health)

Für viele Krankheitsbilder und Indikationen ist ein breites Spektrum an Arzneimitteln und Arzneimittelkombinationen verfügbar. Darüber hinaus stellen Therapieziele oft Kompromisse zwischen medizinischen Zielstellungen und Präferenzen und Erwartungen von Patienten dar, um Zufriedenheit und Adhärenz zu gewährleisten. Die Auswahl der optimalen Therapieoption kann daher eine große Herausforderung für den behandelnden Arzt darstellen. Klinische Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme, die Wirksamkeit oder Risiken unerwünschter Arzneimittelwirkung für Behandlungsoptionen vorhersagen, können diesen Entscheidungsprozess unterstützen und \linebreak Leitlinien-basierte Empfehlungen ergänzen, wenn Leitlinien oder wissenschaftliche Literatur fehlen oder ungeeignet sind. Bis heute sind keine derartigen Systeme verfügbar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Anwendung von Methoden aus der Domäne der Recommender Systems (RS) und des Maschinellen Lernens (ML) in solchen Unterstützungssystemen untersucht. Aufgrund ihres erfolgreichen Einsatzes in anderen Empfehlungssystemen und der einfachen Interpretierbarkeit werden zum einen Nachbarschafts-basierte Collaborative Filter (CF) an die besonderen Anforderungen und Herausforderungen der Therapieempfehlung angepasst. Zum anderen werden ein Modell-basierter CF-Ansatz (SLIM) und ein ML Algorithmus (GBM) erprobt. Alle genannten Ansätze werden anhand eines exemplarischen Therapieempfehlungssystems evaluiert, das auf die Behandlung der Autoimmunkrankheit Psoriasis abzielt. Um das Risiko der Empfehlung kontraindizierter oder gar gesundheitsgefährdender Medikamente zu reduzieren, werden Regeln aus evidenzbasierten Leitlinien und Expertenempfehlungen implementiert, um solche Therapieoptionen aus den Empfehlungslisten herauszufiltern. Insbesondere die Nachbarschafts-basierten CF-Algorithmen zeigen insgesamt kleine durchschnittliche Abweichungen zwischen geschätztem und tatsächlichem Therapie-Outcome. Auch die aus den Outcome-Schätzungen abgeleiteten Empfehlungen zeigen eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit der tatsächlich angewandten Behandlung. Die Modell-basierten Ansätze sind den Nachbarschafts-basierten Ansätzen insgesamt unterlegen, was auf den begrenzten Umfang der verfügbaren Trainingsdaten zurückzuführen ist und die Generalisierungsfähigkeit der Modelle erschwert. Im Vergleich mit menschlichen Experten sind alle untersuchten Algorithmen jedoch hinsichtlich Übereinstimmung mit der tatsächlich angewandten Therapie unterlegen. Eine objektive und effiziente Bewertung des Behandlungserfolgs kann als Voraussetzung für ein erfolgreiches ``Krankheitsmanagement'' angesehen werden. Daher wird in weiteren Untersuchungen für ausgwählten klinische Anwendungen der Einsatz von ML Methoden zur automatischen Quantifizierung von Gesunheitszustand und Therapie-Outcome erprobt. Zusätzlich, als weitere Quelle für Informationen über Therapiewirksamkeiten, wird der Einsatz von Sentiment Analysis Methoden zur Extraktion solcher Informationen aus Medikamenten-Bewertungen untersucht. / Under most medical conditions and indications, a great variety of pharmaceutical drugs and drug combinations are available. Beyond that, trade-offs need to be found between the medical requirements and the patients' preferences and expectations in order to support patients’ satisfaction and adherence to treatments. As a consequence, the selection of an optimal therapy option for an individual patient poses a challenging task to prescribers. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs), which predict outcome as effectiveness and risk of adverse effects for available treatment options, can support this decision-making process and complement guideline-based decision-making where evidence from scientific literature is missing or inappropriate. To date, no such systems are available. Within this work, the application of methods from the Recommender Systems (RS) domain and Machine Learning (ML) in such decision support systems is studied. Due to their successful application in other recommender systems and good interpretability, neighborhood-based CF algorithms are transferred to the medical domain and are adapted to meet the requirements and challenges of the therapy recommendation task. Moreover, a model-based CF method (SLIM) and a state of the art ML algorithm (GBM) are employed. All algorithms are evaluated in an exemplary therapy recommender system, targeting the treatment of the autoimmune skin disease Psoriasis. In order to reduce the risk of recommending contraindicated or even health-endangering drugs, rules derived from evidence-based guidelines and expert recommendations are implemented to filter such options from the