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No description available.

No description available.

It is critical for the depressive symptoms of adolescents to be recognized, evaluated, and treated. Depression can increase the risk for illness and interpersonal difficulties in the future and affect almost every aspect of an individual’s life. Self-report measures are often utilized to assess depression, and when these measures are able to effectively detect depression, diagnosis and treatment are expedited. In order to validate the usefulness and psychometric properties of a new self-report measure, existing measures are often used as one criterion by which to judge them. The present study explored concurrent and discriminant validity of a new self-report depression measure, the Clinical Assessment of Depression (CAD; Bracken & Howell, 2004), with an established self-report measure, the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS; Reynolds, 1987). The population for this investigation consisted of 122 adolescents (ages 13 to 18), a group of 99 non-referred and a group of 23 individuals with a primary diagnosis of unipolar depression. Strong, significant correlations ranging from .70 to .97 were found between the CAD and the RADS. This study also found that the CAD is a sound instrument that can be used to discriminate between clinical and non-referred adolescent populations. The CAD appears to have acceptable validity that supports its use with adolescent populations.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 12% of men and 25% of women nationally in the nonclinical population. The aim of this research was to determine if lay individuals could differentiate between MDD and normal sadness. To evaluate the lay understanding of MDD and normal sadness, students at a large Southeastern university read four vignettes describing varying severity levels of MDD and normal sadness and then answered a variety of questions relating to the vignettes. Additionally, the lay conceptualizations of MDD were compared and contrasted to the professional conceptualizations of MDD. The principal hypothesis was that lay individuals could not differentiate between clinical depression and normal sadness because the two concepts have become synonymous in today’s society. In fact, results showed that lay individuals could not differentiate between threshold MDD and subthreshold MDD.

Part I: Systematic Literature Review. Dysregulation of the motivational and incentive functions that underlie goal setting and goal pursuit is thought to be a key factor implicated in the aetiology of Major Depressive Disorder. Although research over the past two decades has shown that motivational and cognitive factors can play an important role in increasing negative affect and making individuals vulnerable to depression, much of this work has involved dysphoric and non-depressed samples and much less is known about their role in the maintenance of and recovery from clinical depression. The objective of the present study was therefore to identify and synthesize the evidence from studies that examined goals, goal pursuit and goal orientation in clinically depressed individuals. Only 9 studies meeting the inclusion criteria could be identified through systematic literature searches and were heterogeneous in design and quality. The results therefore do not allow strong conclusions to be drawn and need to be interpreted with caution. Bearing this caveat in mind, the findings did not support the idea that depressed individuals set fewer, less valued or more avoidant personal goals than non-depressed individual and suggested that problems were more likely to lie in the motivational and cognitive processes governing goal engagement and goal pursuit. Factors identified by the present studies likely to play a significant role in disrupting motivational processes and promoting maladaptive strategies of goal pursuit were perceived goal attainability, perceived lack of control, personal resources and skills required, type of goal focus, lack of goal specificity and goal engagement and disengagement processes. The results of two randomised clinical trials further suggested that therapies focusing on goal dysregulation in patients identified to lack adaptive strategies for goal pursuit and goal reengagement may be more effective than standard models. These findings identified promising areas for future research and highlight the importance of understanding individual profiles and subtypes of depression in order to target key areas of dysregulation and tailor treatment accordingly and in collaboration with the patient. The review highlighted the paucity of good quality studies involving samples of clinically depressed individuals and the need for more translational work focusing on clinically significant outcomes and developing reliable measures to assess day-to-day goal engagement and pursuit in depressed individuals. Abstract - Part II: Empirical paper. Goal orientation theory suggests that adopting a self-worth goal orientation (seeking self-validation and avoiding proof of worthlessness) may make individuals more vulnerable to depression, whereas pursuing learning goals (seeking personal growth and improving one's abilities) might represent a protective factor. This study examined whether adopting different goal orientations following negative performance feedback and unfavourable social comparison affected mood and performance on a subsequent performance task. Trait goal orientation was assessed in a sample of 86 U.K. university students who were allocated to three experimental groups receiving self-worth goal, learning goal and no instructions after receiving negative feedback on the first performance task. The findings provided some support for the original predictions of goal orientation theory (Dykman, 1998). Validation-seeking was associated with greater anticipatory anxiety following a negative event as well as reduced confidence when faced with a performance challenge. However, the results provided no substantial evidence to suggest that adopting a 'state' learning goal orientation vs. self-worth goal orientation mitigates the experience of negative affect or helplessness responses. Potential implications of the findings regarding the utility of the goal orientation construct as a predictor of depression vulnerability are discussed in the light of methodological limitations of the present study.