recommendation lists. Especially the neighborhood-based CF algorithms show small average errors between estimated and observed outcome. Also, the recommendations derived from outcome estimates show high agreement with the ground truth. The performance of both model-based approaches is inferior to the neighborhood-based recommender. This is primarily assumed to be due to the limited training data sizes, which renders generalizability of the learned models difficult. Compared with recommendations provided by various experts, all proposed approaches are, however, inferior in terms of agreement with the ground truth. An objective and efficient assessment of treatment response can be regarded a prerequisite for successful ``disease management''. Therefore, the use of ML methods for the automatic quantification of health status and therapy outcome for selected clinical applications is investigated in further experiments. Moreover, as additional source of information about drug effectiveness, the use of Sentiment Analysis, in order to extract such information from drug reviews, is investigated.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) have been identified as a leading cause of poor outcomes in the ARV therapy (ART) programme. In order to reduce OIs, the Malawi, MoH introduced routine prescription of cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) in 2005. The MoH also started scaling up a point-of-care electronic medical record (EMR) system in 2007 to improve monitoring and evaluation. This study had the following objectives: i) to quantify prescription of CPT before and after implementing EMR; ii) to compare the difference in CPT prescription before and after implementing EMR. A historically controlled study design was used to compare CPT prescriptions one year before, and one year after implementation of the EMR at two health facilities. The data indicated that there was a significant (P <0.001) decrease in CPT prescribing at one health facility and a significant increase in CPT prescription at another. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

La prescription électronique, définie comme la saisie et la transmission électronique de diverses données de prescriptions (médicaments, requêtes de laboratoires, imagerie), est une technologie qui promet d’augmenter la productivité de l’exécution d’une prescription, de diminuer les erreurs reliées à l’illisibilité des prescriptions manuscrites et d’améliorer l’usage approprié des médicaments. Toutefois, la réalisation des bénéfices associés à cette technologie dépend grandement du contexte local de l’implantation et la configuration du système, qui doivent être adaptés aux besoins de l’établissement de santé et aux pratiques locales des professionnels. Bien que la prescription électronique soit implantée depuis plus d’une décennie dans plusieurs établissements de santé à travers le monde, il s’agit d’une technologie émergente au Québec et au Canada. Le Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine est l’un des premiers établissements de santé au Québec qui a implanté un système informatisé d’entrée d’ordonnances (SIEO) en 2019. L’outil, développé par un fournisseur local, a été adapté spécifiquement aux besoins de cet hôpital pédiatrique. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de ce mémoire est d’évaluer les effets de ce SIEO sur la sécurité de l’usage des médicaments. Plus spécifiquement, ce mémoire vise à 1) mesurer et décrire les problèmes liés à l’usage des médicaments avant et après l’implantation du SIEO, 2) identifier les caractéristiques du SIEO qui influencent la sécurité de l’usage des médicaments et 3) formuler des recommandations pour optimiser les bénéfices de l’outil de prescription électronique pour les patients et les utilisateurs. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, ce travail présente deux études distinctes : 1. Une première analyse heuristique de l’utilisabilité portant spécifiquement sur la vulnérabilité du système a été effectuée en préimplantation du SIEO. Des scénarios visant à identifier les vulnérabilités du système ont été élaborés, puis un score permettant de noter la capacité du système à pallier ces vulnérabilités a été attribué par trois experts indépendants, afin de formuler des recommandations sur le design des fonctionnalités clés de cet outil. 2. Une étude observationnelle pré-post a été menée dans la période précédant l'implantation du système, et suivant l'implantation du système, dans l'unité pilote de pédiatrie générale. L’étude observationnelle est composée de deux volets, soit : a) une analyse des erreurs liées aux prescriptions de médicaments pour un échantillon d’ordonnances rédigées pendant une semaine par une analyse des interventions des pharmaciens et un audit de conformité des prescriptions et b) une analyse pré-post des erreurs liées au circuit du médicament, à partir des rapports d’incidents et accidents déclarés en lien avec le médicament. Les types d'erreurs ont été analysés afin de bien comprendre leur nature, ainsi que le rôle potentiel de la technologie sur la sécurité de l’usage des médicaments. Ces analyses ont été contextualisées par une description des fonctionnalités du SIEO (par l’utilisation d’outils validés pour l’évaluation des SIEO), des flux cliniques (par l’observation directe), et du projet d’implantation (par l’analyse de documents et des discussions avec les parties prenantes) afin de formuler des recommandations visant à optimiser les bénéfices du SIEO. Le premier article rapporte l'analyse de l'utilisabilité (étude 1) et des problèmes liés à la prescription de médicaments (étude 2a). Les résultats suggèrent que le système d’aide à la décision intégré au SIEO ne disposait pas de fonctionnalités recommandées pour limiter les vulnérabilités liées à l’usage de ce type d’outil. Néanmoins, les erreurs de conformité, qui représentaient la majorité des problèmes de prescription avant l’implantation ont été complètement éliminées par le nouveau SIEO. Toutefois, il n’y a pas eu de différence sur les erreurs de dosage et les autres interventions des pharmaciens. Ainsi, les résultats obtenus confirment qu’il est nécessaire de configurer un système d’aide à la décision avancé et adapté aux soins hospitaliers pédiatriques afin de réduire davantage les erreurs cliniques liées aux ordonnances de médicaments. Le deuxième article présente l’analyse des rapports d’incidents et accidents (étude 2b), et vise à estimer les effets du SIEO sur la sécurité de l'usage des médicaments, ainsi que mieux comprendre les erreurs de médicaments dans l’ensemble du processus des soins. L’article met en évidence le rôle important de la prescription électronique dans la simplification des étapes de la relève, de la transmission et de la transcription de la prescription. De plus, l'amélioration de l’utilisabilité de la feuille d’administration des médicaments électronique (FADMe) pourrait contribuer à réduire davantage le nombre d'erreurs liées au médicament. Ces deux articles permettent d’explorer les liens entre les caractéristiques du SIEO et les effets sur la sécurité de l’usage des médicaments, durant l’étape de prescription spécifiquement ainsi qu’à travers l’entièreté du circuit du médicament. Des recommandations sur l’utilisabilité du système et des stratégies de prévention sont présentées afin de réduire les erreurs liées au médicament. / Computerized provider order entry (CPOE), defined as a system used for entering and transmitting orders (e.g., for drugs, imaging, or lab requests) electronically, is a technology that can increase the productivity of order dispensing, reduce errors related to the illegibility of handwritten prescriptions and increase the appropriate use of medication. However, achieving the benefits associated with this technology depends on the local context of the implementation and configuration of the system, which must be adapted to the needs of the healthcare institution and the local practices of the healthcare professionals. Although CPOEs have been implemented for more than a decade in many healthcare institutions worldwide, it is an emerging technology in Quebec and Canada. The Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine is one of the first healthcare institutions in Quebec to implement a CPOE system in 2019. The CPOE, which was developed by a local vendor, was tailored specifically to meet the needs of the CHU Sainte-Justine's pediatric inpatient population. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the CPOE on medication safety. More specifically, this study seeks to 1) measure and describe problems related to medication use before and after the implementation of the CPOE, 2) identify the characteristics of the CPOE that influence medication safety, and 3) provide recommendations to optimize the benefits of the CPOE for patients and users. To address these objectives, two studies were conducted: 1. An expert-based heuristic vulnerability analysis of the system was performed to analyze the usability of the CPOE in the pre-implementation phase. Scenarios to identify system vulnerabilities were developed, and a score to rate the CPOE's ability to address these vulnerabilities was assigned by three independent experts to make recommendations on the design of the CPOE's key features. 