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Die Studie berichtet die Stichtags-Prävalenz depressiver Syndrome bei 20.421 unselegierter Patienten, die an einem Stichtag ihren Hausarzt aufsuchten. Zusätzlich wurde das hausärztliche Erkennungs- und Verschreibungsverhalten ermittelt. Im Rahmen einer Vorstudie wurden die teilnehmenden Arztpraxen (N=633) mittels Fragebogen charakterisiert. Am Erhebungstag erhielten alle Patienten Fragebögen, darunter den „Depression Screening Questionaire“ (DSQ), um die Diagnose einer depressiven Störung gemäß der Kriterien von DSM-IV oder ICD-10 zu stellen. Diese Daten wurden mit den Angaben in den Bewertungsbögen der Ärzte verglichen, die diese am Erhebungstag für jeden Patienten ausfüllten. Die Befunde bestätigen die hohe Prävalenz depressiver Syndrome in der Hausarztpraxis: 11,3% erfüllten die ICD-10-Kriterien für eine depressive Episode. Obwohl die Erkennungsrate von 59% wie auch die Häufigkeit verordneter Behandlungen tendenziell höher erscheint als in früheren Studien, so gibt doch die Situation bei den Depressionen leichterer Ausprägung sowie der hohe Anteil an „Fehldiagnosen“ bei Patienten, die deutlich die Falldefinitionskriterien verfehlen, Anlass zur Besorgnis. / This study examines the prevalence of depressive syndromes among unselected primary care patients as well as doctors' recognition and treatment rates. This nationwide study included a total of 20,421 patients attending their primary care doctors (n=633) on the study's target day. Patients received a self-report questionnaire including the depression screening questionnaire (DSQ) to provide diagnoses of depressive disorders according to the criteria of DSM-IV and ICD- 10.These data were compared to the doctor's evaluation form for each patient to assess the physician's diagnostic decision, assessment of clinical severity, and treatment choices. The findings confirm the high prevalence of depressive syndromes in primary care settings (11.3%) and underline the particular challenge posed by a high proportion of patients near the diagnosis threshold. Although recognition rates among more severe major depressive patients (59%) as well as treatments prescribed appear to be more favourable than in previous studies, the situation in less severe cases and the high proportion of doctors' definite depression diagnoses in patients who do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria still raise significant concerns.

Die Studie berichtet die Stichtags-Prävalenz depressiver Syndrome bei 20.421 unselegierter Patienten, die an einem Stichtag ihren Hausarzt aufsuchten. Zusätzlich wurde das hausärztliche Erkennungs- und Verschreibungsverhalten ermittelt. Im Rahmen einer Vorstudie wurden die teilnehmenden Arztpraxen (N=633) mittels Fragebogen charakterisiert. Am Erhebungstag erhielten alle Patienten Fragebögen, darunter den „Depression Screening Questionaire“ (DSQ), um die Diagnose einer depressiven Störung gemäß der Kriterien von DSM-IV oder ICD-10 zu stellen. Diese Daten wurden mit den Angaben in den Bewertungsbögen der Ärzte verglichen, die diese am Erhebungstag für jeden Patienten ausfüllten. Die Befunde bestätigen die hohe Prävalenz depressiver Syndrome in der Hausarztpraxis: 11,3% erfüllten die ICD-10-Kriterien für eine depressive Episode. Obwohl die Erkennungsrate von 59% wie auch die Häufigkeit verordneter Behandlungen tendenziell höher erscheint als in früheren Studien, so gibt doch die Situation bei den Depressionen leichterer Ausprägung sowie der hohe Anteil an „Fehldiagnosen“ bei Patienten, die deutlich die Falldefinitionskriterien verfehlen, Anlass zur Besorgnis. / This study examines the prevalence of depressive syndromes among unselected primary care patients as well as doctors' recognition and treatment rates. This nationwide study included a total of 20,421 patients attending their primary care doctors (n=633) on the study's target day. Patients received a self-report questionnaire including the depression screening questionnaire (DSQ) to provide diagnoses of depressive disorders according to the criteria of DSM-IV and ICD- 10.These data were compared to the doctor's evaluation form for each patient to assess the physician's diagnostic decision, assessment of clinical severity, and treatment choices. The findings confirm the high prevalence of depressive syndromes in primary care settings (11.3%) and underline the particular challenge posed by a high proportion of patients near the diagnosis threshold. Although recognition rates among more severe major depressive patients (59%) as well as treatments prescribed appear to be more favourable than in previous studies, the situation in less severe cases and the high proportion of doctors' definite depression diagnoses in patients who do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria still raise significant concerns.