2. A pre-post observational study was conducted prior to and following the CPOE implementation in the general pediatrics unit. The observational study included two components: a) An analysis of medication orders problems for a sample of prescriptions ordered for one week through the documentation of pharmacists’ interventions and a prescription conformity audit; b) An analysis of medication-related incident and accident reports throughout the year in pre and post implementation. The types of errors were described to understand their nature, as well as the potential role of technology on the safety of medication use. The analyses were contextualized with descriptions of the CPOE features (through the use of validated tools for CPOE evaluation), clinical workflows (through direct observation) and implementation project (through secondary document analysis and discussions with stakeholders) in order to make recommendations to improve medication safety. The first article covers the vulnerability analysis (study 1) and the medication orders problems at the prescribing step (study 2a). The results show that the clinical decision support system (CDSS) integrated into the CPOE lacked the recommended features to identify pediatric order errors. Conformity errors, which accounted for most prescribing errors, were completely eliminated by the prescriber implementation. However, there was no difference in dosing errors and other pharmacist interventions. Thus, the results obtained from these two components suggest the need to configure an advanced CDSS tailored to pediatric hospital care to further reduce clinical errors. The second article, focused on the analysis of incident and accident reports (study 2b), aims to estimate the impacts of the electronic prescriber on medication safety, as well as to better understand medication errors in the overall care process. The article highlights the importance of simplifying the acknowledgment, transmission, and transcription steps by implementing a CPOE. Improving the usability of the electronic medication administration record (eMAR) could further reduce medication errors. These two articles explore the relationship between the characteristics of the CPOE and their impact on medication safety, specifically at the prescribing step and throughout the entire medication management process. Recommendations on system usability and other prevention strategies are presented to improve medication safety.

[ES] El síndrome metabólico se define como un conjunto de trastornos (e.g., niveles elevados de presión arterial, niveles elevados de glucosa en sangre, exceso de grasa abdominal o niveles elevados de colesterol o triglicéridos) que afectan a un individuo al mismo tiempo. La presencia de uno de estos factores no implica un riesgo elevado para la salud, sin embargo, presentar varios de ellos aumenta la probabilidad de sufrir enfermedades secundarias como la enfermedad cardiovascular o la diabetes tipo II. Las enfermedades difusas hepáticas son todas aquellas enfermedades que afectan a las células funcionales del hígado, los hepatocitos, alterando, de este modo, la función hepática. En estos procesos, los hepatocitos se ven sustituidos por adipocitos y tejido fibroso. La enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico es una afección reversible originada por la acumulación de triglicéridos en los hepatocitos. El alcoholismo, la obesidad, y la diabetes son las causas más comunes de esta enfermedad. Este estado del hígado es reversible si se cambia la dieta del paciente, sin embargo, si este no se cuida, la enfermedad puede ir avanzando hacia estadios más severos, desencadenando fibrosis, cirrosis e incluso carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC). La temprana detección de todos estos procesos es de gran importancia en la mejora del pronóstico de los pacientes. Así, las técnicas de imagen en combinación con modelos computacionales permiten caracterizar el tejido mediante la extracción de parámetros objetivos, conocidos como biomarcadores de imagen, relacionados con estos procesos fisiológicos y patológicos, permitiendo una estadificación más precisa de las enfermedades. Además, gracias a las técnicas de inteligencia artificial, se pueden desarrollar algoritmos de segmentación automática que permitan realizar dicha caracterización de manera completamente automática y acelerar, de este modo, el flujo radiológico. Por todo esto, en la presente tesis doctoral, se presenta una metodología para el desarrollo de modelos de segmentación y cuantificación automática, siendo aplicada a tres casos de uso. Para el estudio del síndrome metabólico se propone un método de segmentación automática de la grasa visceral y subcutánea en imágenes de tomografía computarizada (TC), para el estudio de la enfermedad hepática difusa se propone un método de segmentación hepática y cuantificación de la grasa y hierro hepáticos en imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM), y, finalmente, para el estudio del CHC, se propone un método de segmentación hepática y cuantificación de los descriptores de la curva de perfusión en imágenes de RM. Todo esto se ha integrado en una plataforma que permite su integración en la práctica clínica. Así, se han adaptado los algoritmos desarrollados para ser ejecutados en contenedores Docker de forma que, dada una imagen de entrada, generen los parámetros cuantitativos de salida junto con un informe que resuma dichos resultados; se han implementado herramientas para que los usuarios puedan interactuar con las segmentaciones generadas por los algoritmos de segmentación automática desarrollados; finalmente, éstos se han implementado de forma que generen dichas segmentaciones en formatos estándar como DICOM RT Struct o DICOM Seg, para garantizar la interoperabilidad con el resto de sistemas sanitarios. / [CA] La síndrome metabòlica es defineix com un conjunt de trastorns (e.g., nivells elevats de pressió arterial, nivells elevats de glucosa en sang, excés de greix abdominal o nivells elevats de colesterol o triglicèrids) que afecten un individu al mateix temps. La presència d'un d'aquests factors no implica un risc elevat per a la salut, no obstant això, presentar diversos d'ells augmenta la probabilitat de patir malalties secundàries com la malaltia cardiovascular o la diabetis tipus II. Les malalties difuses hepàtiques són totes aquelles malalties que afecten les cèl·lules funcionals del fetge, els hepatòcits, alterant, d'aquesta manera, la funció hepàtica. En aquests processos, els hepatòcits es veuen substituïts per adipòcits i teixit fibrós. La malaltia de fetge gras no alcohòlic és una afecció reversible originada per l'acumulació de triglicèrids en els hepatòcits. L'alcoholisme, l'obesitat, i la diabetis són les causes més comunes d'aquesta malaltia. Aquest estat del fetge és reversible si es canvia la dieta del pacient, no obstant això, si aquest no es cuida, la malaltia pot anar avançant cap a estadis més severs, desencadenant fibrosis, cirrosis i fins i tot carcinoma hepatocel·lular (CHC). La primerenca detecció de tots aquests processos és de gran importància en la millora del pronòstic dels pacients. Així, les tècniques d'imatge en combinació amb models computacionals permeten caracteritzar el teixit mitjançant l'extracció paràmetres objectius, coneguts com biomarcadores d'imatge, relacionats amb aquests processos fisiològics i patològics, permetent una estratificació més precisa de les malalties. A més, gràcies a les tècniques d'intel·ligència artificial, es poden desenvolupar algorismes de segmentació automàtica que permeten realitzar aquesta caracterització de manera completament automàtica i accelerar, d'aquesta manera, el flux radiològic. Per tot això, en la present tesi doctoral, es presenta una metodologia per al desenvolupament de models de segmentació i quantificació automàtica, sent aplicada a tres casos d'ús. Per a l'estudi de la síndrome metabòlica es proposa un mètode de segmentació automàtica del greix visceral i subcutani en imatges de tomografia computada (TC), per a l'estudi de la malaltia hepàtica difusa es proposa un mètode segmentació hepàtica i quantificació del greix i ferro hepàtics en imatges de ressonància magnètica (RM), i, finalment, per a l'estudi del CHC, es proposa un mètode de segmentació hepàtica i quantificació dels descriptors de la corba de perfusió en imatges de RM. Tot això s'ha integrat en una plataforma que permet la seua integració en la pràctica clínica. Així, s'han adaptat els algorismes desenvolupats per a ser executats en contenidors Docker de manera que, donada una imatge d'entrada, generen els paràmetres quantitatius d'eixida juntament amb un informe que resumisca aquests resultats; s'han implementat eines perquè els usuaris puguen interactuar amb les segmentacions generades pels algorismes de segmentació automàtica desenvolupats; finalment, aquests s'han implementat de manera que generen aquestes segmentacions en formats estàndard com DICOM RT Struct o DICOM Seg, per a garantir la interoperabilitat amb la resta de sistemes sanitaris. / [EN] Metabolic syndrome is defined as a group of disorders (e.g., high blood pressure, high blood glucose levels, excess abdominal fat, or high cholesterol or triglyceride levels) that affect an individual at the same time. The presence of one of these factors does not imply an elevated health risk; however, having several of them increases the probability of secondary diseases such as cardiovascular disease or type II diabetes. Diffuse liver diseases are all those diseases that affect the functional cells of the liver, the hepatocytes, thus altering liver function. In these processes, the hepatocytes are replaced by adipocytes and fibrous tissue. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a reversible condition caused by the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes. Alcoholism, obesity, and diabetes are the most common causes of this disease. This liver condition is reversible if the patient's diet is changed; however, if the patient is not cared for, the disease can progress to more severe stages, triggering fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Early detection of all these processes is of great importance in improving patient prognosis. Thus, imaging techniques in combination with computational models allow tissue characterization by extracting objective parameters, known as imaging biomarkers, related to these physiological and pathological processes, allowing a more accurate statification of diseases. Moreover, thanks to artificial intelligence techniques, it is possible to develop automatic segmentation algorithms that allow to perform such characterization in a fully automatic way and thus accelerate the radiological workflow. Therefore, in this PhD, a methodology for the development of automatic segmentation and quantification models is presented and applied to three use cases. For the study of metabolic syndrome, a method of automatic segmentation of visceral and subcutaneous fat in computed tomography (CT) images is proposed; for the study of diffuse liver disease, a method of liver segmentation and quantification of hepatic fat and iron in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is proposed; and, finally, for the study of HCC, a method of liver segmentation and quantification of perfusion curve descriptors in MRI is proposed. All this has been integrated into a platform that allows its integration into clinical practice. Thus, the developed algorithms have been adapted to be executed in Docker containers so that, given an input image, they generate the quantitative output parameters together with a report summarizing these results; tools have been implemented so that users can interact with the segmentations generated by the automatic segmentation algorithms developed; finally, these have been implemented so that they generate these segmentations in standard formats such as DICOM RT Struct or DICOM Seg, to ensure interoperability with other health systems. / Jimenez Pastor, AM. (2023). Aprendizaje profundo y biomarcadores de imagen en el estudio de enfermedades metabólicas y hepáticas a partir de resonancia magnética y tomografía computarizada [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202602

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A study design has been developed that employs a dual modeling approach to identify factors associated with facility-level cancer screening improvement and how this is mediated by the use of clinical decision support. This dual modeling approach combines principles of (1) Health Informatics, (2) Cancer Prevention and Control, (3) Health Services Research, and (4) Organizational Change/Theory. The study design builds upon the constructs of a conceptual framework developed by Jane Zapka, namely, (1) organizational and/or practice settings, (2) provider characteristics, and (3) patient population characteristics. These constructs have been operationalized as measures in a 2005 HRSA/NCI Health Disparities Cancer Collaborative inventory of 44 community health centers. The first, statistical models will use: sequential, multivariable regression models to test for the organizational determinants that may account for the presence and intensity-of-use of clinical decision support (CDS) and information systems (IS) within community health centers for use in colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screening. A subsequent test will assess the impact of CDS/IS on provider reported cancer screening improvement rates. The second, computational models will use a multi-agent model of network evolution called CONSTRUCT® to identify the agents, tasks, knowledge, groups, and beliefs associated with cancer screening practices and CDS/IS use to inform both CDS/IS implementation and cancer screening intervention strategies. This virtual experiment will facilitate hypothesis-generation through computer simulation exercises. The outcome of this research will be to identify barriers and facilitators to improving community health center facility-level cancer screening performance using CDS/IS as an agent of change. Stakeholders for this work include both national and local community health center IT leadership, as well as clinical managers deploying IT strategies to improve cancer screening among vulnerable patient populations.